WT1基因检测时机对Wilms肿瘤合并慢性肾脏疾病预后影响的回顾性队列研究

目的 分析在Wilms肿瘤合并慢性肾脏疾病(CKD)的患儿中WT1基因检测对诊断和长期预后的影响。方法 检索上海市肾脏发育与儿童肾脏病研究中心儿童肾脏病基因检测数据库,2001年1月1日至2018年12月31日明确WT1基因突变、年龄<18岁患儿,或Wilms肿瘤合并CKD 2~5期或肾病综合征或有蛋白尿的连续病例。按进展为终末期肾衰竭(ESRD)之前是否明确WT1基因突变分为早诊断组和晚诊断组,以ESRD为终点比较两组的预后。结果 22例患儿明确WT1基因的常染色体显性遗传突变,分别位于第8~9外显子/内含子。依据临床分型,10例为Denys-Drash综合征,3例为Fraiser综合征,9例表型为孤立型肾病综合征,5例合并假两性畸形。随访终点进入ESRD有15例,7例进入CKD 2~4期。应用生存曲线分析证实,早诊断组较晚诊断组进入ESRD病程显著延迟(P=0.011)。结论 在儿童Wilms肿瘤、肾病综合征/蛋白尿、慢性肾功能损害的患儿中,在肾功能进展恶化之前及早明确WT1基因突变,不仅有助于临床诊断分型,还能显著延缓进入ESRD病程。     

湖南省听力障碍儿童慢性肾脏病流行病学调查

目的 调查湖南省听力障碍儿童慢性肾脏病（CKD）的患病情况。方法 运用横断面研究,采用多阶段整群抽样方法共抽取1 500名儿童作为研究样本,现场进行问卷调查、体格检查、实验室检查。结果 1 500名儿童中,纳入资料完整的儿童1 459名。CKD患病43例,患病率为2.95%,其中 < 7岁组患病率（5.8%,35/604）显著高于7~14岁组（0.9%,8/855）（P < 0.05）。43例CKD患儿中,表现为蛋白尿31例（72%）,表现为血尿27例（63%）,表现肾小球滤过率下降11例（26%）。43例CKD患儿中,CKD 1、2、3a、3b、4、5期患病例数分别为13、19、5、3、3、0例,分别占30%、44%、12%、7%、7%、0%。CKD患病率随听力障碍程度加重而升高（P < 0.01）。结论 湖南省听力障碍儿童中CKD的患病率较高,大部分处于CKD早期,学龄前期儿童多见。听力障碍程度与CKD的患病率相关。     

上下气道呼出气一氧化氮与哮喘控制水平的相关性研究

目的 探讨联合检测呼出气一氧化氮（FeNO）及鼻呼出气一氧化氮（FnNO）的临床价值及其与哮喘控制水平的关系。方法 选取2018年1~6月诊断为哮喘并处于慢性持续期的患儿120例为研究对象。所有患儿进行儿童哮喘控制测试（C-ACT）,得分 > 23分为控制组,20~23分为部分控制组,≤ 19分为未控制组,每组各40例;同时依据哮喘患儿有无合并过敏性鼻炎分为未合并鼻炎组（n=55）和合并鼻炎组（n=65）;同期收集健康体检儿童40例为对照组。哮喘患儿及对照组儿童均检测FeNO与FnNO水平。结果 不同水平控制组内FeNO值以未控制组最高,部分控制组其次,控制组最低（P < 0.05）,其中未控制组及部分控制组FeNO值高于对照组（P < 0.05）;未控制组与部分控制组FnNO值高于完全控制组及对照组（P < 0.05）,完全控制组FnNO值高于对照组（P < 0.05）。合并鼻炎组FeNO与FnNO值均高于未合并鼻炎组（P < 0.05）。结论 FeNO可用来评估哮喘控制情况,与FnNO联合可评估上下气道炎症情况,为上下气道联合治疗提供依据。     

