不同pH值黏土层对有机磷渗透的影响分析

采用施压条件下有机磷溶液渗透通过粘性土层的实验,模拟有机磷越流通过弱透水层的过程,研究粘土层pH值不同时对有机磷渗透迁移的影响规律。分析认为,有机磷渗透通过粘性土层的能力随着土层pH值的升高而降低;pH为7.5时矿化率为98.75%,迁移率为1.25%,土层pH值≥8.5时有机磷未穿透粘土层,阻滞效果明显。矿化形成的PO34-离子占总磷的百分比随着土层pH值的升高而增加,与Ca2+离子结合形成沉淀物的能力增强,粘土pH值的升高对有机磷的降解转化具有明显的促进作用。     

有机磷通过弱透水层迁移的实验研究

本文采用施压条件下有机磷溶液渗透通过粘性土层的试验,模拟有机磷越流通过弱透水层的过程,研究其迁移的衰减规律、降解转化的机理以及各种因子的影响规律。研究发现,进水的浓度越小,pH值越大,土层中的磷酸酶降解转化有机磷的效果越好;土层对有机磷的吸附量随着进水pH的增大而增大,进水浓度的减小而减小;对于酸性进水而言,粘性土层对有机磷的阻滞作用与进水浓度关系不大,较倚重于进水pH值的升高。     

不同Eh条件下弱透水层中硝酸盐截留能力

为了研究硝酸盐在不同Eh条件下通过弱透水层的迁移机理及转化形式,用天然黏土作为渗透介质弱透水层,在高渗透压条件下进行室内实验,模拟地下水中硝酸盐通过弱透水层的迁移转化过程。结果表明：单位质量黏土截污容量为1.45 mg/g,阻截率R=92%,不同Eh条件下（Eh分别为0、-100、-200 mV）弱透水层对硝酸盐的阻截能力都很强;低氧化还原电位有利于弱透水层吸附硝酸盐。弱透水层中硝酸盐的转化途径表明,弱透水层对硝酸盐的阻截能力很强,是微孔隙截留作用、机械过滤、离子吸附、协同吸附以及较弱的微生物共同作用的结果。     

有机污染物(菲)在弱透水层中的越流迁移特征

采用高渗透压渗流试验装置,模拟已被污染的浅层地下水越流通过弱透水层污染深层地下水的过程,研究不同矿化度、不同pH条件下有机污染物（菲）通过饱和黏性土弱透水层时的质量浓度变化特征。结果表明：矿化度的增加有利于弱透水层吸附截留渗滤液中的菲;高矿化度水中的Na+交替土层中的Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺,使水中的Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺质量浓度增加,与HCO^-₃、菲组合形成络合物;不同pH条件下,Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、HCO^-₃对菲的迁移有阻滞作用,SO^2-₄参与还原反应并可与菲形成络合物,对菲迁移有促进作用。菲在弱透水层中的迁移能力很弱,衰减率达82％～96％,高渗透压下菲的污染锋面迁移速度为0.714 m/d,pH=8时菲通过弱透水层的迁移质量浓度最小。控制渗滤液的pH、组分可有效阻止菲在弱透水层中的迁移。     

硫酸根离子在弱透水层中的迁移行为

通过研究地下水中硫酸根离子通过弱透水层时迁移特征的变异规律及其环境效应作用,分析在不同黏性土壤厚度条件下硫酸根离子浓度的变化及其受pH、Eh、钙离子浓度变化的影响特征,以及在不同pH 值条件下硫酸根离子的浓度变化情况。利用土柱填装及淋滤法,得出地下水中硫酸根离子通过弱透水层时穿透能力很强的结论,并揭示了硫酸根离子浓度随渗透土壤厚度的增大而增大,随淋滤液pH 值增大而减小的规律。     

氨氮在弱透水层中的渗透迁移规律研究

通过渗透试验、吸附试验和高压动态土柱试验对氨氮在弱透水层中的渗透、迁移转化规律进行研究。试验结果表明,弱透水层对氨氮具有很强的吸附能力;弱透水层中生物作用微弱,弱透水层对氨氮的去除主要是非生物作用的结果;硬度或其他交换性离子的作用会影响氨氮在弱透水层的穿透时间和吸附稳定性。此研究对揭示深层地下水的氮污染规律及探索地下水污染修复提供理论支持。     

