三维插值的反向均匀化关键技术研究

针对由样本集直接建立的三维查找表数据不均匀,不能满足ICC Profile规范要求的问题,提出了反向均匀化的解决方法。重点讨论了反向均匀化过程中快速定位四面体、色域边界点外推技术以及色域边界外点的色域匹配等几个关键技术。根据LAB空间采样数据特点给出了一种快速定位四面体的算法,利用图像边界处理的外推思想得出了色域边界点插值模型,提高了插值的校正速度;讨论了色域匹配的裁剪匹配算法并提出了利用二维查找表来提高算法效率的思想,缩短了判断时间,降低了算法复杂度。最后通过实验验证了反向均匀化算法,给出了实验效果图。     

A multiscale framework for spatial gamut mapping.

Image reproduction devices, such as displays or printers, can reproduce only a limited set of colors, denoted the color gamut. The gamut depends on both theoretical and technical limitations. Reproduction device gamuts are significantly different from acquisition device gamuts. These facts raise the problem of reproducing similar color images across different devices. This is well known as the gamut mapping problem. Gamut mapping algorithms have been developed mainly using colorimetric pixel-wise principles, without considering the spatial properties of the image. The recently proposed multilevel gamut mapping approach takes spatial properties into account and has been demonstrated to outperform spatially invariant approaches. However, they have some important drawbacks. To analyze these drawbacks, we build a common framework that encompasses at least two important previous multilevel gamut mapping algorithms. Then, when the causes of the drawbacks are understood, we solve the typical problem of possible hue shifts. Next, we design appropriate operators and functions to strongly reduce both haloing and possible undesired over compression. We use challenging synthetic images, as well as real photographs, to practically show that the improvements give the expected results.     

Color image enhancement with high saturation using piecewise linear gamut mapping

Most of the color image enhancement algorithms are implemented in two stages: gray scale image enhancement, which finds the target intensity, and then gamut mapping of the original color coordinates to the target. Therefore, hue preserving gamut mapping is an essential and crucial step, which influences colorfulness. In conventional color mapping methods, color saturation is reduced after intensity modification, which deteriorates subjective image quality. In this paper, a new color enhancement algorithm resulting in high color saturation is proposed. The proposed method employs multiplicative and additive color mapping to improve color saturation without clipping of a color component for increased target intensity as well as decreased cases. This new scheme is fast and effective, therefore, it can be employed to real time applications such as video signal processing.     

基于色域划分的多通道打印机色彩校正

针对多通道喷墨打印机,提出一种将打印色域划分并在分割后的子区域内实施色彩校正的算法。首先建立打印机的呈色模型,进而分析了高维颜料空间的光谱冗余及色域划分的可行性,在此基础上设计色域划分方法,并对每个子区域实施色彩校正。区域划分降低了数据维数,消除了颜色冗余,且算法不受打印机颜料数目的限制。     

基于色调恒常空间的色彩管理

 针对CIELAB空间色调非恒常影响色域匹配及色差计算准确度问题,研究了色调恒常校正方法,建立了一种新的校正空间tLAB,并用其替代CIELAB空间实施色彩管理.首先,以孟塞尔空间为标准,分析了CIELAB空间的色调非恒常性.然后,利用孟塞尔新标数据对CIELAB空间实施色调校正,构建了色调恒常的颜色空间tLAB;借助三维查找表(3D_-LUT)描述CIELAB和tLAB之间的非线性关系,提出了不增加时空代价的色彩管理工程实现方案.最后,给出了利用tLAB空间进行色域匹配的结果,以及新的色差评价指标体系.实验表明,利用tLAB空间进行色域匹配的效果明显优于传统方法,且用其替代CIELAB空间实施色彩管理具有很好的实时性和普适性.     

基于球坐标及三角形插值的颜色信号色域映射算法

针对颜色信号在进行跨媒体传输时出现的失真问题,提出一种基于球坐标及三角形插值的色域映射算法.首先,在球坐标系内选取出目标色域的边界颜色点以作为三角形插值的节点;其次,通过插值节点预查找方法选取出3个符合插值要求的最优节点;最后,使用三角形插值计算得到待映射颜色信号对应的目标色域边界.在EPSON及HP打印机上的实验结果表明本文算法具有良好的可靠性、计算精度及执行效率,可广泛应用于各类呈色设备及彩色图像的色域映射中.     

