人到老年何处住 髯翁遥指银色村

人到老年何处住?髯翁遥指银色村。这里所说的银色村，就是指“银色住宅”。“银色住宅”又叫老年住宅，是以老年人的生理、心理特点和生活活动规律为依据，     

居家养老与住宅设计新思维

21世纪，人类将全面进入老龄化社会。由于经济的迅速发展，城市化的步伐加快，面对新世纪老龄社会，老年人在物质、精神、文化娱乐、社区服务、社会福利、医疗保健、住宅、生活等方面的需求越来越多。特别是出生率的下降，以及高龄老人的迅速增加，使得适合老年人的生活用品和各种服务项目、养老．娱乐设施的需求增加，尤其是在公共服务、社会服务等方面的需求明显增加。[编者按]     

浅谈美国老人住宅的研究与设计

作者在分3阶段扼要回顾了美国20世纪后半叶老人住宅，社区的研究与设计后。重点介绍了其对老年生理等方面的研究成果及对设计的启示，又分别介绍了有关老人住宅，社区规划设计及经营管理的理念。同时分析了几个有代表性的案例。     

国外的老人住宅

国外老人住宅主要是供退休的老人居住，其形式为一般住宅、老人之家和联合体三种。     

方便老年人使用的建筑将有专门的设计规范

[本刊讯]受建设部的委托，哈尔滨建筑大学主编，青岛建筑工程学院、大连理工学院、新艺华室内设计公司、吉林建筑工程学院、中国建筑技术研究院、中国城市规划设计研究院参编的（方便老人使用的建筑设计标准）已印出征求意见稿分发各有关部门征求意见。该标准是对已有现行建筑设计规范的补充，分五个部分：1．总则；2．术语；3．一般规定；4．居住建筑；5．公共建筑。其中居住建筑是指专供老年使用的老年住宅、老年公寓、老人院（养老院）、普通老人间、托老所、一户两制住宅和一栋两制住宅。公共建筑是指老年人涉足的公共建筑，包括离退休…     

银色小屋

银色小屋虽然位于距离新宿中心仅15分钟车程的地方，但却是在周围被绿色所包围的安静的住宅街区。银色小屋继承了对外部环境完全开放的都市住宅这一主题，并用最单纯的形式实现了这一主题理念。同时，避免了有意识性的形态操作，形成了以暂设性、现实即物性作为新主题的出发点。     

21世纪老龄社会的住宅

一、老年住宅的类型 １ 共居型老年住宅 我国是一个传统观念影响比较大的国家，“家”的概念十分深刻。有些老年人到了晚年，喜欢看到几代同堂的家庭氛围。再者，随着计划生育政策的实施，未来的家庭结构将会是一对年轻夫妇赡养两对老人。 就我国目前的经济状况和居住水平来看，许多家庭还达不到老年人与年轻人各自独居的条件，因此，发展两代居的第一步，首先应该在住宅中设计老人室。这种类型的两代居只有老人室是独立属于老人的。其它如客厅、厨房和卫生间等都与年轻人共用。老人室的面积应该稍大，除了作卧室外，应该具有一定的起居功能…     

尊老爱幼 享天伦乐──三代同堂住宅设计

本文在阐明三代同堂及其住宅设计的必要性的基础上，提供了一种三代同堂住宅方案，该方案除充分体现了三代同堂对住宅的特殊要求，尽力降低老人、户主、孩子居住行为的相互干扰外，还体现了尊老爱幼的思想，三代人都有很好的生活环境．使其共享天伦之乐。     

加拿大的老年人住宅

加拿大政府历来对老年人住房比较重视,采取了种种有效措施来解决老人的住房问题。目前,加拿大大多数老年人生活在装饰设备较为齐全的住宅里。 解决老年人住房问题的措施主要有以下几点:一是兴建老年公寓及老人社区,其中包括普通老人住宅、服务性老人住宅和护理性老人住宅三类;二是建造活     

