应用痘苗病毒体表达猴轮状病毒VP4抗原基因

把编码猴轮状病毒Ｖｐ４抗原的第４基因片段插入到痘苗病毒表达载体ｐＪＳＡ１１７５的Ｐ７．５启动子下游，构建成在痘苗病毒Ｐ７．５启动子调控下表达猴轮状病毒Ｖｐ４抗原基因的重组质粒ｐＪＳＡ１１７５－Ｖｐ４。应用磷酸钙沉淀技术将ｐＪＳＡ１１７５－Ｖｐ４ＤＮＡ转入ＴＫ－１４３细胞，在ＢＵＤＲ和Ｘ－ｇａｌ 存在下筛选蓝色蚀斑。     

E－选择素cDNA克隆和表达

从内皮细胞总ＲＮＡ中用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法扩增出Ｅ－选择素ｃＤＮＡ全长编码区，并将其克隆到ｐＵＣ１８载体中，构建了重组质粒ｐＵＣ１８／Ｅ－ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎ，对此质粒进行了酶切及ＤＮＡ序列分析鉴定。将Ｅ－ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎｃＤＮＡ插入到天坛株痘苗病毒载体ＳｍａＩ位点，构建了表达质粒ｐＪＳＡ１１７５／Ｅ－ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎ。采用Ｌｉｐｏｆｅｃｔｉｎ方法，ｐＪＳＡ１１７５／Ｅ－ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎ转染ＴＫ－１４３细胞，用ＢｕｄＲ和ＬａｃＺ双筛选，获得带有人Ｅ－选择素ｃＤＮＡ的重组痘苗病毒。经活细胞荧光染色和ＡＰＡＭ检测，重组痘苗病毒能有效地表达人Ｅ－选择素ｃＤＮＡ。     

CD34基因克隆和表达

ＣＤ３４分子是高度糖基化的Ⅰ型跨膜蛋白，主要表达于多功能造血干细胞、祖细胞表面，在成熟血细胞表面无ＣＤ３４抗原表达，提示ＣＤ３４分子在早期造血调控方面起着重要的作用。本文采用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法，从高表达人ＣＤ３４抗原的ＫＧ－１ａ细胞系中成功地克隆出人ＣＤ３４抗原全长ｃＤＮＡ，并将此基因插入克隆“载体ｐＵＣ１８ＨｉｎｃＩＩ酶切位点，构建了重组质粒ｐＵＣ１８－３４。用双酶切ｐＵＣ１８－３４质粒，将分离得到的基因片段插入痘苗病毒载体的ＳｍａⅠ位点，构建了重组质粒ＰＪＳＡ１１７５－３４。采用Ｌｉｐｏｆｅｃｔｉｎ方法，ＰＪＳＡ１１７５－３４转染已被野生痘苗病毒感染的ＴＫ￣－１４３细胞，用ＢｕｄＲ和ＬａｃＺ双筛选，获得带有人ＣＤ３４抗原全长ｃＤＮＡ的重组痘苗病毒。经活细胞荧光染色和ＡＰＡＡＰ检测，表明重组痘苗病毒能特异地表达人ＣＤ３４抗原。人ＣＤ３４抗原ｃＤＮＡ克隆和表达，为进一步研究其结构和功能的关系以及研究造血调控机理奠定了基础。     

丙型肝炎病毒结构蛋白在痘苗病毒中的表达

为研究中国丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）的抗原性及在细胞内的加工，将丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）５’非编码区（ＮＴＲ）和结构基因（Ｃｏｒｅ＋Ｅ１＋Ｅ２／ＮＳ１）插入痘苗病毒表达载体ｐＪＳＡ１１７５中，转染ＴＫ－１４３细胞，经纯化得到丙型肝炎（ＨＣＶ）重组痘苗病毒ｖＪＳＡ１１７５ＣＥ株。Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ杂交表明，ＨＣＶ结构基因存在于痘苗病毒之中。Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ分析发现，ｖＪＳＡ１１７５ＣＥ表达蛋白带位于９０ｋＤａ，为一多聚蛋白；此蛋白为分泌型，分泌量与细胞裂解物内量大致相同     