Gamut mapping optimization algorithm based on gamut-mapped image measure (GMIM)

This paper presented a novel gamut mapping optimization algorithm based on a special designed gamut-mapped image measure (GMIM). We formulated GMIM as an objective function in an iterative manner, where the iterative step changes based on the information weight which can be computed between the original image and the initial gamut-mapped images. A new metric, GMIM, is developed to compute the achromatic differences and the chromatic differences of the input images based on structural similarity index. For the achromatic part, we introduce the gradient information to detect the achromatic distortions between two images; the chromatic part aims to analyze the hue and chroma information. Further, the circular statistical theory is employed to calculate the hue value. In the iterative process, we change the iterative steps according to the information weight which can be computed by the information theory. The information map between images indicated regions in an image which human paid attentions to. Experimental results demonstrated that our new gamut mapping method can preserve the brightness, color, as well as detail information of the reference images.     

Psychophysical evaluation of gamut mapping techniques using simplerendered images and artificial gamut boundaries

Using a paired comparison paradigm, various gamut mapping algorithms were evaluated using simple rendered images and artificial gamut boundaries. The test images consisted of simple rendered spheres floating in front of a gray background. Using CIELAB as our device-independent color space, cut-off values for lightness and chroma, based on the statistics of the images, were chosen to reduce the gamuts for the test images. The gamut mapping algorithms consisted of combinations of clipping and mapping the original gamut in linear piecewise segments. Complete color space compression in RGB and CIELAB was also tested. Each of the colored originals (R,G,B,C,M,Y, and Skin) were mapped separately in lightness and chroma. In addition, each algorithm was implemented with saturation (C(*)/L(*)) allowed to vary or retain the same values as in the original image. Pairs of test images with reduced color gamuts were presented to twenty subjects along with the original image. For each pair the subjects chose the test image that better reproduced the original. Rank orders and interval scales of algorithm performance with confidence limits were then derived. Clipping all out-of-gamut colors was the best method for mapping chroma. For lightness mapping at low lightness levels and high lightness levels particular gamut mapping algorithms consistently produced images chosen as most like the original. The choice of device-independent color space may also influence which gamut mapping algorithms are best.     

Improving gamut mapping color constancy

The color constancy problem, that is, estimating the color of the scene illuminant from a set of image data recorded under an unknown light, is an important problem in computer vision and digital photography. The gamut mapping approach to color constancy is, to date, one of the most successful solutions to this problem. In this algorithm the set of mappings taking the image colors recorded under an unknown illuminant to the gamut of all colors observed under a standard illuminant is characterized. Then, at a second stage, a single mapping is selected from this feasible set. In the first version of this algorithm Forsyth (1990) mapped sensor values recorded under one illuminant to those recorded under a second, using a three-dimensional (3-D) diagonal matrix. However because the intensity of the scene illuminant cannot be recovered Finlayson (see IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine Intell. vol.18, no.10, p.1034-38, 1996) modified Forsyth's algorithm to work in a two-dimensional (2-D) chromaticity space and set out to recover only 2-D chromaticity mappings. While the chromaticity mapping overcomes the intensity problem it is not clear that something has not been lost in the process. The first result of this paper is to show that only intensity information is lost. Formally, we prove that the feasible set calculated by Forsyth's original algorithm, projected into 2-D, is the same as the feasible set calculated by the 2-D algorithm. Thus, there is no advantage in using the 3-D algorithm and we can use the simpler, 2-D version of the algorithm to characterize the set of feasible illuminants. Another problem with the chromaticity mapping is that it is perspective in nature and so chromaticities and chromaticity maps are perspectively distorted. Previous work demonstrated that the effects of perspective distortion were serious for the 2-D algorithm. Indeed, in order to select a sensible single mapping from the feasible set this set must first be mapped back up to 3-D. We extend this work to the case where a constraint on the possible color of the illuminant is factored into the gamut mapping algorithm. We show here that the illumination constraint can be enforced during selection without explicitly intersecting the two constraint sets. In the final part of this paper we reappraise the selection task. Gamut mapping returns the set of feasible illuminant maps. Our new algorithm is tested using real and synthetic images. The results of these tests show that the algorithm presented delivers excellent color constancy.     