弱透水层中有机污染物(菲)的衰减研究

本文以高渗透压渗流试验装置模拟已被污染的浅层地下水越流通过弱透水层污染深层地下水的过程,研究了有机污染物(菲)通过饱和粘性土弱透水层时的自然衰减特征,以及非生物因子-配位体对于弱透水层中菲迁移转化的影响作用。研究表明,菲的衰减曲线明显分为三阶段:初期吸附截留显著期,中期微生物降解旺盛期,后期微生物降解稳定期;溶液中共存离子HCO 3-、Ca2+与菲形成络合物,SO42-参与菲的生物降解;溶液中主要配位体不同时,菲与阴、阳离子之间相互作用的方式也不同,以络合作用为主。渗透水中菲含量有99%以上被衰减,仅有极少量菲穿透弱透水层。     

应力历史对弱透水层参数影响试验研究

弱透水层储存的地下水是地下水资源的重要组成部分,弱透水层水文地质参数对地下水资源管理与评价以及地面沉降等具有重要意义。通过室内试验对定降深条件下弱透水层水流运移规律进行了研究,并探讨了弱透水层释水过程中的变形规律和释水规律。试验结果表明,在相邻含水层定降深条件下,弱透水层固结变形滞后于相邻含水层的降深变化,且变形速度逐渐变小并趋于零。基于室内试验,利用配线法求得弱透水层不同应力状态下的水文地质参数,对比分析,大变形和小变形试验中土层的渗透系数变化不大,但贮水率明显变小,土层的固结系数变大。因此,土层的应力历史对土层的渗透系数影响不大,而对贮水率有较大的影响。     

长江漫滩区软土渗透系数计算方法对比分析

软土(弱透水层)是地下水系统的重要组成部分,主要由黏土、亚黏土及粉质黏土等渗透系数较小的土体组成,其渗透系数在实际工程渗流计算中具有重要意义。以长江软土地区海太过江通道工程南岸弱透水层为研究对象,采用经验公式法(室内土工颗分试验)、微水试验配线法以及数值模拟反演法,对于弱透水层的渗透系数进行计算,所得结果分别为7.196×10^-5、1.50×10^-5、8.10×10^-5cm/s;多方法相互验证,降低了单一方法影响范围小、取样存在偶然性等因素的影响。根据工程最不利原则,研究区弱透水层渗透系数建议取值为8.1×10^-5cm/s。     

一种长期观测资料确定弱透水层参数的方法

弱透水层是含水层系统的重要组成部分,要准确计算弱透水层释水量和变形量需事先确定弱透水层的渗透系数和贮水率值。基于一维含水层系统概念模型,在相邻含水层降深随时间线性增大的边界条件下,推得了无量纲形式的弱透水层降深解析解,分析了弱透水层中滞后降深消散规律。根据水量均衡方程得到了弱透水层累计压缩变形量随时间变化的标准曲线,并提出了一种配线法用以确定弱透水层的渗透系数和贮水率,该配线法能够反映弱透水层释水变形过程的滞后性。以上海含水层系统为例,运用配线法确定了f_(10-7)分层标处第2弱透水层的渗透系数为4.26×10~(-10)m/s,贮水率为2.22×10~(-4)m~(-1)。对于具有长序列变形和水位观测资料的含水层系统,该方法具有一定的适用性。     

Effects of slow recovery rates on water column geochemistry in aquitard wells

Monitoring wells are often installed in aquitards to verify effectiveness for preventing migration of surface contaminants to underlying aquifers. However, water sampling of aquitard wells presents a challenge due to the slow recovery times for water recharging the wells, which can take as long as weeks, months or years to recharge depending on the sample volume needed. In this study, downhole profiling and sampling of aquitard wells was used to assess geochemical changes that occur in aquitard wells during water level recovery. Wells were sampled on three occasions spanning 11 years, 1 year and 1 week after they were purged and casing water showed substantial water chemistry variations. Temperature decreased with depth, whereas pH and specific conductance increased with depth in the water column after 11 years of water level recovery. Less stable parameters such as dissolved O₂ (DO) and Eh showed strong zonation in the well column, with DO stratification occurring as the groundwater slowly entered the well. Oxidation of reduced till groundwater along with degassing of CO₂ from till pore water affects mineral solubility and dissolved solid concentrations. Recommendations for sampling slowly recovering aquitard wells include identifying the zone of DO and Eh stratification in the well column and collecting water samples from below the boundary to better measure unstable geochemical parameters.     