全国人大代表、河南建业集团董事长胡葆森：大力推进低碳住宅开发建设

低碳住宅在我国的发展尚处于起步阶段，虽然在行业内发展低碳住宅的呼声很高，但由于我国城镇住宅各种配套体系的建设缺乏严格的约束性碳排放标准。开发企业在低碳住宅开发方面缺乏明确的依据，创新力度不足．同时，消费者对低碳住宅的认识不清晰，心存疑虑，对低碳住宅接受度较低，此外．随着低碳住宅科技含量和对节能减排要求的不断提高．对建筑设计．建筑施工、建筑材料等方面的要求更加精细、更加严格，大大增加了项目的开发难度和风险，使得开发企业难于控制成本。有鉴于此，建议采取以下措施推进我国低碳住宅的开发建设，促进经济结构的调整     

强度需求谱与延性需求谱之比较

强度需求谱和延性需求谱是两种常见的弹塑性反应谱,本文比较了二者在概念、计算以及应用方面的不同.在单条地震波作用下,单自由度体系的延性需求并不总是随着强度折减系数的增加而单调增加.本文对产生这一现象的原因进行了分析,并指出当采用迭代计算建立强度需求谱时,必须选择满足指定延性需求的最小强度折减系数.但这会使得在多条地震波作用下,对同一个强度折减系数,由平均强度需求谱反推出的延性需求要比直接由平均延性需求谱获得的偏小.为此,本文建议:当采用改进能力谱法进行结构抗震性能评估时,宜用延性需求谱代替强度需求谱来估计结构的延性需求.     

A combined Markov-chain and bottom-up approach to modelling of domestic lighting demand

Detailed simulations of distributed generation in residential areas have prompted the need for improved models of domestic electricity demand that are able to reproduce important features of real household loads. The high share and temporal variability of the lighting demand make it of special interest, in particular when the models are to be used in simulations of distributed photovoltaics (PV), which to a high degree is negatively correlated with the lighting demand. In this paper, a stochastic bottom-up model based on domestic occupancy patterns and data on daylight availability is presented. A three-state non-homogeneous Markov chain is used for generation of occupancy patterns and a conversion model transforms occupancy patterns to lighting demand, with respect to the daylight level. Markov-chain transition probabilities are determined from a detailed set of time-use (TU) data in Swedish households and the parameters in the occupancy-to-lighting conversion model are adjusted to make the resulting load curves fit recent measurements on aggregate population level. The performance of the model is analysed by comparison of simulated demand to measured lighting demand. It is concluded that for both individual households and aggregate demand, all relevant features of measured demand are realistically reproduced.     

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and behavioral restrictions on electricity consumption and the daily demand curve in Turkey

The rapid spread of COVID-19 has severely impacted many sectors, including the electricity sector. The reliability of the electricity sector is critical to the economy, health, and welfare of society; therefore, supply and demand need to be balanced in real-time, and the impact of unexpected factors should be analyzed. During the pandemic, behavioral restrictions such as lockdowns, closure of factories, schools, and shopping malls, and changing habits, such as shifted work and leisure hours at home, significantly affected the demand structure. In this research, the restrictions and their corresponding timing are classified and mapped with the Turkish electricity demand data to analyze the estimated impact of the restrictions on total demand and daily demand profile. A modulated Fourier Series Expansion evaluates deviations from normal conditions in the aggregate demand and the daily consumption profile. The aggregate demand shows a significant decrease in the early phase of the pandemic, during the period March–June 2020. The shape of the daily demand curve is analyzed to estimate how much demand shifted from daytime to night-time. A population-based restriction index is proposed to analyze the relationship between the strength and coverage of the restrictions and the total demand. The persistency of the changes in the daily demand curve in the post-contingency period is analyzed. These findings imply that new scheduling approaches for daily and weekly loads are required to avoid supply-demand mismatches in the future. The long-term policy implications for the energy transition and lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic experience are also presented.     