川崎病患儿治疗前后血清脂源性细胞因子的变化及意义

目的 检测急性期川崎病患儿静脉注射丙种球蛋白（IVIG）治疗前后血清中脂源性细胞因子Omentin-1和Chemerin浓度变化及意义。方法 选取2015年1月至2019年4月确诊为川崎病患儿60例为研究对象,同时选取40例健康儿童和40例急性感染性疾病患儿分别作为健康对照组和感染对照组。根据是否对IVIG治疗敏感将川崎病患儿分为IVIG敏感组（n=51）和IVIG不敏感组（n=9）;根据是否合并冠状动脉损害（CAL）将川崎病患儿分为合并CAL组（n=13）和不合并CAL组（n=47）。ELISA法检测川崎病患儿IVIG治疗前后及两对照组儿童血清Omentin-1和Chemerin水平。结果 川崎病患儿血清Omentin-1和Chemerin水平均明显高于健康对照组和感染对照组（P < 0.05）。经过48 h治疗后,IVIG敏感组患儿血清Chemerin水平较治疗前明显降低（P < 0.05）,血清Omentin-1水平在IVIG敏感组患儿治疗前后比较差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。治疗前,IVIG不敏感组患儿血清Chemerin水平明显高于IVIG敏感组（P < 0.05）;合并CAL组血清Chemerin水平明显高于不合并CAL组;而血清Omentin-1水平在IVIG敏感与不敏感组间及合并CAL与不合并CAL组间比较差异均无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。结论 川崎病患儿血清中高表达的Chemerin和Omentin-1可能参与川崎病的发生和发展;Chemerin可能参与川崎病所致CAL过程,且血清Chemerin水平可能成为临床预测IVIG敏感性的新监测指标。     

ZMPSTE24基因突变致限制性皮病1例病例报告并文献复习

目的 报告1例ZMPSTE24基因突变致胎儿死亡的限制性皮病(RD)病例,总结临床特征及基因突变的特点,为产前咨询提供依据。方法 对1例ZMPSTE24基因突变的RD患儿的临床资料和测序结果进行分析,结合人类基因突变数据库(HGMD)和PubMed,对ZMPSTE24基因突变所致疾病临床表型进行文献复习。结果 男,死胎,G1P1。母亲孕27周行超声检查,胎儿臀位、羊水过少、羊水指数1.9 cm、胎儿右侧胸腔少量积液。孕31⁺³周因胎膜早破入院,伴妊娠期糖尿病,超声示胎儿宫内重度生长受限。孕32⁺²周娩出一男死胎,具有典型RD表型。为明确病因诊断行新生儿panel测序并行Sanger测序验证,检测到ZMPSTE24基因的一个纯合移码突变(c.1085dupT,p.Leu362PhefsTer19),为已报道的RD热点突变,突变频率达57.14%。检索HGMD和PubMed,共检索到ZMPSTE24基因的32种致病突变(63例),导致4种不同的疾病表型。检索万方、中国知网和PubMed数据库,检索时间从建库至2019年7月25日,共有49例(包括本文1例)ZMPSTE24突变导致RD。ZMPSTE24突变的临床表型严重程度与锌金属蛋白酶活性和核纤层蛋白前体蛋白的堆积程度相关。结论 本例检测到的Leu362PhefsTer19突变为ZMPSTE24基因热点突变,ZMPSTE24基因型与临床表型呈高度相关。本研究提示妊娠期胎儿发育异常应注意RD可能,基因检测可明确诊断。早期基因诊断可为临床及时干预和遗传咨询提供依据。     

ZMPSTE24基因突变致限制性皮病1例病例报告并文献复习

目的 报告1例ZMPSTE24基因突变致胎儿死亡的限制性皮病(RD)病例,总结临床特征及基因突变的特点,为产前咨询提供依据。方法 对1例ZMPSTE24基因突变的RD患儿的临床资料和测序结果进行分析,结合人类基因突变数据库(HGMD)和PubMed,对ZMPSTE24基因突变所致疾病临床表型进行文献复习。结果 男,死胎,G1P1。母亲孕27周行超声检查,胎儿臀位、羊水过少、羊水指数1.9 cm、胎儿右侧胸腔少量积液。孕31⁺³周因胎膜早破入院,伴妊娠期糖尿病,超声示胎儿宫内重度生长受限。孕32⁺²周娩出一男死胎,具有典型RD表型。为明确病因诊断行新生儿panel测序并行Sanger测序验证,检测到ZMPSTE24基因的一个纯合移码突变(c.1085dupT,p.Leu362PhefsTer19),为已报道的RD热点突变,突变频率达57.14%。检索HGMD和PubMed,共检索到ZMPSTE24基因的32种致病突变(63例),导致4种不同的疾病表型。检索万方、中国知网和PubMed数据库,检索时间从建库至2019年7月25日,共有49例(包括本文1例)ZMPSTE24突变导致RD。ZMPSTE24突变的临床表型严重程度与锌金属蛋白酶活性和核纤层蛋白前体蛋白的堆积程度相关。结论 本例检测到的Leu362PhefsTer19突变为ZMPSTE24基因热点突变,ZMPSTE24基因型与临床表型呈高度相关。本研究提示妊娠期胎儿发育异常应注意RD可能,基因检测可明确诊断。早期基因诊断可为临床及时干预和遗传咨询提供依据。     

