保留肾脏术式治疗输尿管肿瘤临床分析

目的:探讨输尿管癌保肾手术的效果和复发情况.方法:回顾性分析19例输尿管癌保肾手术的临床资料,7例行输尿管病灶部分切除术,9例行输尿管末端及膀胱袖口状切除、输尿管膀胱再植术,3例经输尿管镜行肿瘤电灼.术后均行膀胱灌注化疗.结果:本组中18例为移行细胞癌,1例鳞癌.术后15例获得随访6个月～5年.2例分别于术后7个月及2年同侧输尿管复发;3例术后3个月～3年发现膀胱移行细胞癌;1例于术后1年发现对侧上尿路肿瘤;1例鳞癌患者术后5个月发现肺部转移,术后11个月死亡.结论:输尿管癌为少见尿路上皮肿瘤,保肾手术有复发的风险,需进行随访.但对早期、低级别原发性输尿管肿瘤,保肾手术良好.     

后腹腔镜肾输尿管全切加膀胱袖状切除术围术期护理

<正>上尿路移行细胞癌是一类较少见的恶性肿瘤,约占尿路上皮恶性肿瘤的5%[1]。肾盂、输尿管及膀胱等尿路上皮均为移行上皮覆盖,具有共同的胚胎起源,同一致癌因素可影响各个部分尿路上皮。因此,对于上尿路移行细胞癌,行局部切除极易复发,临床上对于对侧肾功能良好的病人,根治性肾输尿管全切+同侧膀胱袖状切除术是手术治疗的金标准[2]。随着腹腔     

原发性输尿管移行细胞癌（附31例报告）

报道原发性输尿管移行细胞癌３１例，文中对原发性输尿管移行细胞的临床表现，治疗，特别是诊断进行了讨论。认为尿路造影，膀胱管镜检查以及输尿管镜检查是最重要的诊断手段，患侧肾输尿管全切及膀胱袖状切除为首选手术。     

腹腔镜及开放根治性肾输尿管膀胱切除术治疗上尿路肿瘤合并膀胱癌8例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜和开放根治性肾输尿管膀胱切除术治疗上尿路肿瘤合并膀胱癌患者的可行性和安全性。方法收集我院2004年6月至2009年3月期间收治的8例单侧上尿路肿瘤并浸润性膀胱癌行根治性肾输尿管膀胱切除术及尿流改道手术患者的临床资料并进行随访分析。结果本组8例。男7例,女1例,平均年龄56岁。术前经膀胱镜、输尿管镜、B超和CT等检查证实为单侧上尿路肿瘤并浸润性膀胱癌,其中4例左肾盂癌和2例右肾盂癌合并膀胱癌,2例为左输尿管癌合并膀胱癌。2例行腹腔镜肾输尿管膀胱切除术及回肠膀胱术,平均手术时间470min,术中平均出血量275ml,均无输血,术后肠功能恢复时间为2d,下床活动时间为4d。6例患者行开放肾输尿管膀胱全切除术,其中4例行回肠膀胱术,另2例行输尿管造口术,平均手术时间366min,平均出血量767ml,平均输血量485ml,术后肠功能恢复时间为3.3d,下床活动时间平均为6.7d。8例患者术后均未出现并发症。术后病理结果 7例为尿路上皮癌,上尿路肿瘤分期分级为T2～4N0～1M0G2,膀胱癌为T2～3N0M0G3,另1例为左肾盂鳞癌T4N1M0合并膀胱鳞癌T3N0M0。术后平均随访24.6个月,鳞癌患者术后18个月因肿瘤广泛转移死亡,余7例患者无瘤生存至今。结论单侧上尿路肿瘤合并膀胱癌可行Ⅰ期根治性肾输尿管膀胱切除术,腹腔镜下行该手术是可行及安全的,较开放手术创伤小,出血少,恢复快。     

原发性输尿管恶性肿瘤的诊断和治疗

目的探讨原发性输尿管恶性肿瘤的诊断和治疗方法并探讨了如何提高患者术后生存的可能性。方法回顾我院自1985年3月至2000年3月收治的原发性输尿管恶性肿瘤6例，其中移行细胞癌5例，鳞癌1例。男性4例，女性2例。年龄50～67岁，平均60岁。结果5例行患侧肾、输尿管及膀胱部分切除，1例因不愿手术自动出院。1例失访。4例术后获随访，1例术后18mo局部复发，1例术后27mo局部复发，1例术后29mo发现尿道肿瘤，经手术切除尿道肿瘤后恢复正常排尿，1例存活时间超过5a。结论诊断以静脉和逆行尿路造影，膀胱镜检和输尿管镜检是最重要的诊断方法。患侧肾、输尿管及膀胱部分切除是首选术式。     