The drainage of the aquitard and its implication for groundwater exploitation in Hengshui City

The deformation and the drainage of the aquitard is the main concern in the North China Plain(NCP), and the water released from aquitard compaction may be a large portion of the exploited groundwater. The skeletal specific storage of aquitard is the element parameter to the drainage of aquitard, and the undisturbed core samples are the best choice for the measurement of the physical parameters. In this study, the consolidation test was employed to analyze the skeleton specific storage of the clay sample drilled from Hengshui City, and the contribution from the drainage of aquitard to the groundwater exploitation. The results suggest the consolidation test can be utilized to understand the skeletal specific storage of aquitard, which is about 3.92×10-4 m-1 in the Hengshui. The water-saturation content of the aquitard was less than 100%, and the amount of the drainage of the aquitard was about 69% of the volume of land subsidence. The water released from aquitard compaction was about 35% of the groundwater exploitation to the deep aquifers.     

Pumping-induced Well Hydraulics and Groundwater Budget in a Leaky Aquifer System with Vertical Heterogeneity in Aquitard Hydraulic Properties

In groundwater hydrology, aquitard heterogeneity is often less considered compared to aquifers, despite its significant impact on groundwater hydraulics and groundwater resources evaluation. A semi-analytical solution is derived for pumping-induced well hydraulics and groundwater budget with consideration of vertical heterogeneity in aquitard hydraulic conductivity (K) and specific storage (Ss). The proposed new solution is innovative in its partitioning of the aquitard into multiple homogeneous sub-layers to enable consideration of various forms of vertically heterogeneous K or Ss. Two scenarios of analytical investigations are explored: one is the presence of aquitard interlayers with distinct K or Ss values, a common field-scale occurrence; another is an exponentially depth-decaying aquitard Ss, a regional-scale phenomenon supported by statistical analysis. Analytical investigations reveal that a low-K interlayer can significantly increase aquifer drawdown and enhance aquifer/aquitard depletion; a high-Ss interlayer can noticeably reduce aquifer drawdown and increase aquitard depletion. Locations of low-K or high-Ss interlayers also significantly impact well hydraulics and groundwater budget. In the context of an exponentially depth-decaying aquitard Ss, a larger decay exponent can enhance aquifer drawdown. When using current models with a vertically homogeneous aquitard, half the sum of the geometric and harmonic means of exponentially depth-decaying aquitard Ss should be used to calculate aquitard depletion and unconfined aquifer leakage.     

Method to characterize aquitards above leaky aquifers with water supply wells

Leaky aquifers provide protected drinking water since the aquifer is overlain by an aquitard, and this study develops a method to estimate hydraulic properties of the latter deposit. Steady pumping, supply well shutdowns, and slug tests generate data in adjacent monitoring well clusters that characterize the aquitard. An existing steady model estimates a site-averaged value of the aquitard permeability k if its thickness is known, and this site-averaged estimate may be compared with local k estimates from conventional and extended slug tests. A shutdown attenuation model estimates a local value of the consolidation coefficient C _V, which combines with the local k value to specify the compressibility α of the aquitard. The method is illustrated for the Fowl Meadow Aquifer, a stratified drift deposit used as a drinking water supply in eastern Massachusetts (USA), with an overlying silt aquitard of 10 m thickness. Steady data and theory suggest a site-averaged k of 2.3?×?10^–17?m² for the aquitard, while the shutdown attenuation model generates local C _V values that vary from 10^–5 to 10^–3?m²/s. The slug tests yield a local k variation (10^–17–10^–13?m²) that brackets the site-averaged value, and an α range of 10^–9–10^–7?Pa^–1.     

基于地下水渗流方程的三维地面沉降模型

针对地下水抽取引起的大面积地面沉降的问题,提出了一种计算方法。该方法基于饱和与不饱和岩土介质中地下水渗流理论,计算出三维状态下的大面积地面沉降。提出的方法被结合到地下水渗流的三维有限元法分析中,计算时考虑了地层的可压缩性,并被用来分析软土的固结,将该法与太沙基理论及固结试验的结果进行比较,结果表明其误差小于2 %。该法还被用来分析单井抽取承压地下水引起的周围地基的沉降及承压水层由于挡水板的阻断作用而引起的下游侧的地基的沉降。