几种常用植物油在婴儿配方乳粉中的应用研究

以几种常用植物油为主要研究对象,对植物油和牛乳脂肪的脂肪酸组成进行检测。依据国标对婴儿配方乳粉中脂肪含量的规定并参考母乳脂肪含量,对牛乳脂肪和植物油中的油酸、亚油酸、亚油酸与α-亚麻酸的比值、饱和脂肪酸的含量等进行了详细分析。根据这些脂肪酸的特点将植物油进行了分类,从脂肪酸含量入手对几种常用植物油在婴儿配方乳粉中的应用进行了研究。     

不同脂肪来源婴儿配方乳粉与母乳脂质组成的差异分析

研究4 种不同脂肪来源的婴儿配方乳粉与母乳在总脂肪酸、sn-2位脂肪酸及甘油三酯上的脂质组成差异。结果表明,从样品中共检测出27 种脂肪酸及87 种甘油三酯,与母乳相比,4 种婴儿配方乳粉含有更多的饱和脂肪酸,较少的多不饱和脂肪酸,且母乳中超过70%的饱和脂肪酸酯化在甘油三酯的sn-2位,而4 种婴儿配方乳粉甘油三酯sn-2位更多的被不饱和脂肪酸占据,尤其是植物油基IF1和IF2,sn-2位不饱和脂肪酸高达80%。在甘油三酯组成方面,母乳中1-油酸-2-棕榈酸-3-亚油酸甘油三酯、1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯及一些中长链甘油三酯显著高于4 种婴儿配方乳粉（P＜0.05）,而婴儿配方乳粉含有更多的三油酸甘油三酯、1-油酸-2,3-二亚油酸甘油三酯及一些中链甘油三酯（P＜0.05）,并且脂肪来源的不同会显著影响婴儿配方乳粉的脂质组成,同为植物油基的IF1和IF2具有更相似的甘油三酯、脂肪酸组成及分布,并与添加了乳脂成分的IF3和IF4形成明显区分,且牛乳/植物油混合基婴儿配方乳粉在整体脂质组成上更加接近母乳。最后,基于多变量分析,发现共有16 种甘油三酯可用于区分人乳和婴儿配方奶粉。本研究结果有助于研发更接近人乳的婴儿配方乳粉。     

我国市售婴儿配方乳粉油脂配料使用情况分析

目的:了解我国市售婴儿配方乳粉的油脂配料使用情况及脂肪酸提供情况,为提升婴儿配方乳粉的营养水平及制定产品相关标准提供参考。方法:多渠道收集婴儿配方乳粉标签信息,统计分析油脂配料的种类、组合、最高添加量构成比及标识含量,比较全脂乳产品与脱脂乳产品、牛乳基产品与羊乳基产品、高必需脂肪酸产品与全部产品间的差异。均数和率的比较分别采用t检验和卡方检验。结果:共纳入269个婴儿配方乳粉。配料表分析显示,85%的产品使用了4种及以上的油脂配料,葵花籽油和椰子油在全部产品中的添加率最高,分别为88%、76%。牛、羊乳基配方粉的油脂配料使用情况存在差异,牛乳基配方粉中脂肪、亚油酸及α-亚麻酸的标识含量略高于羊乳基配方粉(P<0.05)。脱脂乳配方粉中,棕榈油添加率为32%,显著高于全脂乳产品(P<0.05)。44例使用了棕榈油的产品中仅有4例强化了1,3-二油酸2-棕榈酸甘油三酯。结论:牛、羊乳基配方粉中的必需脂肪酸标识含量基本一致。现市售婴儿配方乳粉以多种油脂组合使用的方式,以尽可能模拟母乳脂肪酸模式,但有些油脂类原料使用的科学性还有待进一步研究。     

