车用柴油机有机朗肯循环余热回收系统性能计算研究

以某车用柴油机排气余热为研究对象,建立有机朗肯循环(ORC)余热回收系统热力学模型,分析主要设计参数包括对ORC余热回收系统性能有影响的蒸发压力、冷凝压力、蒸发器出口工质过热度、冷凝器出口工质过冷度等,通过自编程序计算研究了工质流量、系统热效率等系统性能参数的变化规律。研究结果表明:提高系统的蒸发压力,降低冷凝压力有利于提高系统的性能;对于R123工质,过热度增加对系统的性能影响不大,而对于乙醇工质,过热度增加有利于系统效率提高;冷凝器出口工质过冷度的增加给循环性能带来不利影响。     

基于ORC的柴油机排气余热回收蒸发器传热特性试验与数值分析

针对某款柴油机排气余热能量,试制一种板翅式蒸发器并建立热力学模型,通过柴油机排气余热台架试验数据验证模型的准确性与有效性,分析有机朗肯循环(ORC)R245fa工质流量与柴油机排气流量的匹配关系及对蒸发器传热特性和ORC性能的影响。结果表明:在各转速满载工况下,工质流量可在有效工作区间内连续变化,而不必局限于某一指定流量,在该区间内蒸发器及ORC输出净功率和热效率均能保持较好的热力性能;蒸发器传热能力主要受工质影响,在低转速小流量时,蒸发器效能和传热单元数较高,但蒸发器传热系数和传热面积的乘积(UA)和回收的排气能量较低,限制了ORC在低转速一般工况下的应用,在高转速大流量时,传热单元数较低,但UA值和排气余热能量较高,可回收较多的排气余热能量。     

ORC系统蒸发器性能分析及其对柴油机性能影响

采用Fluent软件对ORC余热回收系统中的蒸发器进行数值模拟,分析蒸发器壳侧柴油机尾气的流动与传热特性,并利用场协同原理讨论蒸发器的换热性能。此外,为进一步研究ORC系统中蒸发器对柴油机性能的影响,利用GT-Power软件建立柴油机仿真模型,选取柴油机不同工况点得到柴油机功率、转矩及有效燃油消耗率(BSFC)的变化情况。结果表明,加装ORC系统蒸发器后由于排气背压增加,导致原柴油机功率和转矩有所下降,BSFC有所上升,且随着柴油机转速的增加,柴油机的功率损失、转矩损失和BSFC增量均逐渐增加。     

低温蒸汽_太阳能双热源ORC发电系统热力性能分析

为充分回收矿藏热采过程尾端低温蒸汽余热,提出一种通过利用太阳能热量补充预热器中热源显热以缩小换热温差的新型低温蒸汽-太阳能双热源ORC发电系统。根据热力学第一、第二定律,建立其热力学模型,编制计算程序并进行了热力性能分析及比较。计算结果表明:采用热源补助可有效减小换热温差,进而显著提升系统热力性能。当采用R245fa作为循环工质时,与基本的ORC系统相比,选择冷端温差较小的预热器可使双热源系统火用效率显著增加;在预热器冷端温差为30 K、两系统分别采用5种不同循环工质时,双热源ORC系统的热力性能均高于基本ORC系统,且以R236fa为工质的双热源ORC系统热力性能最佳。     

超临界二氧化碳布雷顿/有机朗肯循环联合系统的热力学特性

针对再压缩式超临界二氧化碳布雷顿发电循环(S-CO_2),将有机朗肯循环(ORC)作为底循环用于回收系统余热,建立了S-CO_2/ORC联合循环。采用Aspen Plus建立分析模型,根据顶循环余热温度范围和安全环保要求,选取R245fa作为ORC系统工质,分析透平进口温度、透平进口压力及分流比对循环效率的影响,并通过分析耗能设备的功率变化找到影响系统效率变化的因素。结果表明:通过顶循环低温余热的回收利用,系统热效率提高4%以上;增大透平进口温度可提高顶循环的热效率,但对底循环热效率的影响较小;随着顶循环透平进口压力的增大,顶循环热效率增加而底循环热效率下降;在透平入口温度680℃、入口压力280 MPa的条件下,存在最优的再压缩循环分流比0.66使得联合循环热效率最高;使用ORC底循环回收顶循环余热,最高可以将系统热效率从50.3%提高到53.7%,联合系统可以获得6.7%的效率提升。     