一种基于双滤波的空间图像色域映射算法

针对逐点色域映射方法在图像色域映射时出现的细节损失较大的问题,本文提出了一种新的空间图像色域映射方法。新方法采用双滤波技术将输入图像分解为对应边缘轮廓信息的基础层图像和对应纹理细节信息的细节层图像,先对基础层图像进行彩度优先的逐点色域裁剪,然后将细节层信息补偿给色域裁剪后的图像。最后对细节补偿后的图像进行亮度优先的色域裁剪,从而得到最终的映射图像。本文还分析了双滤波参数设置对色域映射结果和光晕的影响,得出了合理的双滤波参数设置。通过心理物理学实验可以验证：新方法的性能与经典的细节补偿类映射方法相当。另外,新方法在色域映射过程中还能更加有效地抑制光晕的产生。     

Color thermal ink-transfer imaging

A new thermal ink-transfer color printer has recently been developed. This color printer adopts a line sequential system in which a tape-typed ink ribbon coated with three colors of ink in series is used with a serial print head. With this new printer, control of the heating pulsewidth in accordance with the history of the printed data and the temperature of the print head substrate make it possible to realize high-quality color printing. As a result of measuring the spectral reflectance and chromaticities of the colors this printer can produce, it was possible to discern that 1) three ink colors (yellow, magenta, and cyan) are appropriate for use as primaries for color printing; 2) the color gamut possible with this printing method is as great as graphic arts; and 3) yellow, magenta, and cyan was found to be the best order ot the overlapping transfer. To clarify the characteristics of multicolor printing using dot-patterns, the color differences for all 2 × 2 dot-patterns were evaluated. Their chromaticities were analyzed on the basis of Neugebauer's equation, MacAdam's tristimulus values, and simple models that included changes in dot area.     

空间细分插值的多色打印机分色算法

研究多色打印机的反向光谱特征化,提出了一种空间细分插值的分色算法,提高了打印机颜色转换模型的精度。该算法结合颜色分区理论和胞元划分的方法,首先搜索目标颜色所属胞元空间,然后利用光谱纽介堡方程对胞元进行空间细分插值,并将满足阈值要求的插值点的通道信号值作为最终输出值。检测颜色样本的实验数据表明算法的分色精度高,平均色差达到1.013NBS。新算法能够实现多色打印机从光谱数据到通道信号值的准确转换。     

一种基于图像分割的几何变换映射色盲矫正方法

针对基于几何变换映射的色盲矫正方法进行色盲矫正时出现的映射计算量过高的问题,一种新型的几何变换映射色盲矫正方法被提出,这种矫正方法是基于图像分割原理的.首先研究了色盲图像的仿真方法,然后结合K-means和系统聚类算法对原始图像进行分割并计算各个区域在色盲图像下LAB颜色空间中的欧氏距离作为颜色相似性的度量,确定红绿色盲难以分辨的颜色区域.在这个区域内进行颜色映射区域的划分,这个划分主要包括根据领域内的颜色比例对空间内的几何平面进行相应变换,通过此类变换生成有利于色盲患者分辨的图案等步骤.     

Retaining local image information in gamut mapping algorithms.

Our topic is the potential of combining global gamut mapping with spatial methods to retain the percepted local image information in gamut mapping algorithms. The main goal is to recover the original local contrast between neighboring pixels in addition to the usual optimization of preserving lightness, saturation, and global contrast. Special emphasis is placed on avoiding artifacts introduced by the gamut mapping algorithm itself. We present an unsharp masking technique based on an edge-preserving smoothing algorithm allowing to avoid halo artifacts. The good performance of the presented approach is verified by a psycho-visual experiment using newspaper printing as a representative of a small destination gamut application. Furthermore, the improved mapping properties are documented with local mapping histograms.     

Least-squares model-based halftoning

A least-squares model-based (LSMB) approach to digital halftoning is proposed. It exploits both a printer model and a model for visual perception. It attempts to produce an optimal halftoned reproduction, by minimizing the squared error between the response of the cascade of the printer and visual models to the binary image and the response of the visual model to the original gray-scale image. It has been shown that the one-dimensional (1-D) least-squares problem, in which each row or column of the image is halftoned independently, can be implemented using the Viterbi algorithm to obtain the globally optimal solution. Unfortunately, the Viterbi algorithm cannot be used in two dimensions. In this paper, the two-dimensional (2-D) least-squares solution is obtained by iterative techniques, which are only guaranteed to produce a total optimum. Experiments show that LSMB halftoning produces better textures and higher spatial and gray-scale resolution than conventional techniques. We also show that the least-squares approach eliminates most of the problems associated with error diffusion. We investigate the performance of the LSMB algorithms over a range of viewing distances, or equivalently, printer resolutions. We also show that the LSMB approach gives us precise control of image sharpness.     

