化学模拟体系中硒浓度、生物效应与氧自由基关系的研究

以亚晒酸钠、谷胱甘肽及过氧化氢作为化学模拟体系，研究了该体系中活性氧自由基的产生，对多不饱和脂肪酸及生物膜等各种底物的作用与硒浓度的关系，发现该体系随硒浓度而变化、自由基水平差异，多种底物不同的脂质过氧化程度均呈类似的规律，即符合Ｂｅｒｔｒａｎｄ最适营养浓度定律的Ｗｅｉｎｂｅｒｇ曲线，而且该曲线与活性氧自由基含量密切相关。     

硒增强抵抗力延缓衰老

硒是人体不可缺少的微量元素。硒在人体中主要以谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和硒-P蛋白形式存在。前者是重要的自由基清除剂．而自由基与人体老化以及100多种疾病有关，后者能螯合重金属等毒物，从而降低毒物的毒性。硒主要通过上述机制发挥健康效应．其主要功能如下：     

硒与免疫

缺硒可干扰机体免疫反应的各个方面。补充一定剂量的硒可使非特异性免疫,细胞免疫以及体液免疫功能得到改善。本就近年来硒与免疫关系的研究进展加以综述。     

减少疾病、延年益寿,从补硒开始

硒是一种微量元素,是人体内不可缺少的物质。硒与人体的健康密切相关。研究证实,缺硒可以导致机体免疫力下降,抗病能力差,引起人体多种疾病,如心血管疾病、白内障、溶血性贫血以及大肠癌、肺癌、肝癌、乳腺癌、白血病等,还可影响生长发育,发生无精症导致不育,易衰老等。硒在人体健康中的主要作用表现在以下3个方面1.增强免疫力免疫分为细胞免疫与体液免疫。细胞免疫又分为特异性免疫与非特异性免疫。特异性免疫中的主要效应细胞是T细胞、自然杀伤细胞,硒可使T细胞、自然杀伤细胞的活性增强,提高人体抗感染能力,还能溶解和杀伤肿瘤细胞。非特异性免疫中的主要     

微量元素锌,硒与免疫

锌和硒是人体必需的微量元素，参与机体正常的免疫功能。在其缺乏时，机体的非特异免疫机能，细胞免疫和体液免疫均可明显降低，而在补充锌或硒后可得以恢复，甚至可以增强。但在锌，硒过量时，免疫又可受抑制，甚至产生中毒现象。所以应该对锌或硒缺乏的人群给予适量的补充。     

富硒蛋白对小鼠免疫功能影响

目的观察富硒蛋白对正常小鼠免疫功能的影响作用。方法选用48只继康的ICR小鼠，随机分成4组，在饲料中分别加入贫硒蛋白、贫硒蛋白与亚硒酸钠混合物、富硒牛奶、富硒蛋白，进行30d的喂饲后测定小鼠淋巴器官指数、迟发型变态反应、溶血空斑形成数。结果富硒蛋白能够促进小鼠溶血空斑的形成，刺激迟发型变态反应，作用优于相同硒含量的富硒牛奶或者贫硒蛋白与无机硒的混合饲料（P〈0．05）。结论该富硒蛋白产品有提高小鼠体液免疫、细胞免疫功能的作用。     

新型微量元素锌硒宝的基础研究与功能实验

报道了锌硒宝的基础研究。以昆明小鼠进行了毒性研究，实验结果证明：锌硒宝的ＬＤ５０大于１００００ ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ 属无毒物质。微核实验结果证明：检测小鼠骨髓细胞微核变化，无显著性差异（Ｐ＞ ０．０５）为阴性。功能实验结果证明：具有增强体液免疫和细胞免疫功能的作用。     

硒：微量元素中的“抗癌之王”

硒能改善人体免疫功能,提高抵抗力肿瘤患者免疫功能下降是比较突出的现象,同时免疫力下降也是肿瘤发生、发展的重要因素之一。研究表明．硒显著影响免疫系统所包含的全部三种调节机制．即细胞免疫、体液免疫和非特异免疫。硒还能促进淋巴细胞产生抗体,     