基于分液冷凝组分调控的非共沸ORC性能研究

低温余热广泛存在于地热和工业领域,开发和利用低温余热,有利于节能减排和保护环境。有机朗肯循环（Organic Rankine Cycle, ORC）是一种热电转换技术,能够有效地回收工业余热和开发地热能。当前ORC余热回收存在着效率不高、热-经济性低、变工况运行性能不理想等问题。基于ORC目前面临的问题,研究一种基于气液分离组分调控的新型LC-ORC循环系统,建立了LC-ORC系统的热力学模型,并对其进行性能分析和变工况运行研究,结果表明：利用分液冷凝组分调控技术后,与B-ORC系统相比,冷凝过程中的换热系数可提高6.43%,冷凝器换热面积降低了6.45%,单位面积输出功可提高2.62%,同时,LC-ORC系统还能增强系统对冷热源波动的适应性,提高系统变工况运行性能,净输出功可提高2.02%。     

基于有机朗肯循环的燃气轮机余热发电系统优化设计

采用有机朗肯循环(ORC)技术回收燃气轮机排烟余热进行发电,是回收低温余热资源的一种非常适合的方案。拟基于ORC系统对某电厂的燃气轮机余热发电系统进行优化设计,在此基础上引入准三角循环系统,并对两种系统进行计算、分析和比较。综合热效率、炯效率和排烟温度等指标分析,准三角循环系统的整体性能优于ORC系统。     

R1234yf有机朗肯循环系统热力学性能研究

为提高有机朗肯循环（Organic Rankine Cycle, ORC）在中低温地热发电领域的效率,本文以R1234yf为工质,依据热力学第一定律与第二定律分析了系统单位质量热水净发电功率和系统?效率,并与目前应用广泛的R245fa工质进行了性能对比。研究结果表明,存在最佳蒸发温度和最佳冷凝温度,使得ORC发电系统单位质量热水净发电功率、?效率最大。对于热源温度为110℃ ~ 150℃的ORC发电系统,R1234yf对应的最大系统单位质量热水净发电功率和最大?效率均大于R245fa     

车用柴油机-有机朗肯循环联合系统的设计及分析

针对一台车用柴油机全工况范围内排气能量的变化规律,设计了一套有机朗肯循环(organic Rankine cycle,ORC)余热回收系统,进而与车用柴油机耦合形成了车用柴油机-有机朗肯循环联合系统。ORC余热回收系统采用非共沸混合工质R416A,以高效回收柴油机的排气能量。采用螺杆膨胀机作为有机朗肯循环系统的动力输出部件,通过试验测试确定螺杆膨胀机的最优工况点(进气压力1.7MPa、膨胀比8、等熵效率0.65),进而设定有机朗肯循环系统的最优运行参数。研究结果表明:加装有机朗肯循环系统后,与原柴油机相比,车用柴油机-有机朗肯循环联合系统的输出功率最大提升了30.6kW,热效率最大提升了10.99%,余热回收效率最高可达10.61%,有效燃油消耗率最大降低了35g/(kW·h)。     

钢铁企业中低温烟气发电系统的比较和优化

为高效利用钢铁厂200～450℃烟气余热,利用EES软件模拟计算了水蒸气朗肯循环(SRC)4种有机朗肯循环(ORC)和水蒸气-有机物联合双循环(S-ORC)的热效率、火用效率和单位质量工质的发电能力。通过比较各发电系统的性能,探讨了低温发电系统的优化措施。为进一步利用ORC系统透平机乏汽余热,针对300℃以上的热源设计了梯级有机朗肯循环(CORC)。综合考虑各发电系统的性能,得出:对于200～300℃的烟气,可采用以R141b为工质的ORC发电系统;对于300～450℃的烟气,可采用CORC发电系统。由于S-ORC的热效率、火用效率、发电功率比传统SRC的高,且能有效减小工质在冷凝器的负压,对于450℃以上的热源,可用S-ORC代替传统的SRC。     