新生儿葡萄糖/半乳糖吸收不良症2例病例报告并文献复习

目的 探讨以新生儿反复腹泻为主要临床表现的SLC5A1基因致病变异所致葡萄糖/半乳糖吸收不良症的临床特征及其遗传学特点。方法 报告2例新生儿SLC5A1基因复合杂合变异致葡萄糖/半乳糖吸收不良症患儿的临床表现、实验室检查及基因检测结果,并对国内外数据库中有具体临床信息和基因检测结果的相关文献进行复习。结果 2例患儿生后即出现反复腹泻,伴脱水、高钠血症和代谢性酸中毒。全外显子组测序检测到2例患儿均携带SLC5A1基因的复合杂合变异,例1(男)为c.325dupG和c.1107_1109delAGT变异,例2(女)及有相似病史的哥哥均为c.781G>A和c.1298T>C变异。检索PubMed、中国知网、万方和维普数据库,共检索到具有临床资料和基因突变分析的18篇病例报道,与本文合并后共报道74例葡萄糖/半乳糖吸收不良患者。新生儿期最显著的临床表现为腹泻(100%)和脱水(89.2%),换果糖基质奶粉或无碳水化合物配方奶喂养后大便正常。该病患儿通常生后2~5 d即出现腹泻症状,但是亦存在家族内异质性及较晚发病的病例。结论 对于生后不久出现水样便和脱水的患儿,需考虑葡萄糖/半乳糖吸收不良症的可能,并尽早完善基因检测,有助于早期诊断和治疗。     

基于单中心5年IgA肾病和紫癜性肾炎的临床和病理分型—对IgA肾病和紫癜性肾炎临床和病理分型的商榷

目的 总结儿童IgA肾病(IgAN)和紫癜性肾炎(HSPN)的临床资料,并探讨国内儿童IgAN和HSPN的临床和病理分型。方法 纳入2014年1月1日至2018年12月31日北京大学第一医院儿科初治的诊断明确的IgAN和HSPN患儿,临床和病理分型参照中华医学会儿科学分会肾脏病学组标准。截取患儿入院时一般情况、临床特点、最终诊断临床和病理分型。结果 共纳入IgAN患儿255例,HSPN患儿212例。IgAN肾病综合征型45.5%、血尿和蛋白尿型41.2%、急性肾炎型11.0%、急进性肾炎型2.4%,无孤立性血尿型、孤立性蛋白尿型和慢性肾炎型;HSPN血尿和蛋白型42.0%、肾病综合征型39.2%、急性肾炎型12.3%、孤立性血尿型5.7%、急进性肾炎型0.9%,无孤立性蛋白尿型和慢性肾炎型。除了孤立性血尿型(因IgA肾活检标准未包括外),其余临床分型IgAN和HSPN差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。IgAN和HSPN不同临床分型病理分型均以Ⅲ型(分别为52.4%~53.6%和51.8%~53.9%)和Ⅱ型(分别为35.3%~36.2%和34.6%~36.3%)最为常见,不同临床分型间病理类型差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。IgAN和HSPN不同临床分型总有效率分别为99.1%~100%和97.6%~100%,不同临床分型间预后差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 目前国内有关儿童IgAN和HSPN的临床和病理分型依据和标准有待商榷,值得进一步探索。     