纳米红色元素硒对小鼠的免疫功能的调节作用

纳米红色元素硒是以蛋白质为分散剂的一种纳米粒子,粒径在２０～６０ｎｍ之间。采用动物实验研究纳米红色元素硒对免疫功能的调节作用。结果表明：与对照相比,纳米红色元素硒与亚硒酸钠各剂量组的小鼠脏器重量及其指数无明显变化;纳米红色元素硒中,高剂量组小鼠的细胞免疫功能、体液免疫功能和巨噬细胞吞噬功能明显升高,而亚硒酸钠各剂量组的上述免疫批标无明显变化。结果提示;纳米红色元素硒对小鼠免疫功能有明显的调节作用。     

大骨节病患者红细胞免疫及调节功能与红细胞硒水平的关系

对比检测了大骨节病患者、病区及非病区健康居民的红细胞免疫功能、免疫调节功能和红细胞硒水平及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性，结果表明：大骨节病患者的红细胞Ｃ３ｂＲ花环率与病区健康居民接近，但明显低于非病区居民，红细胞Ｃ３ｂＲ花环率与红细胞硒含量和ＧＰＸ活性呈显著平行相关；血清红细胞免疫粘附抑制率与病区健康居民接近，但明显高于非病区居民，血清红细胞免疫粘附抑制率与红细胞硒含量和ＧＰＸ活性呈显著负相关。研究结果说明：大骨节病患者及病区健康居民红细胞免疫及调节功能均有异常，这种异常状态与低硒有关。     

Adjuvant formulation for use in vaccines to elicit both cell-mediated and humoral immunity

Adjuvant formulations which elicit both humoral and cell-mediated immunity will be required for vaccines based on peptides, viral and bacterial subunits and genetically engineered antigens. This report describes an adjuvant formulation which increases both cell-mediated and humoral immunity and is free of significant side effects encountered with other adjuvants or vehicles. The components include the threonyl analogue of muramyl dipeptide, Tween 80, Pluronic L121 and squalane. This formulation was found to be effective with several antigens, in several species, including rodents, cats and monkeys. These results suggest that the formulation will be useful for both human and veterinary vaccines.     

Effects of cyclic enteral nutrition on the immunological status of malnourished patients

The effects of 2 weeks of refeeding by cyclic enteral nutrition on chronically malnourished (mean global nutritional deficiency 19.9 +/- 1.1%) hospitalized patients were assessed in a prospective study with special attention paid to immunological status. All patients were immunodeficient, with cell-mediated immunity being more affected than humoral immunity. After 2 weeks of refeeding, nutritional status had improved by 29.8%. Initially abnormal parameters of humoral immunity (IgM, C3 and C4) improved significantly (P < 0.05) between day 0 and day 15. The following cell-mediated immunity parameters also improved significantly (P < 0.05): CD8, monocyte count, natural killer cell activity and skin tests. Short-term refeeding by cyclic enteral nutrition appears to be a safe and effective way of improving immunodeficiency in chronically malnourished patients, with predictable consequences on infection.     

Effects of chemotherapy on the immunological characteristics of patients with primary destructive pulmonary tuberculosis

An investigation of 142 patients with primary destructive pulmonary tuberculosis was carried out using several immunological tests to estimate the quantitative and functional status of the T- and B-lymphocyte systems and the specific cell-mediated and humoral immunity. It was shown that the status of the immune system, and that of the specific antituberculosis immunity in particular, were dependent on the severity of the tuberculosis process. There were indications that the immune status largely determined the extent of the infiltrative lesions, as well as the course of the disease. In patients with no pronounced defects in cell-mediated immunity in general and in specific immunity in particular, the time needed for sputum samples to become bacterially negative and for the cavities to close was reduced, especially in cases where the initial bacterial excretion was not heavy and the degree of the infiltration was not severe. Defects in the immune system impeded the clinical progress of the tuberculosis patients; moreover, complete clinical recovery in such cases was delayed and there was a higher incidence of reactivation of the disease during the main chemotherapy course as well as of recurrence of the disease at a later date.     

