原位载荷试验在优化土质地基基础设计中的作用

城市土质地基越来越多,但对土质地基承载力的正确认识还不够,合理地利用土质地基既安全又经济。通过几个建筑工程设计变更实例,强调了原位承载力试验的必要性,论述了土质地基承载力特征值取值合理性问题,分析了目前在对土质地基勘察设计中存在的问题。     

大连新港的红粘土及其工程特性的形成

在大连新港油罐区的建设中,发现了一种具有高孔隙性、高含水量、高塑性、中低压缩性的特殊土。作者对这种土及其母岩的矿物学、岩石学、地球化学、物理化学和工程特性进行了系统研究,揭示了该区红粘土及其工程特性的形成机理,该区红粘土乃是蒙脱石化的粗玄岩,在中温带气候区红土花作用的产物。     

输电线路掏挖基础机械成孔过程中孔壁土体稳定性分析

针对输电线路掏挖基础成孔过程中孔壁稳定性的问题,以机械化旋挖钻机成孔的掏挖基础孔壁土体为研究对象,采用FLAC3D数值模拟软件,对旋挖钻机成孔过程中孔壁土体的变形破坏过程进行模拟分析,研究了开挖过程中掏挖基础孔壁土体的稳定性及影响因素.研究结果表明,钻机的自重荷载与开挖卸荷作用对孔口处和扩大头处土体的水平向位移影响较为明显;不同埋深基础的孔壁土体塑性区的分布面积和延伸范围均存在差异,随着埋深的增加,基础扩大头处的塑性区面积和延伸范围也随之增大,因此,现场机械化开挖施工过程中应重点关注孔口和扩大头附近部位的变形破坏.该研究成果可为机械化旋挖钻机成孔技术在我国输电线路工程杆塔掏挖基础施工的应用提供理论依据.     

Reducing liquefaction potential using dynamic compaction and construction of stone columns

In-place soils in the floodplains of major rivers are frequently stabilized to reduce the liquefaction potential when sites are located in earthquake prone areas. A site in the floodplain of the Missouri River in the United States of America was recently remediated to reduce liquefaction potential using the Deep Dynamic Compaction method of densification of in-place soils. Modifications were made to the conventional method in the form of construction of stone columns to densify the in-place soils to deeper depths. Results are presented to show that the modified procedure used at the site satisfactorily remediated the site. Construction of stone columns not only densified the soils to the required depths, but also helped support a five-story office building on conventional strip and spread shallow foundations. Site remediation and an alternative foundation scheme resulted in substantial cost savings without any delay in the construction schedule.     

深土地压及对冻结壁厚度的影响

在对深厚表土中地压计算公式总结的基础上,根据冻结凿井的施工力学行为过程探讨了深厚表土中地压特点;通过深部重塑土的高压Ko固结水平加（卸）荷试验,获得了挤压（松弛）应力Ps与水平挤压（松弛）位移占之间的关系式,并进一步分析了忽略挤压（松弛）应力Ps造成的深土地压及冻结壁厚度的计算误差;对深厚表土的地压应根据冻结凿井施工过程确定,以避免重大工程事故。     

A Critical Review on Filter Design Criteria for Dispersive Base Soils

Dispersive soils have become common materials for the construction industry. Highly susceptible to internal erosion and piping, dispersive soils must only be used with specific engineering measure in order to avoid failures that were often catastrophic. In an earth dam, clayey soils are used for the core and sandy materials are used for the filter to retain the eroded core soils and prevent their migration. In the absence of first-rate core material, dispersive soils have been used instead. This paper provides a review of the current knowledge and experiences regarding filtration of core soils, particularly the dispersive ones. The engineering problems associated with the use of dispersive soils are discussed and significant findings from previous studies on protective filters are summarized. It is worthy to note that the current review considers both, the conventional, rather empirical filter design criteria based on particle sizes and the current, quite theoretical state-of-the-art filter design criteria based on constriction sizes, with discussion given on the advantages and disadvantages of both. The information provided by this review should be handy for the study, design, construction, and operation of related geotechnical and geo-environmental projects.     