新生儿葡萄糖/半乳糖吸收不良症2例病例报告并文献复习

目的 探讨以新生儿反复腹泻为主要临床表现的SLC5A1基因致病变异所致葡萄糖/半乳糖吸收不良症的临床特征及其遗传学特点。方法 报告2例新生儿SLC5A1基因复合杂合变异致葡萄糖/半乳糖吸收不良症患儿的临床表现、实验室检查及基因检测结果,并对国内外数据库中有具体临床信息和基因检测结果的相关文献进行复习。结果 2例患儿生后即出现反复腹泻,伴脱水、高钠血症和代谢性酸中毒。全外显子组测序检测到2例患儿均携带SLC5A1基因的复合杂合变异,例1(男)为c.325dupG和c.1107_1109delAGT变异,例2(女)及有相似病史的哥哥均为c.781G>A和c.1298T>C变异。检索PubMed、中国知网、万方和维普数据库,共检索到具有临床资料和基因突变分析的18篇病例报道,与本文合并后共报道74例葡萄糖/半乳糖吸收不良患者。新生儿期最显著的临床表现为腹泻(100%)和脱水(89.2%),换果糖基质奶粉或无碳水化合物配方奶喂养后大便正常。该病患儿通常生后2~5 d即出现腹泻症状,但是亦存在家族内异质性及较晚发病的病例。结论 对于生后不久出现水样便和脱水的患儿,需考虑葡萄糖/半乳糖吸收不良症的可能,并尽早完善基因检测,有助于早期诊断和治疗。     

基于单中心5年IgA肾病和紫癜性肾炎的临床和病理分型—对IgA肾病和紫癜性肾炎临床和病理分型的商榷

目的 总结儿童IgA肾病(IgAN)和紫癜性肾炎(HSPN)的临床资料,并探讨国内儿童IgAN和HSPN的临床和病理分型。方法 纳入2014年1月1日至2018年12月31日北京大学第一医院儿科初治的诊断明确的IgAN和HSPN患儿,临床和病理分型参照中华医学会儿科学分会肾脏病学组标准。截取患儿入院时一般情况、临床特点、最终诊断临床和病理分型。结果 共纳入IgAN患儿255例,HSPN患儿212例。IgAN肾病综合征型45.5%、血尿和蛋白尿型41.2%、急性肾炎型11.0%、急进性肾炎型2.4%,无孤立性血尿型、孤立性蛋白尿型和慢性肾炎型;HSPN血尿和蛋白型42.0%、肾病综合征型39.2%、急性肾炎型12.3%、孤立性血尿型5.7%、急进性肾炎型0.9%,无孤立性蛋白尿型和慢性肾炎型。除了孤立性血尿型(因IgA肾活检标准未包括外),其余临床分型IgAN和HSPN差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。IgAN和HSPN不同临床分型病理分型均以Ⅲ型(分别为52.4%~53.6%和51.8%~53.9%)和Ⅱ型(分别为35.3%~36.2%和34.6%~36.3%)最为常见,不同临床分型间病理类型差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。IgAN和HSPN不同临床分型总有效率分别为99.1%~100%和97.6%~100%,不同临床分型间预后差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 目前国内有关儿童IgAN和HSPN的临床和病理分型依据和标准有待商榷,值得进一步探索。     

A child with isolated nephrotic syndrome and WT1 mutation presenting as a 46, XY phenotypic male

Mutations in the WT1 gene can lead to Denys-Drash syndrome or Frasier syndrome and can also cause isolated nephrotic syndrome (NS). Most patients with isolated NS caused by WT1 mutations present as 46, XX phenotypic females. There have been two cases with an onset age younger than 3 years with isolated NS caused by WT1 mutations presenting as 46, XY phenotypic males. We present a 46, XY phenotypic male patient with isolated NS and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) at the age of 6.3 years. He had normal male external genitalia with normal penis length and soft and normal volume of both testes. A mutation, 1051A>G (K351E), in exon 8 of WT1 was identified in the patient. After starting hemodialysis, manifestations of hypertension and renal failure improved, but he died at 6.8 years of age as a result of respiratory failure and heart failure. Our study supports the necessity of searching for mutations in WT1 in 46, XY phenotypic male patients with isolated NS and ESRD.     

Shwachman-Diamond综合征8例病例系列报告

背景 Shwachman-Diamond综合征(SDS)主要表现为骨髓衰竭、胰腺外分泌功能不全、骨骼异常三联征.约90％SDS患儿为SBDS基因突变,EFL1、DNAJC21、SRP54基因突变也可导致SDS样综合征.既往报道SBDS基因型与血液表型无明显相关性.目的 总结SDS患儿的临床特征,探究SBDS基因型与表型...     