Humoral and cell-mediated immunity to vero cell-derived influenza vaccine

A candidate trivalent influenza whole virus vaccine produced in a continuous mammalian cell line (Vero), and analogous commercially available egg-derived vaccines, were compared for their ability to induce humoral and cell-mediated immunity in Balb/c mice. Substantial haemagglutination-inhibition titre and high levels of influenza virus-specific IgG were found in all groups of immunized mice, irrespective of the vaccine formulation. The IgG responses were predominantly of IgG1 and IgG2a/2b isotypes. Virus-specific secretory IgA antibodies were detected only in mice immunized intranasally with a live virus, derived either from Vero cells or eggs. T-cell proliferative responses and T-helper 1 type cytokine release was significantly higher in mice immunized with Vero cell-derived influenza vaccine compared to egg-derived vaccine formulations. We have demonstrated that the immunogenicity of the trivalent Vero cell-derived whole influenza virus vaccine was comparable to that of the equivalent egg-derived vaccine, with respect to humoral immune response and was superior with respect to cellular response.     

Humoral and cellular immune response to tick-borne-encephalitis (TBE) vaccination depends on booster doses in patients with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) patients living in areas with high prevalence of tick-borne-encephalitis-virus-(TBEV)-infection are recommended for administration of inactivated TBE-vaccination. However, there are serious concerns regarding protective vaccine-induced immune responses against TBEV in immunocompromised patients.The present study aimed to analyze the humoral and cellular immune response to TBE-vaccination in previously TBE-vaccinated JIA patients compared to healthy controls (HC) including investigation of IgG-anti-TBEV avidity, neutralization capacity, cellular reactivity by IFNgamma-ELISPOT and cytokine secretion assays.Similar IgG-anti-TBEV antibody concentrations, neutralization titers and cellular reactivity were found between JIA and HC. The number and the early timing of booster vaccinations after primary vaccination had the most prominent effect on neutralizing antibodies in JIA and on IgG-anti-TBEV concentrations in both JIA and HC. Administration of booster vaccinations made it more likely for JIA patients to have IgG-anti-TBEV concentrations ≥165 VIEU/ml and avidities >60%. TNF-alpha inhibitors had a positive and MTX administration a negative effect on humoral immune responses.In conclusion, irrespective of having JIA or not, vaccinated children showed similar humoral and cellular immunity against TBEV several years after primary TBE-vaccination. However, in JIA, booster vaccinations mounted a significantly higher humoral immune response than in JIA without boosters. Our results highlight the need for timely administration of boosters particularly in JIA. Although immunosuppressive treatment at vaccinations in diagnosed JIA had a negative effect mainly on TBEV-specific cellular immunity, most JIA patients mounted a favorable humoral immune response which was maintained over time. Thus, successful TBE-vaccination seems highly feasible in JIA patients with immunosuppressive regimens.     

维生素C对S180移植腹水瘤荷瘤小鼠的影响

目的：研究不同剂量维生素C对S180移植腹水瘤荷瘤小鼠一般状况及免疫水平的影响。方法：建立小鼠S180移植腹水瘤模型，维生素C干预7天后处死，测定小鼠血红蛋白含量，白细胞数目及体液免疫指标（血清溶血素）。细胞免疫指标（小鼠足跖肿胀实验）和脏／体重比值，结果：维生素C对荷瘤小鼠的血象改变有一定保护作用，对免疫脏器损伤有一定保护，但总体未见显性差异（P＞0．05），维生素C对荷瘤小鼠的免疫功能具有显保护作用（P＜0．01，P＜0．05），且呈剂量依赖趋，结论：维生素C可提高荷瘤小鼠的免疫功能，并具有减轻荷瘤小鼠脏器受损程度及改善荷瘤小鼠血红蛋白含量的作用。     

Immunization strategies to augment oral vaccination with DNA and viral vectors expressing HIV envelope glycoprotein