燃气-超临界CO2联合循环发电系统

  [目的]  燃气轮机排气温度高,可增加底循环,利用排气的余热发电,从而提高燃料总的能量利用率。鉴于超临界CO₂循环热效率高,并且具有系统简单、结构紧凑、运行灵活等潜在优势,可与燃气轮机组成新型的燃气-超临界CO₂联合循环。  [方法]  为了充分利用燃气轮机排气余热,提出在简单回热超临界CO₂循环的基础上,再嵌套一个简单回热循环的布置方式,并以PG9351(FA)型燃气轮机为例,对其热效率进行了计算分析。同时,在系统中增加余热利用装置,可将剩余热量用于供热、转换为冷量或发电。  [结果]  结果表明:对于选定的燃气轮机,超临界CO₂循环最高温度可达约600 ℃,循环发电效率约32%,获得余热温度为170 ℃以上,余热热量占燃气轮机排气热量9%,联合循环发电效率约54%。  [结论]  燃气-超临界CO₂联合循环发电系统具有较高的热效率,并且保留部分较高品位的余热,可进一步用于电厂运行。     

Second law analysis of a waste heat recovery based power generation system

In the present paper the performance of a waste heat recovery power generation system based on second law analysis is investigated for various operating conditions. The temperature profiles across the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG), network output, second law efficiency and entropy generation number are simulated for various operating conditions. The variation in specific heat with exhaust gas composition and temperature are accounted in the analysis and results. The effect of pinch point on the performance of HRSG and on entropy generation rate and second law efficiency are also investigated. The second law efficiency of the HRSG and power generation system decreases with increasing pinch point. The first and second law efficiency of the power generation system varies with exhaust gas composition and with oxygen content in the gas. Approximating the exhaust gas as air, and the air standard analysis leads to either underestimation or overestimation of power plant performance on both first law and second law point of view. Actual gas composition and specific heat should be used to accurately predict the second law performance. The present results contribute further information on the role of gas composition, specific heat and pinch point influence on the performance of a waste heat recovery based power generation system based on first and second law of thermodynamics.     

基于遗传算法的汽油机朗肯循环余热回收系统的优化

为了更加高效利用汽油机排气余热,分析了某款汽油机排气余热回收潜力,建立了基于蒸发器和活塞式膨胀机的汽油机-朗肯循环联合余热回收系统模型。利用遗传算法,同时考虑膨胀机输出功、排气利用率、蒸发器效率和膨胀机绝热效率,以膨胀机输出功和系统总效率为优化目标,以蒸发压力和膨胀机转速为优化变量,对汽油机4个工况下朗肯循环系统的最佳运行参数进行了研究。结果表明,在整个发动机转速范围内,排气最大可利用效率均高于46%,转速越高则排气品质越高。在不同工况下存在最优的膨胀机转速和蒸发压力。经过优化,在选取的4个工况下,功率提高率均在6%以上,最高达到7.08%。     

有机朗肯循环回收直接空冷机组排气余热系统的热力性能研究

空冷机组汽机排汽热损失巨大,而有机朗肯循环是利用中低温热源的重要技术之一。提出采用有机朗肯循环回收空冷机组汽轮机排汽余热的技术方案,建立空冷机组和有机朗肯循环的物理模型,编制有机朗肯循环回收空冷机组汽轮机排汽余热技术的模拟程序,并将模拟计算结果与厂家提供的某型号有机朗肯循环机组的性能数据进行对比。以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟某典型600 MW机组为对象,探究汽机乏汽温度、环境温度、ORC机组过热度等关键参数变化对系统热力性能的影响规律。结果表明,ORC机组净出功和ORC机组热效率随着汽机乏汽温度的升高而增大,而随着环境温度和ORC机组过热度的增大而减小。     

Latest concepts for combustion and waste heat recovery systems being considered for hydrogen engines

A more sustainable transportation calls for the use of alternative and renewable fuels, a further increase of the fuel energy conversion efficiency of internal combustion engines as well as the reduction of the thermal engine energy supply by recovering the braking energy. The paper presents two concepts being developed to improve the fuel conversion efficiency of internal combustion engines for transport applications. The first concept works on the combustion evolution to increase the amount of fuel energy transformed in piston work within the cylinder. The second concept works on the waste exhaust and coolant energies to be recovered through a power turbine downstream of the turbocharger turbine on the exhaust line and a steam turbine feed with the steam produced by a boiler/super heater made of the coolant passages and a heat exchanger on the exhaust line. The concepts work with hydrogen (and in this case a water injector is also necessary) as well as lower alkanes (methane, propane, butane). Preliminary simulations show improvement of top fuel conversion efficiencies to above 50% in the high power density operation. The waste heat recovery system also permits faster warm-up during cold start driving cycles.     