分段循环荷载作用下二维非饱和土固结特性分析

基于Dakshanamurthy和Fredlund提出的二维非饱和土固结理论,利用Fourier正弦级数展开、Laplace变换,分别给出了分段循环荷载作用下二维非饱和土固结问题的超孔隙气压力、超孔隙水压力和沉降的半解析解,并应用退化法验证了本文所得半解析解的正确性。然后,结合3种具体的荷载形式,分析了分段循环荷载作用下气相与液相渗透系数之比(k_a/k_w)、水平方向与竖直方向渗透系数之比(k_x/k_z)和荷载特征参数(a)对二维非饱和土固结特性的影响。结果表明:k_a/k_w和k_x/k_z的增大均会加速固结沉降进程;荷载特征参数越大,沉降发展越早,沉降值越小;二维非饱和土固结特性受分段循环荷载作用影响明显。因此,在实际施工过程中改变施工速度和设置径向排水装置可有效控制二维条件下非饱和土体的固结过程,该研究成果可为非饱和土地基的设计和施工提供重要理论依据。     

固化滨海盐渍土耐久性试验研究

在滨海地区自然环境中,由于滨海盐渍土特殊的工程性质,固化盐渍土作为路基填料的耐久性直接关系到路基的稳定性。通过室内饱水时间模拟试验、干湿循环模拟试验和抗冻性试验,对4种固化盐渍土的水稳性和抗冻性进行了初步研究。试验结果表明,滨海盐渍土经石灰、水泥、SH综合固化处理后,表现出良好的水稳性和抗冻性,可以满足滨海地区公路工程建设的要求。     

The artificial freezing and cooling of soils at construction sites

The paper presents a short survey of large Soviet experience in the field of artificial freezing and cooling of soils. Some examples of artificial ground freezing used for the development of mineral deposits, in mining and coal industry, in subway construction are given.

A special field of the cold application in the construction is the cooling of soils which have already had the negative temperature. This engineering method is applied in permafrost regions for improving the strengthening properties of the weak soils used as the bases of structures.

In the USSR this method is used successfully for improving the bearing capacity of frozen soils and for the creation of frozen waterproof screens in hydrotechnical engineering as well. Some examples of the employment of this method are also given.     

Use of lateritic fine-grained soils in road pavement base courses

Summary Lateritic fine-grained soils are, in large areas of Brazil and other tropical countries, the most frequent local materials found along road routes. However the use of these soils in pavements has been difficult, because they do not conform to the traditional specifications for base courses. This paper presents successful uses of many of these soils in pavement base courses, particularly sandy soils, following specially developed geotechnical test methods and construction procedures, thus sensibly reducing the cost of pavements, mainly for low to medium traffic levels.     

改良膨胀土筑堤技术研究

利用改良膨胀土作为高速公路路堤填筑材料是宁淮高速公路需要解决的主要问题。尽管室内试验论证可以用石灰改良膨胀土性质,但现场石灰改良土施工还要解决三大问题：石灰拌和均匀性和石灰含量的检测问题、现场压实方法和压实度控制问题、现场压实改良土的胀缩性和强度是否满足高等级公路路床和路基的要求问题。结合宁淮高速公路先导段施工,设计了试验段进行现场试验。试验结果表明,通过合理的施工工艺、有力的质量控制,改良膨胀土能够满足设计要求。改良土已经不具有膨胀土性质,胀缩性低,CBR强度高,是良好的路堤填筑材料。     

Influence of Liquid Limit and Slaking on Cement Stabilized Clayey Admixtures

Clayey soils, especially clayey soils with high or very high liquid limits (> 60%) often present difficulties in construction operations because they usually contain expansive clay minerals. However, the engineering properties of clay soils can be enhanced by the addition of either cement or lime, thereby producing an improved construction material. In this research, slake durability was related to the liquid limit and unconfined compressive strength of clayey admixtures. Three of the most important components in clay soils, namely, kaolinite, montmorillonite and quartz, were combined to make the clayey admixtures. A slaking value of 45% is suggested as identifying satisfactory stabilization. For clayey admixtures with liquid limit between 40% and 60%, this could be achieved with the addition of between 4% and 12% cement. Clayey admixtures with liquid limits over 60% could only achieve this with large uneconomical amounts of cement (> 12%).     