母乳和不同婴儿配方乳粉中蛋白质消化性研究

以母乳为对照,模拟婴儿胃肠消化环境对两种普通婴儿配方乳粉和一种适度水解蛋白婴儿配方乳粉中的蛋白质进行体外模拟消化研究,测定其体外胃、肠以及胃肠总消化率和消化液中的氨基酸含量。结果表明体外胃消化率、肠消化率及胃肠总消化率从高到低依次均为:母乳适度水解蛋白婴儿配方乳粉婴儿配方乳粉B婴儿配方乳粉A,且母乳中蛋白质的体外消化率均显著高于适度水解蛋白婴儿配方乳粉和两种普通婴儿配方乳粉(p0.05)。此外,在体外胃肠总消化液中,适度水解蛋白婴儿配方乳粉中的必需氨基酸总量显著高于母乳和婴儿配方乳粉A、B(p0.05),母乳和适度水解蛋白婴儿配方乳粉中的氨基酸总量显著高于婴儿配方乳粉A、B(p0.05)。与两种普通婴儿配方乳粉相比,适度水解蛋白婴儿配方乳粉中蛋白质能更好的被机体消化利用,营养价值更高。     

模拟紫外光照对植物油中脂肪酸组成的影响研究

采用酯化衍生-气相色谱/质谱法分析了5种市售植物油中的10种脂肪酸,脂肪酸总量在葵花籽油和玉米油中最高,在花生油和菜籽油中最低,橄榄油居中。组成分布特征以油酸和亚油酸占绝对优势(84.8%~94.7%),但橄榄油中油酸和亚油酸的比值为1.0,显著高于其他油脂。500 W汞灯作光源,模拟光照24 h后,脂肪酸整体都呈现下降趋势,其中葵花籽油的下降幅度最大(50%),而玉米油的下降幅度最小(30%);随光照时间延长,油酸与亚油酸的比值呈逐渐升高的趋势,但反油酸与油酸的比值虽有所降低,但不同油脂之间差异较大。总体而言,光照可以降低植物油的营养价值成分,在贮藏和使用过程中,应尽量避光保存。     

高油酸葵花籽油与普通葵花籽油在煎炸性能上的比较研究

对高油酸葵花籽油与普通葵花籽油的脂肪酸组成及含量进行对比研究,探讨2种葵花籽油在煎炸过程中的品质变化。结果表明:在(180±5)℃煎炸24 h过程中,高油酸葵花籽油和普通葵花籽油的极性组分、酸价和共轭二烯值(CD)都呈持续上升的趋势,2种油样丙二醛含量(MDA)都呈现升降交替变化,整体呈上升趋势。综合来看,高油酸葵花籽油与普通葵花籽油在煎炸性能上差异不大。     

气相色谱-质谱联用法测定植物油中脂肪酸组成

建立气相色谱-质谱联用法测定植物油中脂肪酸组成的方法。选用硼化氟-甲醇体系对样品进行甲酯化处理,再通过气相色谱-质谱技术对脂肪酸组成进行分析和鉴定。共分离出11种脂肪酸,结果表明:植物油中的脂肪酸以油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸为主,其中油酸和亚油酸含量均达70%以上,不饱和脂肪酸含量与饱和脂肪酸含量的比值:玉米油5.9%,菜籽油17.6%,葵花籽油11.7%,花生油3%,调和油5%。植物油中不饱和脂肪酸含量远远高于饱和脂肪酸含量。     

瓜蒌籽油与不同植物油脂肪酸的分析比较

建立了甲酯化-毛细管气相色谱法测定植物油脂肪酸,选用KOH-甲醇法甲酯化,色谱柱选用DB-wax毛细管柱。对瓜蒌籽油和11种植物油进行了脂肪酸组成分析比较及聚类分析。结果表明,在植物油中瓜蒌籽油的不饱和脂肪酸含量(93.11%)最高,且含有特有的共轭亚麻酸,瓜蒌酸(24.34%)、α-桐酸(3.82%)及梓树酸(1.23%)。植物油中脂肪酸组成均含有棕榈酸(C_(16︰0))、油酸(C_(18︰1))、亚油酸(C_(18︰2))及花生酸(C_(20︰0)),以油酸和亚油酸的含量居高。瓜蒌籽油与葵花籽油、核桃油、大豆油、芝麻油、玉米油及红花油归为一亚类,又因特有的共轭亚麻酸独为一类。     

不同乳基婴幼儿配方乳粉的理化性质和表面组成

为探究不同乳基对婴幼儿配方乳粉稳定性的影响,本研究对以牛乳和羊乳为基料制备的婴幼儿配方乳粉的水分质量分数和水分活度(water activity,a_w)、玻璃化转变温度(glass transition temperature,T_g)、乳糖结晶度、溶解度、色度、蛋白组成、总脂肪酸和表面游离脂肪酸组成等理化性质进行分析,用X射线光电子能谱(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,XPS)仪对乳粉表面成分进行测定,并通过扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)观察乳粉表面形貌。结果表明：羊乳婴幼儿配方乳粉具有较好的理化性质,与牛乳婴儿配方乳粉相比具有较低的水分质量分数、a_w、色度和T_g,而结晶度和溶解度接近,通过气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)对脂肪酸含量进行测定发现,牛乳和羊乳婴幼儿配方乳粉均表现出总脂肪酸中不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,表面游离脂肪酸中饱和脂肪酸含量较高的...     

