氮肥用量对啤酒大麦籽粒蛋白质和醇溶蛋白组分含量的影响及其与β-淀粉酶活性的关系

氮肥用量显著影响籽粒蛋白质含量、B醇溶蛋白和C醇溶蛋白组分含量，而对D醇溶蛋白组分含量的影响不显著；随着氮肥用量增加，籽粒蛋白质含量、B醇溶蛋白和C醇溶蛋白组分含量显著增加，D醇溶蛋白组分含量增加相对较少。品种对籽粒蛋白质含量、C和D醇溶蛋白组分含量的影响要比氮肥用量大，而B醇溶蛋白组分含量的差异主要是由氮肥用量的差异引起的。氮肥用量显著影响千粒重和β-淀粉酶活性，而对产量的影响不显著；随着氮肥用量增加，千粒重和β-淀粉酶活性显著增加，而产量的变化相对较小。品种对千粒重和β-淀粉酶活性的影响要比氮肥用量大。本研究中未发现β-淀粉酶活性和籽粒蛋白质含量之间的正相关关系，     

小麦醇溶蛋白基因克隆研究进展

麦醇溶蛋白作为小麦胚乳中重要的贮藏蛋白,其组成和含量对小麦面粉的烘烤品质具有重要影响.定向克隆麦醇溶蛋白基因,是研究醇溶蛋白分子结构及其与品质关系的有效途径,并为基因工程改良小麦品质提供新的基因资源,从而推动小麦品质改良工作.本文综述了近年来国内外在麦醇溶蛋白基因克隆方面的研究进展.     

高粱种子醇溶蛋白的提取条件

以高粱种子为材料,研究了不同提取剂、提取剂用量、浓度和还原剂浓度对高粱种子醇溶蛋白提取的影响.蛋白浓度测定和SDS PAGE电泳表明,DDT浓度为4%的60％叔丁醇溶液,样品质量比提取剂用量为1∶8（g/mL）是提取高粱种子醇溶蛋白的最佳条件.该条件下,提取高粱属不同种的种子醇溶蛋白,得到的高粱属种子醇溶蛋白的“指纹”图谱,可以用来区分高粱属内的种间差异.     

玉米淀粉渣中醇溶蛋白提取工艺优化

玉米淀粉渣中富含醇溶蛋白,醇溶蛋白具有广泛的应用价值,但不溶于水.因此,研究其提取工艺有重要意义.以玉米淀粉渣为原料,优化玉米醇溶蛋白的提取工艺,以物料比、提取温度和提取时间进行单因素实验,考察其对提取醇溶蛋白的影响.利用三因素三水平的正交试验,以吸光度为指标,确定了最优条件为物料比1:13、提取温度70℃、提取时间1.5 h.     

大麦籽粒醇溶蛋白组分的基因型和环境变异及其与β-淀粉酶活性的关系

选用7个二棱大麦品种,种植在生态条件差异很大的3个地区,测定和分析了以上大麦籽粒的蛋白质含量、醇溶蛋白组分含量及β-淀粉酶活性,分析了这些性状的基因型和环境变异之间的相关性。结果表明:这些性状在试点间、品种间差异显著,且试点和品种的互作效应显著;B醇溶蛋白和C醇溶蛋白的基因型效应要比环境效应影响大,而蛋白质含量、D醇溶蛋白和β-淀粉酶活性的环境效应要比基因型效应的影响大。相关分析表明:籽粒蛋白质含量与B醇溶蛋白含量、C醇溶蛋白含量与β-淀粉酶活性呈显著正相关;B醇溶蛋白含量和C醇溶蛋白含量均与β-淀粉酶活性呈显著正相关。     

郑麦366γ-醇溶蛋白基因的克隆、系统进化和乳糜泻毒性分析

采用基因组PCR法,从强筋优质小麦品种郑麦366中克隆得到12个具有独特编码区的γ-醇溶蛋白新基因(命名为ZH366R-1-ZH366R-12,GenBank注册序列号为JN849083-JN849089和JX828391-JX828395),其中,ZH366R-5、ZH366R-8、ZH366R-11和ZH366R-12有完整的开放阅读框,除ZH366R-8存在一个额外的半胱氨酸(C)外,其他3个基因均具有γ-醇溶蛋白的典型分子特征,含有8个保守的半胱氨酸残基.克隆基因与42个来源于强筋优质小麦品种或代表普通小麦起源的二倍体祖先供体种的γ-醇溶蛋白的聚类分析和已知免疫多肽的分布分析表明,γ-醇溶蛋白在整个推断氨基酸序列和主要免疫肽的分布上均存在一定的基因组特异性.在重复区II含有1个额外半胱氨酸残基的γ-醇溶蛋白通常是由Gli-B1位点编码的,且在优质强筋小麦品种中均有分布,推测Gli-B1位点编码的γ-醇溶蛋白可能对面筋品质有独特贡献,而由Gli-D1位点编码的γ-醇溶蛋白,通常在重复区II分布有较多种类和数量的免疫多肽,乳糜泻(CD)毒性最强.     