Identifying and Analyzing Problematic Soils

Problematic soils are those that make the construction of foundations extremely difficult. They include expansive soils, collapsing soils, and sanitary landfill. Their distribution can vary widely, both areally and with depth. However, the ability to identify these soils would be invaluable to developers and geotechnical engineers. This paper aims at discussing criteria for identifying these soils and analyze only the collapse related data to determine their nature and extent of the variability. Analysis of data at different depths showed high dispersion tendencies. Regression model showed linear variation and identified strongly related collapse parameters with validation by factor analysis.     

Investigation of solid waste soil as road construction material

The geotechnical properties of solid waste soils for use as sub-base materials in road construction were investigated. A series of field tests and laboratory tests were performed to assess the physical and mechanical properties of the solid waste soils sampled from a landfill site, near to a riverside, which had been reclaimed over the last two decades. The tests showed that geotechnical properties are clearly affected by the magnitude of organic matter content. As the organic matter content increases, the maximum dry unit weight, the shear strength and bearing capacity of ground decrease, while the void ratio and compressibility increase. If the organic matter content is more than about 8% in solid waste soils, it is not suitable for use as a sub-base material in road construction due to the significant decrease of shear strength and bearing capacity.     

Numerical studies of anchored sheet pile wall behavior constructed in cut and fill conditions

The construction of sheet pile walls may involve either excavation of soils in front or backfilling of soils behind the wall. These construction procedures generate different loading conditions in the soil and therefore different wall behavior should also be expected. The conventional methods, which are based on limit equilibrium approach, commonly used in the design of anchored sheet pile walls do not consider the method of construction. However, continuum mechanics numerical methods, such as finite element method, make it possible to incorporate the construction method during the analyses and design of sheet pile walls. The effect of wall construction type for varying soil conditions and wall heights were investigated using finite element modeling and analysis. The influence of construction method on soil behavior, wall deformations, wall bending moments, and anchor forces were investigated. The study results indicate that walls constructed by backfill method yield significantly higher bending moments and wall deformations. This paper presents the results of the numerical parametric study performed and comparative analyses of the anchored sheet pile walls constructed by different construction methods.     

青藏直流输电线路冻土长期抗剪强度预测及影响因素分析

冻土是指0℃以下,含有冰的各种岩石和土壤,由于其复杂的物理力学特性,给青藏直流联网工程的施工和设计带来了很多难题。工程沿线冻土的长期抗剪强度,更是由于土质、含冰量以及密实度分布的复杂特性,影响了其在使用寿命内的安全运营和稳定性。为解决这一工程难题,室内制备重塑试样并在-2℃的温度下对3种土质类型（粉质黏土、粉砂和细砂）、3种含冰量（饱冰、富冰和多冰）的密实和松散冻土进行直剪快剪的蠕变试验,得到了不同土质、含冰量以及密实度类型的冻土剪切蠕变特性,并分析和预测了长期抗剪强度的变化规律和影响因素,结果表明:（1）短时间内冻土承受荷载的能力随含冰量的增加而增大;随着加载时间的延长,冰的流变特性表现出来,使冻土的蠕变变形加大,冻土的强度降低;（2）密实度越大、含冰量越大的冻土,初期强度越高;随着时间的增加,强度开始衰减,且含冰量越大,密实度越小的冻土衰减速度越快;（3）长期强度的变化规律不受土质的影响,说明在工程施工阶段,若单纯考虑长期强度时,只要不同土质冻土保持冻结状态,可同一对待和处理。以上结论为输电线路冻土基础设计、施工和安全运营提供了一定的理论基础,也为在青藏地区开展的其他工程活动提供了可借鉴的试验数据和资料。     