人乳与市售婴儿配方乳粉脂质比较研究

目的 研究不同市售婴儿配方乳粉中脂质的结构、含量和组成特征,并将其与人乳对比分析,为婴儿配方乳粉的改进和发展提供参考。方法 分别挑选了甲、乙(添加乳脂肪球膜)和丙3个品牌的婴儿配方乳粉,利用激光共聚焦显微镜对人乳和乳粉中的中性和极性脂质进行显微结构观察,并依靠气相色谱和拉曼光谱,分析脂肪酸组成的差异。结果 各乳粉复溶后脂质呈现球状结构,和人乳状态相似;各乳粉极性脂质碎片化存在,不同于人乳;观察到乙乳粉脂肪亮斑较少,其脂肪含量也较低,为16.3 g/100 g,其脂肪球粒径显著大于其余乳粉。在脂肪酸组成上各种乳粉和人乳也有明显不同,乙乳粉的单不饱和脂肪酸含量较为接近人乳,含有较高DHA、AA;拉曼光谱显示各乳粉脂质流动性较为接近。结论 目前市售的婴儿配方乳粉的脂质存在状态与人乳存在差异,优化脂肪球的脂质微结构,使其状态更加趋近于人乳可能是未来婴儿配方乳粉的重要方向。     

婴幼儿配方奶粉及其配料油脂成分中有害酯类的污染差异分析

建立油脂和奶粉中3-氯丙醇酯、2-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯的气相色谱-质谱检测方法,测定植物油脂及婴幼儿配方奶粉中的酯类污染物含量,并开展3 种有害酯类在不同种类油脂中的污染差异分析,以及与奶粉脂肪含量的相关性研究。婴幼儿配方奶粉常用植物油配料种类中,棕榈油是污染水平最高的油脂品种;其次是菜籽油、大豆油、玉米油和食用植物调和油;葵花籽油、椰子油、核桃油、亚麻籽油污染水平较低;1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯（1,3-dioleic acid-2-triglyceride palmitate,OPO）结构油脂、食用植物调合油（含OPO）污染水平最低。95 份婴幼儿配方奶粉中88.4%检出3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯（3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol ester,3-MCPDE）,含量范围为ND～0.231 mg/kg,平均值0.070 4 mg/kg,中位值0.064 5 mg/kg;42.1%检出2-MCPDE,含量在ND～0.034 mg/kg之间;缩水甘油酯的检出率为2.1%,含量为ND～0.019 mg/kg。10.5%的奶粉样本中3-MCPDE含量超过欧盟0.125 mg/kg的限量值。奶粉中3 种酯类污染物总量与奶粉脂肪含量之间存在显著正相关,Pearson相关系数为0.453。为保护婴幼儿的安全,生产厂家应谨慎选择原料油脂,在确保营养健康的基础上尽可能降低婴幼儿配方奶粉中有害酯类的污染。     

Composition and distribution of fatty acids in triglycerides from goat infant formulas with milk fat

Most infant formulas use vegetable oils in place of milk fat to provide an overall fatty acid profile similar to that of breast milk. Vegetable oils have 5 to 20% saturated fatty acids in the sn-2 position of triglycerides unless they are modified by interesterification. Interesterification is increasingly used for the fat for infant formulas to raise the level of saturated fatty acids in the sn-2 position to 40 to 60%. The objective of this study was to verify an alternative approach to providing the appropriate fatty acid profile, including in the sn-2 position, for a goat infant formula. In this method, 55% of total fat was made from goat milk fat and 45% from a mixture of unmodified high oleic sunflower, canola, and sunflower oils in a ratio of 44:30:26. The fatty acid profile was measured by gas-liquid chromatography and the relative percentage of fatty acids in the sn-2 position of triglycerides was measured via partial deacylation with Grignard reagent using trimethylsilyl derivatives of monoacylglycerols. Mixing goat milk fat with vegetable oils produced a formula with a profile of essential fatty acids and a ratio of linoleic:α-linolenic fatty acids within the required interval of 5 to 15:1 recommended for infant formula. The proportion of palmitic acid in the sn-2 position was 31%.     