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??Objective??To analyze the clinical features and the results of genetic diagnosis in children with hypokalemic renal tubular diseases. Methods??The clinical data of 38 patients with hypokalemic renal tubular diseases were analyzed retrospectively??who were treated in Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University from Jan. 2010 to Jan. 2016. Results??Totally 38 patients with hypokalemic renal tubular diseases were enrolled in this study. There were 18 cases of renal tubular acidosis??RTA?? including 17 cases of type??RTA and 1 case of type?? RTA. There were 11 cases of Bartter syndrome??5 cases of Gitelman syndrome and 4 cases of Fanconi syndrome. The common clinical manifestations of hypokalemic renal tubular diseases included myasthenia??nausea??vomiting??polydipsia??polyurine and growth retardation. One case of Fanconi syndrome progressed to chronic Kidney disease??phase ????while the other
children had normal renal function. Glomerular proteinuria was found in 1??1 and 3 children with Bartter syndrome??Gitelman syndrome and Fanconi syndrome??respectively. Additionally??1 case with Fanconi syndrome has tubular proteinuria. However??urinary trace proteins associated with glomerular and tubular injury commonly elevated in these hypokalemic renal tubular diseases. Genetic analysis showed a new potential heterozygous mutations of ATPV0A4 in type??RTA and three heterozygous mutations of SLC12A3 in Gitelman syndrome. Conclusion??The clinical symptoms vary in patients and are featured mainly by myasthenia??nausea??vomiting??polydipsia??polyurine and growth retardation. Glomerular and tubular injuries are commonly found in hypokalemic renal tubular diseases. Moreover??genetic diagnosis may be helpful in diagnosis??treatment and genetic counseling.     

Management of Wilms tumors in Drash and Frasier syndromes

Background

Children with WT1 gene‐related disorders such as Denys–Drash syndrome (DDS) and Frasier syndrome (FS) are at increased risk of Wilms tumor and end‐stage renal disease. We investigated whether Wilms tumors in these patients displayed a specific phenotype or behavior and whether nephron‐sparing surgery was beneficial.

Procedure

We retrospectively studied all patients with DDS, FS, or other WT1 mutations treated at our institutions between 1980 and 2007.

Results

We identified 20 patients, of whom 18 had benign or malignant tumors. Wilms tumors occurred in 15 patients, being unilateral in 10 and bilateral in 5 (20 tumors). Median age at Wilms tumor diagnosis was 9 months. No patients had metastases. According to the International Society of Pediatric Oncology Working Classification, there were 19 intermediate‐risk tumors and one high‐risk tumor; no tumor was anaplastic. In patients with nephropathy who underwent unilateral nephrectomy for Wilms tumor or nephron‐sparing surgery for bilateral Wilms tumor, mean time to dialysis was 11 or 9 months, respectively. Other tumors included three gonadoblastomas (in two patients), one retroperitoneal soft‐tissue tumor, and one transitional cell papilloma of the bladder. Two patients, both with stage I Wilms tumor, died from end‐stage renal disease‐related complications. The median follow‐up time for the 18 survivors was 136 months (range, 17–224 months).

Conclusion

Most Wilms tumors in children with WT1‐related disorders were early‐stage and intermediate‐risk tumors, with a young age at diagnosis. In patients without end‐stage renal disease, nephron‐sparing surgery should be considered for delaying the onset of renal failure. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:55–59. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Analysis of renal biopsies performed in children with abnormal findings in urinary mass screening

Background: School urinary mass screening tests are performed to make early diagnosis and provide proper treatment for chronic renal diseases. However, very few systemic analyses or studies have been reported regarding final diagnosis made on children with abnormal urinary screening results. Aim: To study the cases of renal biopsy in children detected in urinary screening. Methods: We retrospectively analysed 461 cases of renal biopsy performed on children referred to us with abnormal school urinary mass screening results who satisfied indications for renal biopsy. Results: Pathologically abnormal findings were observed in 285 (61.8%) patients. Thin glomerular basement membrane disease was detected in 127 (27.5%) cases and IgA nephropathy in 121 (26.2%) cases. Among those 461 children, microscopic haematuria was observed in 289 (62.7%) patients, proteinuria in nine (2.0%), and both in 163 (35.4%). In addition, a statistically higher rate of pathological abnormalities on renal biopsy was noted in the group with microscopic haematuria combined with proteinuria and also in cases with more severe haematuria.

Conclusion: School urinary mass screening has greatly contributed to diagnosing chronic renal diseases. Continuous medical observation is required when abnormal urinalysis is observed, and a more aggressive medical approach such as renal biopsy should also be performed if necessary.     