福州市水资源供需平衡的对策

水资源规划的核心是水资源平衡,水资源平衡是需求和供给的平衡,需水量预测包括工业、农业、城镇生活和河道生态需水量四个部分。通过分析用水统计数据,研究用水结构特点,进行需水量预测,提出水资源供需平衡规划及对策。     

Automated leak localization performance without detailed demand distribution data

Automatic leak localization has been suggested to reduce the time and personnel efforts needed to localize (small) leaks. Yet, the available methods require a detailed demand distribution model for successful calibration and good leak localization performance. The main aim of this work was to analyze whether such a detailed demand distribution is needed. Two demand distributions were used: a factorized distribution that distributes the inflow demand proportionally across the consumption nodes according to individual billing data, and a uniform distribution that equally distributes demand across all consumption nodes. The performance of the automatic leak localization method, using both demand distribution models, was compared. A new measure for leak localization performance that is based on the percentage of false positive nodes is proposed. It was possible to localize the leaks with both demand distribution models, although performance varied depending on the timing and duration of the measurement.     

A demand limiting strategy for maximizing monthly cost savings of commercial buildings

Monthly peak demand costs usually contribute greatly to the monthly electricity bills of commercial buildings. Peak demand limiting control, which gained substantial attention recently, is an efficient way to reduce it. Most of previous studies either focus on the daily peak demand reduction without taking account the related energy rise, or explore the relationship between energy rise and demand reduction only on a daily basis. Unlike the previous studies, a new demand limiting control strategy is proposed in this paper in order to maximize the monthly cost saving. The new strategy is realized as follows. At first step, a proper monthly demand threshold is identified. At second step, a specific approach, named as proportional-integral-derivative (PID) algorithm, is implemented to restrain the daily peak demand to the given threshold by adjusting the indoor room temperature set-point. The extended pre-cooling duration is also estimated at this step based on the difference between the predicted daily peak demand and the identified threshold. The results of case studies show that the proposed strategy can substantially reduce the monthly electricity cost.     

概率地震需求分析的简化方法研究

概率地震需求分析的主要工作是获得不同地震动强度水平下结构地震需求的概率分布。本文采用与结构基本周期对应的线弹性加速度反应谱Sa作为地震动强度指标,结构的位移延性为地震需求指标。通过对大量单自由度体系非线性时程分析结果的统计及回归分析,获得了在给定结构强度折减系数R、周期T的条件下,延性需求的均值和标准差的拟合公式,并建立了概率的等R延性需求谱。基于该谱,提出了简化的概率地震需求分析方法。算例分析表明,建议方法的计算结果与增量动力分析方法的计算结果接近,但计算量却大为减少。     

燃气采暖负荷的统计计算

根据统计学原理,提出燃气采暖负荷及其波动的计算方法。根据实际运行数据,计算了采暖用气的月不均匀系数、日不均匀系数,时不均匀系数;给出了采暖面积耗热指标和用气量。     

地源热泵在节能建筑市场的供求分析

通过地源热泵在节能建筑市场的供需分析,了解国内大众对地源热泵需求的趋势和供给潜力,分析地源热泵在节能建筑市场供给和需求之间的矛盾和障碍。运用消费者需求理论和消费者剩余理论,对节能建筑市场行为各方(供给方、需求方、政府)对地源热泵的需求潜力和供给潜力进行研究分析。     

地区间货物运输量预测方法谱系

本文整理了近些年地区间(城市间)货物运输量预测方法的研究。论文分析了和旅客运输相比,地区间货物运输的特点,提出了货物运输需求量的预测在理论和方法上和客流需求量的预测有所不同的依据。将以往的地区间货运量预测模型按不同阶段做了分类整理。其次,根据物流的行为者将地区间货运量预测模型分为计量经济学模型、空间相互作用模型及网络模型等类型。较为详尽地分析了各类预测模型的特点。并结合我国物流业的发展现状,对货物运输量预测方法研究的发展方向进行了展望。