挤压膨化对玉米醇溶蛋白结构特性的影响

以玉米蛋白粉为原料,采用DS32-Ⅱ型双螺杆挤压膨化机进行挤压膨化,以处理后的蛋白粉为原料提取玉米醇溶蛋白,研究挤压膨化对玉米醇溶蛋白结构及物理性质的影响.结果表明,挤压膨化工艺可使玉米醇溶蛋白的结构特性发生改变,微观结构中蛋白聚集体发生融合,FT-IR光谱中蛋白酰胺带出峰位置与强度发生变化,二级结构中α螺旋和β转角转化为β折叠和无规卷曲,热学性质中蛋白变性温度减小.蛋白的物性研究结果表明,挤压膨化的玉米醇溶蛋白物性得到改善,持水力、吸油性和黏度均有不同程度的增加.     

玉米渣提取玉米醇溶蛋白工艺初探

主要介绍了从玉米渣中提取玉米醇溶蛋白的工艺。从玉米醇溶蛋白不溶于水和无水乙醇，而只溶于60％～95％的醇水溶液中的特殊溶解性出发，利用90％的乙醇溶液，在45～55℃、pH8．0的条件下处理3～4h，可将玉米醇溶蛋白从玉米渣中提取出来。并通过实验确立了各步的工艺条件，在此奈件下玉米醇溶蛋白的得率可达80％。     

高粱醇溶蛋白对浓香型白酒窖泥味的消减机制

窖泥味在浓香型白酒中被视为一种异臭味,添加高粱醇溶蛋白对浓香型白酒中的窖泥味有消减作用,对高粱醇溶蛋白消减窖泥味的作用机制进行了研究。浓香型白酒中的3-甲基吲哚和4-甲基苯酚是使其产生窖泥味的关键气味物质。香气轮廓实验表明,高粱醇溶蛋白的加入可显著降低浓香型白酒中的窖泥味,而对其他风味无显著影响。采用顶空固相微萃取法分析发现,高粱醇溶蛋白可使模拟酒样中的3-甲基吲哚和4-甲基苯酚的挥发度分别降低38.99%和46.39%。且当添加200mg/L高粱醇溶蛋白后,3-甲基吲哚和4-甲基苯酚的气味阈值分别提高到1.50μg/L和0.31μg/L,气味阈值分别为添加高粱醇溶蛋白前的4.59和1.73倍。为进一步解释高粱醇溶蛋白对窖泥味物质消减作用机制,分别在25、45、65℃下进行紫外- 可见分光光度法分析,发现高粱醇溶蛋白与3-甲基吲哚、4-甲基苯酚可自发络合形成复合物,高粱醇溶蛋白与3-甲基吲哚络合物的生成反应为焓变驱动,高粱醇溶蛋白与4-甲基苯酚络合物的生成反应为吉布斯自由能驱动。研究应用分子对接模型实验表明:高粱醇溶蛋白分子表面的疏水口袋通过空间匹配和分子间作用力将3-甲基吲哚和4-甲基苯酚包裹或连接在内,主要的分子间相互作用力为氢键和疏水作用。希望研究结果可为降低浓香型白酒中的异臭味提供解决方案,为食品中异臭味成分的消减研究提供新思路。     

油酸/氨水-醇-汽油-水微乳体系拟三元相图的分析

制备了油酸/氨水-汽油-醇-水微乳液系列,并采用拟三元相图对此微乳体系进行了研究。结果表明,助表面活性剂醇的种类对微乳汽油的微乳区面积及水最大增溶量具有很大影响,其中正丁醇体系的微乳区面积及水的增溶量最大。另外体系中汽油含量增大及环境温度的升高均导致体系微乳区面积和水增溶量的减小。     

The foxtail millet Si69 gene is a Wali7 (wheat aluminum-induced protein 7) homologue and may function in aluminum tolerance

We isolated a clone, named Si69, from a foxtail millet immature seed cDNA library. The protein encoded by Si69 contains a conserved Wali7 (wheat aluminum induced protein 7) domain and shares high-level homology with aluminum-induced proteins from other species including rice and Arabidopsis. The Si69 gene presents as a single locus in foxtail millet genome and is globally expressed in all tissues examined. Its expression is up-regulated by aluminum. The sequence feature and expression pattern suggest that t...     