Urological complications and copper replacement therapy in childhood Menkes syndrome

Background: Urological complications are frequent in Menkes syndrome, a very rare X-linked recessive disorder of copper (Cu) metabolism. Aim: To evaluate the role of Cu therapy in preventing the progression of urological complications. Subjects and methods: We retrospectively enrolled 57 patients with Menkes syndrome (55 published case reports and two of our own unpublished cases) and investigated the reported urological complications, distinguishing the patients with or without Cu replacement therapy and evaluating the efficacy of this therapy in the prevention of urological complications. Results: The most frequent urological complication was bladder diverticulum (38.6% of the total patients); obstruction bladder outflow and rupture of the kidney were less frequent (both 1.8% of the total). The number of congenital urological complications increased progressively by age category; in fact, 77.8% of patients did not report urological complications at the age of 0.4±0.2 y, and 28.6% of them displayed ≥ two congenital urological complications at the age of 9.3±2.6 y. The percentage of urological complications found in younger patients not on Cu therapy did not differ from that of older patients treated with Cu therapy. A comparison between patients of the same age interval, who were or were not treated with Cu, showed that treated children had fewer urological complications than untreated children.

Conclusion: Our investigation suggests that Cu therapy in patients with Menkes syndrome does not prevent the progression of urological complications; however, it might delay their worsening.     

CARD11基因非经典区域突变所致免疫缺陷2例的临床和免疫特征

目的 报道2例CARD11基因非经典区域突变所致免疫缺陷的临床和免疫特征.方法 总结2例CARD11突变患儿的临床特征;采用全外显子组测序及Sanger测序技术寻找其基因突变,采用体外实验进行致病性验证,探讨其致病机制;采用流式细胞术等技术分析其免疫特征.结果 2例患儿均表现为反复呼吸道感染和过敏性疾病.例1主要表现为...     

TGFBR3错义突变与先天性心脏病遗传关联性研究

目的 在先天性心脏病(CHD)人群中检测TGFBR3基因编码区的疾病特异性错义突变,并研究突变的生物学功能。方法 ①研究对象为中国山东地区的汉族人群。病例组为2008年8月至2011年1月连续就诊的404例散发CHD患儿;对照组为同时期收集的排除CHD以及有心脏病家族史的213例体检健康儿童。②提取样本外周血基因组DNA,进行TGFBR3基因外显子靶向测序。测序获得的病例组特异的单核苷酸变异(SNV)与数据库dbSNP(version137)和千人基因组比对,筛选出疾病特异性稀有或新发突变,行Sanger测序验证。③构建野生型和突变型TGFBR3表达载体,在HEK293T细胞中表达后用免疫印迹检测外源TGFBR3蛋白水平,并用荧光素酶报告基因检测突变对TGF-β信号通路的影响。结果 分别于3个CHD患儿中筛选得到3个CHD特异性的TGFBR3新发/稀有杂合突变,其中TGFBR3^K685R为新发现的突变;TGFBR3^A791V和TGFBR3^A804S为稀有突变,并被SIFT和PolyPhen-2软件预测为有害突变。3个被突变的氨基酸都位于TGFBR3蛋白的高度保守区。功能分析实验显示,TGFBR3^K685R和TGFBR3^A804S突变导致TGFBR3蛋白表达水平显著降低,而且3个突变均导致TGFBR3蛋白对参与心脏发育重要信号通路TGF-β信号通路的抑制作用显著降低。结论 突变TGFBR3^K685R、TGFBR3^A791V和TGFBR3^A804S可能通过降低TGFBR3对TGF-β信号通路的抑制作用,参与先天性心脏病的发生。     

Case report: WT1 exon 6 truncation mutation and ambiguous genitalia in a patient with Denys-Drash syndrome

Denys-Drash syndrome is a rare genetic disorder featuring the triad of congenital nephropathy, Wilms tumor, and intersex disorders (XY under-virilization or XY female). Denys-Drash syndrome is associated with constitutional mutations in the Wilms tumor suppressor gene WT1. Unlike WAGR (Wilms tumor, aniridia, genitourinary anomalies, and mental retardation) syndrome, with its complete deletion of one copy of WT1, Denys-Drash syndrome is generally caused by a dominant-negative mutation. We present a new case of Denys-Drash syndrome in a patient initially diagnosed with XY ambiguous genitalia/partial androgen insensitivity syndrome, who was found to have a novel nonsense mutation in exon 6 leading to a stop codon and hence a truncated protein. Based on lessons learned from this patient, the diagnosis of Denys-Drash syndrome should be considered in the presence of ambiguous genitalia and partial androgen insensitivity.