表达单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型糖蛋白D的重组痘苗病毒活疫苗株的建立

我们以前曾报道，表达单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型糖蛋白Ｄ（ＨＳＶ－２ｇＤ）的重组痘苗病毒（实验疫苗株）能保护被免疫小鼠抵抗致死量ＨＳＶ－２病毒的攻击。在此工作基础上，严格按人用疫苗研究要求的实验条件，成功地建立了表达ＨＳＶ－２ｇＤ的重组痘苗病毒活疫苗株。首先将经聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）修饰的ＨＳＶ－２ｇＤ基因插入痘苗表达质粒ｐＪＳＢ１１７５，置于痘苗病毒Ｐ７５Ｋ早／晚期启动子控制下。将此重组质粒用Ｌｉｐｏｆｅｃｔｉｎ方法转染已受野型ＴＫ＋痘苗病毒天坛７６１株感染的人胚肺二倍体细胞。经同位素探针（３２Ｐ－ＨＳＶ－２ｇＤ）原位杂交法和３轮蚀斑纯化，筛选出基因组内整合有ＨＳＶ－２ｇＤ基因的重组痘苗病毒。斑点和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交证实，ＨＳＶ－２ｇＤ基因已插入痘苗病毒基因组内预期的ＴＫ区段，间接免疫荧光检测显示，重组病毒感染细胞后能有效地表达ＨＳＶ－２ｇＤ蛋白。     

表达单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型糖蛋白D的重组痘苗病毒活疫苗…

我们以前曾报道，表达单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型糖蛋白的重组痘苗病毒能保护被免疫小鼠抵抗致死量ＨＳＶ－２病毒的攻击。在此工作基础上，严格按人用疫苗研究要求的实验条件，成功地建立了表达ＨＳＶ－２ｇＤ的重组痘苗病毒活疫苗株，首先将经聚合酶链反应修饰的ＨＳＶ－２ｇＤ基因插入痘苗表达质粒ｐＪＳＢ１１７５，置于痘苗病毒Ｐ７．５Ｋ早／晚期启动子控制下，将同位重组质粒用Ｌｉｐｏｆｅｃｔｉｎ方法转染已受野型ＴＫ＾＋痘苗病毒天     

E—选择素cDNA克隆和表达

从内皮细胞总ＲＮＡ中用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法扩增出Ｅ选择素ｃＤＮＡ全长编码区，并将其克隆到ｐＵＣ１８载体中，构建了组质粒ｐＵＣ１８／Ｅ－ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎ对此质粒进行了酶切及ＤＮＡ序列分析鉴定，将Ｅ－ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎｃＤＮＡ插入一以天坛株痘苗病毒载体ＳｍａＩ位构建了表达质粒ｐＪＳＡ１１７５／Ｅ－ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎ，采用Ｌｉｐｏｆｅｃｔｉｎ方法，ｐＪＳＡ１１７５／Ｅ－ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎ转染ＴＫ＾－１４３细胞，用     

人CD19基因在痘苗系统中的表达

目的 在痘苗系统中表达人ＣＤ１９基因,为研究ＣＤ１９分子的豚研制抗ＣＥ１９的单克隆抗体（ｍＡｂ）打下基础。方法 用ＰＣＲ技术扩增人ＣＤ１９全长基因,并 组人克隆载体ｐＧＥＭ－Ｔ,进行序列测定。将ＣＤ１９全长基因克隆人痘苗表达载体ｐＪＳＡ１１７５中,用脂 本介导的方法,与野生 人转染ＴＫ－１４３细胞。运用蓝斑筛选获避人ＣＤ１９全长基因的重组痘苗病毒,并用此重组病毒感染ＴＫ－１４３细胞,以ＡＰＡＡＰ法     

E-选择素突变体的构建和表达

从ｐＵＣ１８／Ｅ－选择素（Ｅ－ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎＣＤ６２Ｅ）重组质粒，以ＰＣＲ的方法扩增得到Ｅ－ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎ突变体ＣＤ６２Ｅ１和ＣＤ６２Ｅ２基因。将其分别插入痘苗病毒表达载体ｐＪＳＡ１１７５的单一ＳｍａⅠ位点，在痘苗病毒真核系统中进行了表达。初步的细胞粘附功能试验结果表明，Ｅ－ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎ分子不同结构域的缺失可削弱其粘附能力，为进一步研究Ｅ－ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎ公子的结构与功能奠定了基础。     

E—选择突变体的构建和表达

从ｐＵＣ１８／Ｅ－选择素（Ｅ－ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎ ＣＤ６２Ｅ）重组质粒，以ＰＣＲ的方法扩增得到Ｅ－ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎ突变体ＣＤ６２Ｅ１和ＣＤ６２Ｅ２基因。将其分别插入痘苗病毒表达载体ｐＪＳＡ１１７５的单一ＳｍａＩ位点，在痘苗病毒真核系统中进行了表达。初步的细胞粘附功能试验结果表明，Ｅ－ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎ分子不同结构域的可削弱其粘附能力，为进一步研究Ｅ－ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎ公子的结构与功能奠定了基础。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.