A method for quick assessment of earthquake-triggered landslide hazards: a case study of the Mw6.1 2014 Ludian,China earthquake

Rapid assessment of the distribution of earthquake-triggered landslides is an important component of effective disaster mitigation. The effort should be based on both seismic landslide susceptibility and the ground shaking intensity, which is usually measured by peak ground acceleration (PGA). In this paper, we address this issue by analyzing data from the Mw6.1 2014 Ludian, China earthquake. The Newmark method of rigid-block modeling was applied to calculate the critical acceleration of slopes in the study area, which serve as measurement of slope stability under seismic load. The assessment of earthquake-triggered landslide hazard was conducted by comparing these critical accelerations with the distribution of known PGA values. The study area was classified into zones of five levels of landslide hazard: high, moderate high, moderate, light, and very light. Comparison shows that the resulting landslide hazard zones agree with the actual distribution of earthquake-triggered landslides. Nearly 70% of landslides are located in areas of high and moderately high hazard, which occupy only 17% of the study region. This paper demonstrates that using PGA, combined with the analysis of seismic landslide susceptibility, allows a reliable assessment of earthquake-triggered landslides hazards. This easy-operation mapping method is expected to be helpful in emergency preparedness planning, as well as in seismic landslide hazard zoning.

     

Numerical and safety considerations about the Daguangbao landslide induced by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake resulted in a large number of fatalities and caused significant economic losses.Thousands of landslides,many of which are very large,were triggered by the earthquake.A majority of catastrophic landslides were distributed along the central Longmenshan fault system,at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Some of the landslides resulted in sudden damming of rivers causing flooding,which in turn induced secondary sliding disasters.Among the most significant landslides,the Daguangbao landslide was the largest in volume with the maximum thickness.For this,a numerical model of the Daguangbao landslide,using the material point method(MPM),was developed to simulate the interaction of the seismic loads imposed on the slope.The numerical results then are compared with the post-earthquake profile.As a consequence of the landslide,a nearly vertical head scarp with a maximum height of about 700 m was generated.This is considered as a high risk situation that requires constant monitoring and evaluation.Finally,we propose a methodology based on Bayesian networks(BNs) to manage the risk associated with the stability of the rockwall at the Daguangbao landslide site.     

雅安地震区吴家山滑坡变形及稳定性分析

雅安地震引发昊家山地区老滑坡体发生失稳现象，安置GPS监测系统对该地区进行了变形监测。在区域地质条件基础上，运用极限平衡法分析坡体稳定性；利用FLAC3D三维显式有限差分程序建立模型，输入地震波分析地震作用下坡体的变形情况，并结合实际GPS监测结果，探讨变形规律。稳定性分析表明地震作用导致边坡稳定性大幅下降，引起了此次边坡变形失稳；同一地震作用下不同土层的动响应程度不同，老滑坡体对地震作用更加敏感；数值模拟结果揭示了地震作用下坡体的变形情况，与实际监测结果进行了对比分析，对研究坡体变形有借鉴意义。     

Clarifying the hydrological mechanisms and thresholds for rainfall-induced landslide: in situ monitoring of big data to unsaturated slope stability analysis

The development of early warning systems for landslide hazards has long been a challenge because the accuracy of such systems is limited by both the complicated underlying mechanisms of landslides and the lack of in situ data. In this study, we implemented a multivariate threshold criterion that integrates in situ monitoring data and data from unsaturated hydro-mechanical analyses as an early warning system for rainfall-induced landslides in the Wenchuan earthquake region of China. The results indicate that rainfall intensity is closely correlated with the probability of landslide occurrence. Variations in matric suction and suction stress were obtained from in situ measurements and used to quantify the soil water retention curve, which presented clear hysteresis characteristics. The impacts of rainfall infiltration on slope failure in post-earthquake landslide areas under transient rainfall conditions were quantified by hydro-mechanical modelling theories. Variations in the suction stress of unsaturated soil were used to calculate the safety factor. The influence of hydrological hysteresis processes on the slope failure mechanism was analysed. Multivariate threshold criteria that include the intensity–probability (I-P) threshold, soil moisture and matric suction based on in situ big data and unsaturated slope stability analysis benchmarks are proposed for use in an early warning system for rainfall-induced landslides.