Image retrieval using both color and texture features

In order to improve the retrieval performance of images, this paper proposes an efficient approach for extracting and retrieving color images. The block diagram of our proposed approach to content-based image retrieval (CBIR) is given firstly, and then we introduce three image feature extracting arithmetic including color histogram, edge histogram and edge direction histogram, the histogram Euclidean distance, cosine distance and histogram intersection are used to measure the image level similarity. On the basis of using color and texture features separately, a new method for image retrieval using combined features is proposed. With the test for an image database including 766 general-purpose images and comparison and analysis of performance evaluation for features and similarity measures, our proposed retrieval approach demonstrates a promising performance. Experiment shows that combined features are superior to every single one of the three features in retrieval.     

电子地图色域映射的SOM神经网络方法

颜色的设备相关性导致电子地图在跨媒介再现时容易出现色彩变形以及地理信息错误传输等问题.本文分析了电子地图色域的特征,提出了一种基于SOM(Self-Organizing Maps)神经网络的色域映射方法.针对神经网络方法没有顾及电子地图色域映射过程中的色彩空间权重以及神经网络中邻域函数的各向同性假设不适用于地图色域这两个问题,提出了改进方法.将本文方法与ICC(International Color Consortium)感知再现、绝对色度再现色域映射方法进行了对比,结果表明本文方法能够很好的保持地图整体色差,能够提高电子地图颜色复制精度.     

Spatio-spectral color filter array design for optimal image recovery

In digital imaging applications, data are typically obtained via a spatial subsampling procedure implemented as a color filter array-a physical construction whereby only a single color value is measured at each pixel location. Owing to the growing ubiquity of color imaging and display devices, much recent work has focused on the implications of such arrays for subsequent digital processing, including in particular the canonical demosaicking task of reconstructing a full color image from spatially subsampled and incomplete color data acquired under a particular choice of array pattern. In contrast to the majority of the demosaicking literature, we consider here the problem of color filter array design and its implications for spatial reconstruction quality. We pose this problem formally as one of simultaneously maximizing the spectral radii of luminance and chrominance channels subject to perfect reconstruction, and-after proving sub-optimality of a wide class of existing array patterns-provide a constructive method for its solution that yields robust, new panchromatic designs implementable as subtractive colors. Empirical evaluations on multiple color image test sets support our theoretical results, and indicate the potential of these patterns to increase spatial resolution for fixed sensor size, and to contribute to improved reconstruction fidelity as well as significantly reduced hardware complexity.     

Model-based halftoning of color images

We present a new class of models for color printers. They form the basis for model-based techniques that exploit the characteristics of the printer and the human visual system to maximize the quality of the printed images. We present two model-based techniques, the modified error diffusion (MED) algorithm and the least-squares model-based (LSMB) algorithm. Both techniques are extensions of the gray-scale model-based techniques and produce images with high spatial resolution and visually pleasant textures. We also examine the use of printer models for designing blue-noise screens. The printer models cam account for a variety of printer characteristics. We propose a specific printer model that accounts for overlap between neighboring dots of ink and the spectral absorption properties of the inks. We show that when we assume a simple "one-minus-RGB" relationship between the red, green, and blue image specification and the corresponding cyan, magenta, and yellow inks, the algorithms are separable. Otherwise, the algorithms are not separable and the modified error diffusion may be unstable, The experimental results consider the separable algorithms that produce high-quality images for applications where the exact colorimetric reproduction of color is not necessary. They are computationally simple and robust to errors in color registration, but the colors are device dependent.     

高性能LCoS投影系统光引擎

硅基液晶作为投影系统空间光调制器是一个相对较新的技术，因为其成本低，光学效率高，具有很好的发展前景。使用LCoS面板作为光引擎的结构较多，这些结构各有优缺点。一个系统的亮度、色阈、对比度主要取决于它所采用的光学引擎。文章通过对几种LCoS光引擎的分析和比较，得到了一种高亮度、高对比度、宽色阈的光引擎结构模型，为实际设计提供了依据。