Induction of mucosal immunity to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope (env; gp160) glycoprotein has been demonstrated with orally administered recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV) vectors and poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG)-encapsulated plasmid DNA expressing gp160. In this study, we investigated the effect of an oral DNA-prime/rVV-boost vaccine regimen in conjunction with adjuvants on the level of gp160-specific cellular and humoral responses in BALB/c mice. We demonstrated that DNA priming followed by a booster with rVV expressing gp160 (vPE16) significantly augmented env-specific immunity in systemic and mucosal tissues of the immunized mice. Association of vPE16 with liposomes and coadministration of liposome-associated beta-glucan lentinan or IL-2/Ig-encoded plasmid DNA-encapsulated in PLG microparticles triggered the optimal cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses. Lentinan was found to increase env-specific type 1 cytokine production and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activities but had no effect on humoral responses. On the other hand, IL-2/Ig-mediated increases in both type 1 and 2 activities were associated with higher levels of env-specific CTL and antibody responses. Results of these studies demonstrated the effectiveness of oral vaccines with DNA and rVV vectors in conjunction with immunomodulators in inducing specific immune responses in systemic and mucosal tissues.     

Genetically defined race,but not sex,is associated with higher humoral and cellular immune responses to measles vaccination

In addition to host genetic and environmental factors, variations in immune responses to vaccination are influenced by demographic variables, such as race and sex. The influence of genetic race and sex on measles vaccine responses is not well understood, yet important for the development of much-needed improved measles vaccines with lower failure rates. We assessed associations between genetically defined race and sex with measles humoral and cellular immunity after measles vaccination in three independent and geographically distinct cohorts totaling 2872 healthy racially diverse children, older adolescents, and young adults. We found no associations between biological sex and either humoral or cellular immunity to measles vaccine, and no correlation between humoral and cellular immunity in these study subjects. Genetically defined race was, however, significantly associated with both measles vaccine-induced humoral and cellular immune responses, with subjects genetically classified as having African-American ancestry demonstrating significantly higher antibody and cell-mediated immune responses relative to subjects of Caucasian ancestry. This information may be useful in designing novel measles vaccines that are optimally effective across human genetic backgrounds.     

tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced hemolysis of alpha-tocopherol-decreased erythrocytes from selenium-deficient and selenium-adequate rats

The protective function of alpha-tocopherol, glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) from tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH)-induced hemolysis was studied with the erythrocytes from male Wistar rats fed selenium (Se)-adequate or -deficient diet for 3 months. By the preincubation with a water-soluble radical initiator, 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), at 10 mM for 6 h at 37 degrees C, alpha-tocopherol levels of the erythrocytes were decreased to 40% of the original level, that is, to the level insufficient for supporting the normal functions of the erythrocytes. With the Se-deficient cells, the hemolysis proceeded rapidly irrespective of the presence or absence of GSH in the incubation medium, and irrespective of the presence or absence of AAPH in the preincubation medium. Contrarily, GSH suppressed the hemolysis of Se-adequate cells which were preincubated with and without AAPH. These results are consistent with the notion that Se serves as the prime, important defense mechanism in the t-BuOOH-induced hemolysis through the activity of GSH-Px. Either alpha-tocopherol or GSH by itself, or both by themselves, may not play so significant a role as Se does in suppressing the hemolysis.     

Iron deficiency, inflammatory processes and humoral immunity in children

Indicators of iron status, markers of inflammatory processes, serum immunoglobulins and C3 and C4 components of complement were assessed in 142 children 10-months old. All the iron parameters and most of the indicators of humoral immunity were correlated with markers of inflammation. Sixty-two children presented biochemical indications of inflammation (high CRP or orosomucoid level, or hyperleukocytosis), while 80 children were free of it. In the latter group, the use of a combination of iron indicators enabled separation of iron-sufficient children from those with different degrees of iron deficiency, ranging from iron depletion to iron-deficiency anemia. Serum IgG and IgA were significantly lower only in the group of iron-depleted children. Serum ferritin was significantly positively correlated with IgA, IgM and C4. Iron depletion may be responsible for a decrease humoral immunity. This effect was not visible at more advanced stages of iron deficiency.