     

Considering seismic coefficient distributions within slopes to calculate landslide reactivation probability

Landslides can be reactivated by earthquakes, causing severe damage to intensely urbanised areas. A probability analysis of earthquake-induced landslide reactivation was performed in the intensely urbanised Avcilar-Beylikdüzü Peninsula, 35 km west of Istanbul (Turkey), by considering seismic coefficient distributions within slopes instead of attributing a constant seismic coefficient value. Nine rototranslational landslides with lengths ranging from 100 to 1000 m were inventoried; all of the landslides involved heterogeneous soils ascribable to Cenozoic formations and affected intensely urbanised areas that have expanded significantly over the last decade. Sinusoidal functions characterised by different frequencies and initial phases as well as amplitudes of 0.35 g, corresponding to the peak ground acceleration for a return period of 475 years, were considered. Landslide submasses with secondary sliding surfaces were treated by performing a separate stability slope analysis from that implemented for the main sliding surfaces. Sensitivity analyses were carried out by deriving horizontal seismic coefficient distributions within the landslide masses. These took the form of sinusoidal variations, each controlled by an assumed phase and frequency. Moreover, different water pressure distributions within the landside submasses were considered to account for the possible role of increased water pore pressure during rainfall events. Probability maps were obtained by computing the percentage probability of reactivation for each landslide submass taking into account all the considered seismic coefficient distributions. According to the results obtained, about 33 % of the inventoried landslides have a >50 % probability of being reactivated.     

地震作用下黄土滑坡加速度深度放大效应及震后变形模式研究

基于相似比理论,设计并完成了典型黄土滑坡物理模型试验,采用先进的离心机振动台技术,实现水平+垂直振动,研究黄土滑坡的地震动放大效应及变形模式,并配合有限差分数值模拟方法相互验证。结果表明：沿滑坡体浅表层加速度放大作用具有明显的趋表效应,水平向和垂向加速度放大效应呈非线性增加,且水平向大于垂向;在滑坡体的滑动面附近加速度放大作用呈现出岩性结构效应;随高程增加加速度响应逐渐增大,表现出高程效应,滑坡后壁放大作用明显。随入射地震波强度的增加,滑坡体内部关键部位加速度放大作用基本是先增大后减小的趋势。强震作用下黄土滑坡的破坏形式为：滑坡后壁形成拉裂隙并逐渐扩展,滑坡后壁发生崩塌,滑体略有下挫,形成拉槽,坡体中部鼓胀,坡脚有大量崩积物。研究结果为探讨地震作用下黄土滑坡的加速度放大效应和变形破坏情况,以期为天水地区黄土滑坡的地震稳定性评价和抗震设计提供参考。     

岩土边坡地震崩滑及其初判准则

根据我国过去近８００ 年间地震诱发天然岩土边坡崩滑的事例, 研究了我国岩土边坡地震崩滑的特征, 以及边坡地震崩滑与地震动参数的关系。通过对１２５ 次历史地震造成的２８５ 例典型滑坡进行分析, 提出了预测天然岩土边坡地震崩滑的初判标准。     