Short communication: Linear discriminant analysis and type of oil added to dairy goat diets

Gas chromatography fatty acid (FA) analysis of 112 milk fat samples from dairy goats fed a basal diet with no added oil or the same diet with 1 of 3 vegetable oils added [high oleic sunflower oil (HOSFO), regular sunflower oil (RSFO), or linseed oil (LO)] was used to identify the type of diet consumed through linear discriminant analysis. Twenty variables (19 FA and 1 FA ratio) were selected as valid predictors out of 84 variables tested. The Mahalanobis squared distance was minimal between HOSFO and RSFO groups and maximal between control and LO groups. Cross-validation showed that only one observation from RSFO group was misclassified into the HOSFO group. We concluded that linear discriminant analysis is a useful method to classify milk fat samples from dairy goats according to the particular vegetable oil (of the 3 oils tested here) added to the basal diet.     

气相色谱法测定常见植物油中脂肪酸

随着营养学研究发展,人们对脂肪酸认识不断增加。中国营养学会也推荐膳食中必需脂肪酸摄入理想比值,市场上也出现大量调和油,为了评估食用植物油营养价值,该研究分析常用食用植物油中脂肪酸组成和各种油营养特色。方法:用氢氧化钾-甲醇溶液将植物油皂化后,在三氟化硼作为催化剂作用下,用甲醇将样品甲酯化,正己烷提取甲酯化产物。以毛细管柱DB-23作为分离柱,用气相色谱法测定植物油脂肪酸组成。结果:大豆油,葵花籽油,玉米油中含有50％-60％亚油酸和20％-30％油酸,营养均衡合理;花生油,芝麻油中油酸、亚油酸含量约35％-45％,易于人体吸收;菜籽油中含有45％油酸和15％芥酸,芥酸对人体健康有不利作用;橄榄油,茶籽油中含有75％-80％油酸,红花籽油中含有约80％亚油酸,有降低胆固醇功效。     

常见食用植物油中特征性脂肪酸的检测及鉴别

目的分析常见市售植物油中特征性脂肪酸构成及含量范围,并探讨在此基础上如何综合利用上述指标对常见植物油进行定性鉴别。方法从6个城市采集9个品种125份样品,每种两个批次。按照GB/T 22223—2008方法测定46种脂肪酸,分析植物油中的特征脂肪酸及其构成。结果菜籽油中的特征脂肪酸为芥酸;花生油中为C20∶0、C24∶0和C22∶0脂肪酸;茶油中的油酸含量高达75.45 g/100 g,是其特征脂肪酸;亚麻籽油的特征脂肪酸为α-亚麻酸;葵花籽油的特征脂肪酸为亚油酸;稻米油中棕榈酸含量范围为15.13～16.37 g/100 g,可以此作为其特征进行鉴别;大豆油中n6/n3比值最接近中国营养学会推荐比值;芝麻油中油酸和亚油酸的总含量及棕榈酸和硬脂酸含量的组成特征比较稳定,可以此作为芝麻油的鉴别依据;玉米油中脂肪酸特征不明显。结论结合单体特征脂肪酸、脂肪酸构成以及n6/n3比值分析可达到常见植物油定性检测的目的。     

Composition and Oxidative Stability of a Structured Lipid from Amaranth Oil in a Milk-Based Infant Formula