火电厂节能环保供热装置的设计及应用

排烟热损失是锅炉各项热损失中最大的一项,它直接影响锅炉效率及发电煤耗。一般情况下,排烟温度每升高10℃,煤耗将增加2 g/(kW·h)左右。因此,降低排烟温度、回收烟气热量对于节能降耗、提高经济效益具有重要的实际意义。对火电厂节能环保供热装置的设计及应用进行了探讨。该设备采用烟气余热回收技术,将高温排烟热量传递给空气,再进行城市及工业区供热,实现了热量的回收,节省了燃煤量,同时也减少了污染物的排放,还提高了锅炉效率,有利于城市及工业区的可持续发展。     

Effects of gas recycle on performance of solid oxide fuel cell power systems

An energy analysis of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) power systems with gas recycles fed by natural gas is carried out. Simple SOFC system, SOFC power systems with anode and cathode gas recycle respectively and SOFC power system with both anode and cathode gas recycle are compared. Influences of reforming rate, air ratio and recycle ratio of electrode exhaust gas on performance of SOFC power systems are investigated. Net system electric efficiency and cogeneration efficiency of these power systems are given by a calculation model. Results show that internal reforming SOFC power system can achieve an electrical efficiency of more than 44% and a system cogeneration efficiency including waste heat recovery of 68%. For SOFC power system with anode gas recycle, an electrical efficiency is above 46% and a cogeneration efficiency of 88% is obtained. In the case of cathode gas recycle, an electrical efficiency and a cogeneration efficiency is more than 51% and 78% respectively. Although SOFC system with both anode and cathode gas is more complicated, the electrical efficiency of it is close to 52%.     

Performance simulation of a low‐swirl burner for a Stirling engine

A new type of gas burner for Stirling engine that can recover adequate heat from exhaust gas was designed based on the plate heat exchanger and low‐swirl combustion technology, which consists of three components: a cyclone, a burner, and a circular plate heat exchanger. The circular plate heat exchanger tightly wound around the combustion chamber plays a high efficiency of heat recovery role. In consideration of the radial symmetry of the burner, a three‐dimensional numerical simulation was carried out by Ansys15. The velocity distribution, temperature distribution, and pressure distribution of the combustion gas were presented respectively. Strong backflow that came from the exhaust gas around the root of the flame in the combustion chamber and a vortex below the inlet of the exhaust gas channel were found, which were beneficial for the combustion and improving the uniformity of temperature distribution. Combustion behaviors of the burner under standard operating conditions were obtained, the highest temperature was about 2200 K in burner and the exhaust gas entered the plate heat exchanger at the temperature of 1375 K and exited at 464 K, with the waste heat recovery efficiency over 65.8%. And, the air‐fuel ratio and combustion power had negligible effect on the waste heat recovery efficiency.     

低温废热高效回收系统及其_评价

通过一定的设备系统将大量放散的具有一定品位的热能回收发电 ,是废热回收的高价值方法。而对于原本品位不高的低温废热 ,如何有效地提高其回收率 ,则是低温废热回收中值得研究的课题。本文介绍一种多次闪蒸—混汽发电的废热回收发电系统 ,并采用火用方法对其热经济性做出了评价。     

Performance analysis of an industrial waste heat‐based trigeneration system

The thermodynamic performance of an industrial waste heat recovery‐based trigeneration system is studied through energy and exergy efficiency parameters. The effects of exhaust gas inlet temperature, process heat pressure, and ambient temperature on both energy and exergy efficiencies, and electrical to thermal energy ratio of the system are investigated. The energy efficiency increases while electrical to thermal energy ratio and exergy efficiency decrease with increasing exhaust gas inlet temperature. On the other hand, with the increase in process heat pressure, energy efficiency decreases but exergy efficiency and electrical to thermal energy ratio increase. The effect of ambient temperature is also observed due to the fact that with an increase in ambient temperature, energy and exergy efficiencies, and electrical to thermal energy ratio decrease slightly. These results clearly show that performance evaluation of trigeneration system based on energy analysis is not adequate and hence more meaningful evaluation must include exergy analysis. The present analysis contributes to further information on the role of exhaust gas inlet temperature, process heat pressure, ambient temperature influence on the performance of waste heat recovery‐based trigeneration from a thermodynamic point of view. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.