强震过程滑带超间隙水压力效应研究:大光包滑坡启动机制

大光包滑坡是汶川地震触发的最大规模滑坡,其滑带地质背景为埋深400 m的饱水层间构造破碎带。为研究强震过程该带间隙水压力(孔隙和裂隙水压力)响应特征,设计夹饱水软弱层地质体单元模型,并开展系列振动台试验,结果表明:振动过程软弱层超间隙水压力显著大于上下硬层,且具有瞬态生成和逐渐累积特性,进一步揭示依赖模型非协调变形的"振动冲压-拉张"和"振动剪切"是瞬态超间隙水压力成因、依赖软弱层非协调变形的动力损伤是超间隙水压力累积成因,从而建立了垂直和水平振动耦合作用下包含间隙水压力系数r_w和间隙水压力作用的有效面积系数h的地震滑坡滑带有效应力模型。对于大光包滑坡,滑带h估测范围为0.7~0.9,当r_w为0.73~1.04时滑带抗剪强度可降为0;振动台试验表明,汶川强震过程大光包滑坡区地震动参数可使r_w达到这一水平。最后,提出大光包滑坡启动的"强震作用-层间错动带控滑-动力非协调变形致损、扩容-超间隙水压力激发-滑坡启动"演化过程机制。     

岷县漳县6.6级地震永光村滑坡致灾机制分析

2013年7月22日甘肃省定西市岷县漳县MS6.6级地震,诱发了大量黄土滑坡和崩塌灾害。基于对岷县梅川镇永光村西侧泥流状黄土滑坡的现场勘察、探井取样和高密度面波勘探,得到了该滑坡的地形条件和土层分布特点。通过对滑坡体土样进行室内动三轴液化试验,验证了该滑坡土体在地震作用下发生液化的可能。结合动力有限元法和强度折减法,分析了该滑坡在地震作用下的动力响应特征和动力稳定性的影响因素。结果表明:震前的持续强降雨,导致滑坡体表层黄土含水率升高,抗剪强度降低,在强地震荷载作用下,黄土层之间存在拉应力效应,表层土体发生液化,造成该斜坡失稳瞬间发生,发生长距离滑移。     

Geological characteristics of landslides triggered by the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake in Mt. Aso volcano,Japan

On 16 April 2016, a M_w 7.0 earthquake occurred in Kumamoto city, Japan. The main shock induced two large landslides, namely the Aso Bridge landslide and the Aso Volcanological Laboratory landslide. Their topographical and geological conditions and motion features were investigated by using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and portable dynamic cone penetration tests (PPTs). The Aso Bridge landslide lies between elevations of 385 m and 725 m, with a total estimated volume of about 1,980,000 m³. The main body is composed of cohesive soil with lapilli and block. The Aso Volcanological Laboratory landslide lies on a slope between 483 m to 582 m, and the total volume is about 81,000 m³, with an average thickness of 4.5 m. The main body is composed of Kusasenrigahama volcanic pumice tephra beds. The material compositions and deposits of both landslides have low cohesion and easily induced shear failure for the two landslides. The sliding distance of the Aso Bridge landslide was long, the sliding direction almost unchanged from the scarp to the toe, and the sliding speed was rapid. The sliding distance of the Aso Volcanological Laboratory landslide, however, was short, the sliding direction changed from the N-direction at the scarp to the NW-direction at the toe, and the sliding speed was slow.

     

The genetic mechanism of a translational landslide

Translational landslides are common in China, particularly in the interbedded mudstone sandstone sequence of the Three Gorges reservoir area and the Sichuan basin. The paper discusses the genetic mechanism and limit equilibrium criterion for single and multi-translational landslides based on physical model tests and numerical analysis. It focuses particularly on the generation of hydrostatic pressure and uplift pressure under intense rainfall conditions and the corresponding deformation and failure processes. A model was constructed based on the actual conditions at the 17 million m³ Fengdian Kualiangdzi landslide and the 25 million m³ Tiantai village landslide. It revealed a clear relationship between the critical water head value and the dip angle of the sliding plane.      

Evaluation of dynamic stability and analysis of reinforcement measures of a landslide under seismic action: a case study on the Yanyangcun landslide

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment - Earthquakes are a major landslide trigger, and evaluation of the dynamic stability of landslides under seismic action is very important. The...     