ABSTRACT: Amaranth oil can be enzymatically modified to match breast milk fat analog requirements. We have developed a structured lipid (SL) from amaranth oil that, in combination with milk fat, delivers recommended amounts of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with palmitic acid specifically esterified at the sn-2 position of the triacylglycerol (TAG) backbone. The aim of this study was to study the final fatty acid (FA) contribution and oxidation stability of an infant formula prepared using the structured lipid DCAO (DHA-containing customized amaranth oil). DCAO was included as complementary fat in a “prototype” infant formula, and prepared in parallel with a “control” infant formula under the same processing conditions. The same ingredients but different complementary fat sources were used. A blend of the most commonly used vegetable oils (palm olein, soybean, coconut, and high-oleic sunflower oils) for infant formula was used instead of DCAO in the “control” formula. Additionally, “prototype” and “control” infant formulas were compared to a “commercial” product in terms of FA composition. The oxidative stability index (OSI) of the extracted fats from “prototype,”“control,” and “commercial” infant formulas were evaluated and compared to the OSI of the substrate fat replacers used. DCAO was the least stable compared to other fat analogs. The use of commercial antioxidants in DCAO containing products should prevent oxidation and therefore increase their stability.     

Enzymatic interesterification of tripalmitin with vegetable oil blends for formulation of caprine milk infant formula analogs

The structure of triacylglycerols in vegetable oil blends was enzymatically modified, and the blends were incorporated into skim caprine milk to produce goat milk-based infant formula analogs, homologous to human milk. A modified lipid containing palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids, resembling the composition of human milk fat, was synthesized by enzymatic interesterification reactions between tripalmitin and a vegetable oil blend containing a 2.5:1.1:0.8 ratio of coconut, safflower, and soybean oils. A commercial sn-1,3-specific lipase obtained from Rhyzomucor miehei, Lipozyme RM IM, was used as the biocatalyst. The effects of substrate molar ratio and reaction time on the incorporation of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids at the sn-2 position of the triacylglycerols were investigated. The fatty acid composition and sn-2 position of the experimental formulas were analyzed using gas chromatography. Results showed that the highest incorporation of palmitic acid was obtained at 12 h of incubation at 55°C with a substrate molar ratio of 1:0.4 of tripalmitin to vegetable oil blend. However, the modified milk interesterified for 12 h at a 1:1 molar ratio had a greater resemblance to human milk compared with the other formulas. The level of oleic acid incorporation at the sn-2 position increased with the molar ratio of tripalmitin to vegetable oil blend. It was concluded that, unlike the original goat milk and other formulas, the formulated caprine milk with a molar ratio of 1:1 and a 12-h incubation was similar to the fatty acid composition of human milk.     

贵州茶油气相色谱脂肪酸标准指纹图谱构建及其鉴别

目的 基于气相色谱法(gas chromatography,GC)构建油茶籽油脂肪酸的气相指纹图谱。方法 以贵州产油茶籽为研究对象，采用气相分析不同产地、品种及加工方式共计34批次油茶籽油的脂肪酸组成。结果 确定棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、花生一烯酸和亚麻酸为油茶籽油的主要脂肪酸。通过“中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统”建立了油茶籽油气相色谱标准指纹图谱，并与菜籽油、葵花籽油、芝麻油、玉米油、米糠油、花生油、棕榈油和高油酸花生油等8种植物油进行相似度比较，除菜籽油和高油酸花生油因相似度大于0.95而无法与油茶籽油进行区分外，其余6种油脂均可识别为非油茶籽油。结论 通过对贵州产油茶籽油脂肪酸组成和标准指纹图谱的建立，可为纯茶油的真伪鉴别提供了一定的试验数据支撑     

Composition, stability and acceptability of different vegetable oils used for frying peanuts

The purpose of this work was to determine the chemical stability of vegetable oils in the frying process and the consumer acceptance of fried-salted peanuts prepared in different vegetable oils. Fatty acids composition was determined in sunflower, corn, soybean, peanut and olive oils. A chemical study (free fatty acid and p-anisidine values) of these oils at frying temperature (170 °C) was developed during 96 h. Consumer test of fresh products was performed on fried-salted peanuts prepared in the different oils. Peanut oil and virgin olive oil presented oleic acid as predominant fatty acid (44.8% and 64.2%, respectively), making it more resistant to lipid oxidation at frying temperature than the other refined vegetable oils (sunflower, corn and soybean oils). Virgin olive and peanut oils showed less increment of free fatty acids and p-anisidine value than the other oils along the heating essay. In addition, fried-salted peanuts prepared with refined peanut oil showed higher consumer acceptance than those prepared with other vegetable oils such as sunflower, corn, soybean and olive oils. Peanut oil could be used to fry peanuts obtaining products with higher consumer acceptance and shelf-life, thus preventing loss of their sensory and nutritional quality.