中国富硒谷子产业现状及发展方向

为明确中国富硒地区、谷子主产区以及富硒谷子产品的现状,采用数据统计、文献资料、网络资源、专家访谈、实地调研等方式取得数据资料,对中国富硒地区、谷子主产区、富硒谷子产品等资料进行整理、分析,筛选出适合不同区域生产的富硒谷子品种,指出了富硒谷子产业的发展方向,为提高中国富硒谷子产业化水平提供借鉴。     

Carbon sequestration within millet phytoliths from dry-farming of crops in China

Phytoliths are noncrystalline minerals that form inside cells and cell walls of different parts of plants. Organic carbon in living cells can be occluded in phytoliths during plant growth. It has been documented that the occluded carbon within phytoliths is an important long-term terrestrial carbon reservoir that has a major role in the global carbon cycle. Common millet and foxtail millet have become typical dry-farming crops in China since the Neolithic Age. The study of carbon conservation within phytoliths in these crops could provide insights into anthropogenic influences on the carbon cycle. In this study, we analyzed the carbon content in phytoliths of common millet and foxtail millet. The results indicated that (1) common millet and foxtail millet contained 0.136% ± 0.070% and 0.129% ± 0.085% phytolith-occluded carbon (PhytOC) on a dry mass basis, respectively; (2) based on the mean annual production of common millet and foxtail millet in the last 10 years, the phytolith occluded carbon accumulation rate of common millet and foxtail millet was approximately 0.023 ± 0.015 and 0.020 ± 0.010 t CO 2 ha 1 a 1 , respectively; (3) assuming a similar phytolith occluded carbon accumulation rate as for common millet (the highest accumulation rate was 0.038 t CO 2 ha 1 a 1 ), this could result in the sequestration of 2.37 × 10 6 t CO 2 per year for the 62.4 × 10 6 ha dry-farming crops in China. Although there was a decline in the annual production rate and planting area of foxtail millet during 1949 to 2008, the total phytolith carbon sequestration rate was 7×10 6 t CO 2 within the 60-year period. However, phytolith occluded carbon has not yet been fully considered as a global carbon sink. Also, this carbon fraction is probably one of the best candidates for the missing carbon sink.     

不同摄入量小米对小鼠肠道菌群和短链脂肪酸的影响

摄入一定量杂粮可降低一些慢性代谢疾病的发病率,但目前杂粮摄入量没有统一的标准,尚不清楚杂粮摄入过多是否会对健康产生不良影响。以小米添加量为20%、40%、60%、80%的饲料喂养3周龄C57BL/6J小鼠,持续12周,采用自动血生化分析仪、16S rRNA高通量基因测序、气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析了不同摄入量小米对小鼠血脂水平、肠道菌群和粪便短链脂肪酸的影响。结果发现,80%摄入量的小米显著增加了小鼠血清的总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的水平,同时增加了肠道丙酸、丁酸、异丁酸和戊酸的含量。肠道菌群分析结果表明,所有小米干预组的拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、Muribaculaceae的丰度上升,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)、乳杆菌科(Lactobacillaceae)、双歧杆菌属 (Bifidobacterium)的丰度下降。摄入不同添加量小米的小鼠肠道菌群组成具有较大差异,其中20%小米摄入量组的小鼠菌群中显著富集了另枝菌属(Alistipes)、副拟杆菌属(Parabacteroides)、肠杆菌属(Enterorhabdus),而80%摄入量小米显著降低了小鼠菌群中的粪杆菌属(Faecalibaculum)、布劳特氏菌属(Blautia)和罗氏菌属(Roseburia)的丰度。研究结果表明,20%摄入量的小米就能有效调节小鼠肠道菌群,而过高摄入量(80%)的小米使小鼠血脂水平升高,降低了肠道菌群的多样性和均匀度以及有益菌的丰度,所以要理性看待杂粮的营养价值,避免过量摄入。     

小米原味茶加工过程中营养成分的分析测定

基于小米原味茶在加工过程中营养成分发生多种变化的现象,设计了小米原味茶的加工方法,并利用气质联用技术分析该过程中营养成分的变化,得到了良好的分析结果.     

磁处理乳蛋白的体外消化研究

研究了乳蛋白经恒磁场处理后的体外酶消化作用，结果表明：磁处理可提高胰蛋白酶对热变性牛乳蛋白，酪蛋白（ＣＳＮ）的消化率；提高牛乳中蛋白酶对变性ＣＳＮ的消化率；降低瘤胃胞外蛋白酶对变性ＣＳＮ的消化率。磁处理对胰蛋白酶分解奶粉蛋白、牛血清白蛋白影响不显著，并且不影响牛血清白蛋白及热变性ＣＳＮ的紫外吸收光谱。     

Investigation of the ultrastructural characteristics of foxtail and broomcorn millet during carbonization and its application in archaeobotany