后腹腔镜联合下腹部小切口治疗肾盂肿瘤

目的 评估腹腔镜联合腹部小切口术式治疗肾盂及输尿管肿瘤的可行性及优缺点,为腹腔镜临床技术的广泛开展提供更多的临床依据.方法 2006 ～ 2009年该院对14例术前临床分期评估为T1、T2期的患者进行了后腹腔镜联合腹部小切口治疗上尿路移形细胞肿瘤,患者年龄50～72岁,平均653岁.术中首先经后腹腔行肾脏切除;然后取下腹部小切口行患侧输尿管开口部分膀胱切除术.切除范围包括患肾、肾上腺、肾周脂肪组织、输尿管及部分膀胱,术中保持输尿管完整,最终通过下腹部切口取出切除患侧肾脏及输尿管.结果平均手术时间4 h(3～4.5 h),平均失血量200 mL(75 ～300mL),患者平均住院时间8d(7～10 d),无明显手术并发症.术后病检均为尿路移行细胞癌,病理分级G1级7例,G2级6例,G3级1例;临床分期均为T2N0M0.术后随访膀胱镜、B超,必要时CT及肾功能等,随访时间9～36个月,平均18个月,3名患者术后出现膀胱移形细胞肿瘤,其余患者随访暂未见异常. 结论 经后腹腔镜联合腹部小切口治疗上尿路肿瘤是一种临床疗效肯定的术式,相对于完全的开放手术,该术式具有创伤小及恢复快等优点.而相对于全腹腔镜下肾盂癌根治术,则易于掌握,故值得推广.     

后腹腔镜联合尿道电切镜根治性肾输尿管切除治疗上尿路移行细胞癌（附16例报告）

目的探讨后腹腔镜联合尿道电切镜根治性肾输尿管切除治疗上尿路移行细胞癌的方法和临床疗效。方法对10例肾盂癌、6例输尿管上中段移行细胞癌先采用尿道电切镜行患侧输尿管口膀胱黏膜袖套状切除,而后行后腹腔镜根治性肾输尿管全切术。结果16例手术均获成功,平均手术时间120 min,术中出血平均80 ml,患者均于术后36～48 h下床活动,术后住院时间8～14 d（平均9.4 d）,术后随访膀胱局部复发2例。结论后腹腔镜联合尿道电切镜根治性肾输尿管切除治疗上尿路肿瘤是一种安全、有效的微创手术方法,实用性较强,具有良好的应用前景。     

单切口联合经尿道电切肾输尿管切除治疗上尿路肿瘤的疗效观察

目的:观察单切口联合经尿道电切膀胱壁段输尿管的肾输尿管切除治疗上尿路肿瘤的疗效,方法:回顾性分析31例上尿路移行细胞癌患者先经尿道切除膀胱壁段输尿管.再取腰部一个切口行肾及输尿管全长切除的临床资料.结果:手术均顺利完成,术后未发生出血,尿瘘及感染等并发症.平均随访32个月(6～63个月)肿瘤复发6例(19.4%),其中4例发生在膀胱,2例发生在对侧输尿管末端.在切除的输尿管口部位无肿瘤复发.患侧盆腔、腹膜后来见肿瘤种植.结论:该手术方法简化了手术程序,出血少、创伤小、并发症少、术后恢复快,是治疗上尿路移行细胞癌的有效手术方法之一.     

容易误诊的浸润性肾盂癌6例分析

目的：探讨浸润性肾盂癌的临床表现、影像学特征、诊断及治疗。方法：浸润性肾盂癌患者6例，B超和CT诊断为肾囊肿合并感染、大叶性肾炎或。肾癌。结果：6例患者均接受了手术，术后病理回报为乳头状浸润型移行细胞癌Ⅱ～Ⅲ、Ⅲ级，T3、T4期肿瘤各3例。结论：浸润性肾盂癌往往临床和影像学表现不典型，常误诊为肾实质炎症或肾实质肿瘤。不能除外肾盂癌时，可以行一侧肾、输尿管全长＋膀胱袖套状切除。     

先经尿道切除膀胱壁段输尿管的肾输尿管切除术治疗上尿路肿瘤

目的探讨先经尿道切除膀胱壁段输尿管的肾输尿管切除术在上尿路肿瘤治疗中的应用价值。方法23例上尿路移行细胞癌患者先经尿道切除膀胱壁段输尿管，再取腰部一个切口行肾及输尿管全长切除。评估经尿道切除膀胱壁段输尿管时间、术后并发症及局部复发情况。结果23例经尿道切除膀胱壁段输尿管均顺利完成。电切时间平均5min（3～8min）。术后未发生出血、尿瘘及感染等。平均随访28个月（6～36个月），膀胱镜复查未发现切除的输尿管口部位肿瘤种植。结论该手术方法创伤小，并发症少，效果佳。是上尿路移行细胞癌的有效手术方法之一。同时为腹腔镜行肾及输尿管全长切除处理膀胱壁段输尿管提供可靠的方法。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.