Some engineering characteristics of a compacted lateritic residual soil

Summary In many parts of the world, particularly in humid tropical regions, residual soils are abundant. In this paper the suitability of a residual lateritic soil as a construction material is investigated, with respect to its strength and compaction characteristics. In comparison with other typical construction fills available in Southeast Asia, compacted lateritic soils produce excellent shear strengths and CBR values. However, the brittleness and tensile cracking of this compacted material become enhanced on the dry side of the optimum moisture content, or if excessive compaction is imparted. Nevertheless, at a moisture content of 2% wetter than the optimum, the tensile mode of failure is suppressed and the lateritic fills become ideally suited for the construction of high embankments and impervious dam cores.     

山涧软土的流变工程特性试验研究

山涧软土是广泛分布于山谷和沟壑之中软弱土层,其变形特性对路基的沉降有直接影响。现场取样后借助多种室内试验手段,对衡-炎高速公路部分路段的软土进行室内流变试验,对流变曲线进行分析,找出了符合山涧软土流变特性的几个流变本构模型,并通过待定系数法求得模型参数。山涧软土的流变的规律为：砂质山涧软土的蠕变处于衰减稳定的相对应力范围比较大,砂质山涧软土的流变特性最不明显,在近似情况下,可以不考虑流变;淤泥质山涧软土蠕变曲线的形式随着应力水平的变化比较剧烈,随着应力水平的提高,等速蠕变曲线的斜率越来越大;粉质山涧软土的不同应力水平的等速蠕变曲线几乎具有相同的斜率,而且每一级应力水平下的蠕变变形也较小。因此研究淤泥质山涧软土的流变特性最为重要,在研究山涧软土的流变特性时,应以淤泥质软土为重点。研究成果可对路基填筑过程中山涧软土的处理和路基工后沉降评估提供参考。     

人工制备初始应力各向异性结构性土方法探讨

通过对结构性黏土的研究可以掌握天然土受荷过程中的变形破坏过程,从而为考虑土结构性的结构物的设计、地基加固等提供依据。近年来随着高、深和大型建筑的兴建,结构性黏土的研究变得尤为重要。天然土都具有结构性和各向异性。发展了一种能够考虑初始应力各向异性影响的结构性土的人工制样方法。通过对原料粉质黏土中添加水泥形成颗粒之间的胶结作用,添加盐粒并溶解后形成大孔隙组构分布和在水化过程中的侧限应力状态的结构性土样的端部施加竖向荷载,从而人工制备了具有初始应力各向异性的结构性土样。然后对初始均质结构性土样、初始应力各向异性结构性土样和重塑土样进行了三轴固结排水剪切试验,初步分析了初始应力对结构性土样的应力-应变特性的影响和初始应力各向异性结构性土的破损机制。     

A comparative assessment of sand and lime stabilization of residual micaceous compressible soils for road construction

Summary The presence of mica in pavements can be detrimental due to the effects of high compressibility and low compacted density it imparts to the soils. Three residual micaceous compressible soils derived from granite, granitic gneiss and phyllite can neither be used as base nor sub-base course in their untreated form. In this study, these soils have been treated with a range of lime and sand contents to determine their effects on consistency, compactability, bearing and compressive strengths and volume stability against swell. With 6–8% lime, soils derived over phyllite and granitic gneiss were rendered suitable for use as sub-base course as their plasticity index, 96 hour soaked CBR values and unconfined compressive strengths (UCS) were improved to satisfy existing local criteria. Similarly, with 30% sand both soils became suitable for sub-base course construction. The use of both additives markedly improved the volume stability of all the soils against swell.