Fossilized caryopses (or grains) of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) are important archaeobotanical materials for the study of early human agricultural activities.The morphology and ultrastructural characteristics of carbonized modern millets caryopses treated in a drying oven and burning in a field were investigated at different temperatures to study how fossilized millets are formed.The caryopses shrank gradually at temperatures below 200°C,and starch granules in the endosperm retained their crystalline structure.At 250°C the foxtail millet caryopses expanded,whereas the broomcorn millet caryopses were greatly deformed.At this temperature,the structure of the starch granules of both millets became amorphous.At 300°C the caryopses partially turned to ash and became porous,and the ultrastructure of the starch granules was transformed into alveolate cavities.Fossil caryopses from the prehistoric storage cellar at the Beiniu Site retained their crystalline structure and were formed by the dehydrating effect of carbonization,indicating that water molecules were not involved in the starch crystallization.The results of a field burning experiment demonstrated that the ultrastructure of carbonized caryopses placed on the ground under the fire was amorphous.The amorphous ultrastructure of the carbonized caryopses recovered from the archaeological layers is consistent with the expected structure of caryopses that have been carbonized at 250°C.Therefore,we suggest that the recovered caryopses were formed at about 250°C by baking rather than by burning in an open fire.     

The foxtail millet Si69 gene is a Wali7 (wheat aluminum-induced protein 7) homologue and may function in aluminum tolerance

We isolated a clone, named Si69, from a foxtail millet immature seed cDNA library. The protein encoded by Si69 contains a conserved Wali7 (wheat aluminum induced protein 7) domain and shares high-level homology with aluminum-induced proteins from other species including rice and Arabidopsis. The Si69 gene presents as a single locus in foxtail millet genome and is globally expressed in all tissues examined. Its expression is up-regulated by aluminum. The sequence feature and expression pattern suggest that the Si69 gene is involved in aluminum tolerance or detoxification. To confirm its biological functions, Si69 controlled by the CaMV35S promoter was introduced into Arabidopsis. Transgenic plants did not show any visible morphological changes compared to wild-type plants under normal growth conditions. However, when treated with 20 or 50 μmol/L Aluminum (Al), the root apices of wild-type plants were heavily stained by hematoxylin, whereas those of Si69 transgenic plants were not stained when treated with 20 μmol/L Al and slightly stained when treated with 50 μmol/L Al. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results further demonstrated that the damage of the root apices was severer in wild-type plants than in transgenic plants. Inhibition of root growth and accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), an indicator of lipid peroxidation, were lower in transgenic plants than in wild-type plants. The results show that overexpression of Si69 may increase Al tolerance in transgenic plants, indicating that a series of Wali7-containing genes may play similar roles in Al tolerance/detoxification.     

Early agricultural development and environmental effects in the Neolithic Longdong basin （eastern Gansu）

Neolithic agricultural development and environmental effects in the Longdong area were reconstructed using a synthetic approach, investigating pollen, charcoal, and seed remains for two cultural layer sections and five flotation sites. Results show that Neolithic agriculture in the Longdong area had a simple organization and was dominated by the production of common millet, especially in the early and middle Yangshao age. After the late Yangshao age, Neolithic agriculture developed into a more complex structure, dominated by both common and foxtail millet and the cultivation of rice and soybeans. The production of foxtail millet gradually increased through the Neolithic period, reaching its highest point during the Qijia culture. Soybeans were first cultivated during the late Yangshao culture, approximately 5000 cal a BP. Rice production began no later than 4800 cal a BP, and continued to exist in the Qijia culture, approximately 4000 cal a BP. Agricultural production in Neolithic Longdong, specifically in the “Yuan” area of the loess plateau, developed as a shrub and grass dominated landscape. Vegetation in the river valleys was partly covered with Picea, Tusga, and Quercus coniferous and broadleaf mixed forests. Agricultural activity during the Neolithic period caused an increase in farmland on the loess tableland and a decrease in the abundance of shrub and grassland in the Longdong area. When farmlands were abandoned, vegetation recovered with Hippophae-, Rosaceae-, Ephedra-, and Leguminosae-dominated shrublands and Artemisia-dominated grasslands.     

谷子抽穗期突变体jt1242-14b的遗传分析和定位

为鉴定控制谷子抽穗的关键基因,通过甲基磺酸乙酯(ethyl methyl sulfonate,EMS)诱变谷子参考基因组测序品种豫谷1号,获得遗传稳定的谷子超早抽穗突变体jt1242-14b.与豫谷1号相比,jt1242-14b抽穗期明显提前,茎秆变细,叶片变窄、变短.遗传分析表明,突变性状受隐性单基因控制.以SSR41(父本)、jt1242-14b(母本)和F₂群体进行突变基因定位,结果表明,该基因位于第9号染色体,在分子标记In4746和In9-11之间的4 447 kb之内.进一步测序比对分析发现突变位点位于PHYB基因内部,因此,PHYB很可能是该早熟突变体的目标基因.本研究为谷子早抽穗基因克隆及PHYB基因功能研究提供材料基础.