基于环剪试验的汶川地震大型滑坡启动机理探索

2008年5·12汶川地震触发了大量滑坡灾害,牛眠沟滑坡是发生于震中的同震大型滑坡。经过现场调查,该滑坡启动后即与对岸山梁相撞并产生20 m爬高,估算速度达19.8 m/s,表现出高速启动特征。取滑带材料进行室内环剪试验,结果表明试样在不排水条件下具有很高的剪切液化能力,且动剪应力下容易液化,液化后材料视摩擦角仅为9.4°,从而得出地震滑带材料液化可能导致牛眠沟滑坡高速启动。通过能量方法,估算了不排水动剪试验材料的液化能量和地震过程通过滑带的地震能量。结果表明,滑带材料破坏所需峰值加速度为192 gal,液化所需能量为2.3×10~4J/m~2;汶川地震沿滑带方向提供最大地震加速度为799 gal,从而满足滑带液化的能量条件,并推测滑坡可能在地震初期突然触发。     

Engineering geology and future stability of the El Risco landslide,NW-Gran Canaria,Spain

A 200 m long segment of the only main road in NW-Gran Canaria is built on landslide deposits near the village of El Risco. Structural mapping and analysis of the topography reveal that the N–S striking landslide head scarp is the upper part of a sub-circular failure surface. The southern side of the landslide is delimited by a much older E–W strike-slip fault. Prior to pavement resurfacing in 2006, cracks in the road tarmac at the northern and southern sides of the landslide suggested ongoing creep movement. Slope stability analyses suggest that peak ground acceleration (PGA) was the most likely trigger for the initial failure.      

基于GIS的降雨滑坡渗流–稳定实时评价方法研究

降雨是诱发滑坡灾害的主要因素之一。阐述了不同降雨强度下的雨水在边坡体中的渗透过程,其中考虑了不同降雨强度下的土壤入渗能力变化、降雨入渗量及降雨入渗前锋界面与地下水位的转化关系。将经典的Green-Ampt模型与三维极限平衡模型耦合,假定入渗区域饱和,并考虑任意降雨强度,建立了基于GIS栅格数据格式的降雨渗透-稳定实时评价模型,来定量评价斜坡体的实时稳定状态。通过模型算法和例题分析验证了本文所提方法可对单体滑坡进行实时稳定性分析。     

Numerical simulations of kinetic formation mechanism of Tangjiashan landslide

Tangjiashan landslide is a typical high-speed landslide hosted on consequent bedding rock.The landslide was induced by Wenchuan earthquake at a medium-steep hill slope.The occurrence of Tangjiashan landslide was basically controlled by the tectonic structure,topography,stratum lithology,slope structure,seismic waves,and strike of river.Among various factors,the seismic loading with great intensity and long duration was dominant.The landslide initiation exhibited the local amplification effect of seismic waves at the rear of the slope,the dislocation effect on the fault,and the shear failure differentiating effect on the regions between the soft and the hard layers.Based on field investigations and with the employment of the distinct element numerical simulation program UDEC(universal distinct element code),the whole kinetic sliding process of Tangjiashan landslide was represented and the formation mechanism of the consequent rock landslide under seismic loading was studied.The results are helpful for understanding seismic dynamic responses of consequent bedding rock slopes,where the slope stability could be governed by earthquakes.     

利用强震记录分析汶川地震诱发滑坡

 根据Newmark方法提出一种在已知强震记录和滑坡数据的情况下,推导斜坡临界加速度的方法。采用这种方法,利用汶川地震中理县的3组强震记录数据和地震滑坡数据,得到沙坝台,桃坪台,木卡台附近区域的临界加速度估计值分别为40,50和70 gal。计算结果与灾区实际比较脆弱的地质情况一致。斜坡临界加速度可以作为利用地震动参数判定斜坡在地震作用下是否破坏变形的定量依据,为地震滑坡的定量研究提供一种思路。利用所提出的方法和汶川地震得到的大量强震记录,对龙门山地区的临界加速度进行评估,为震后恢复重建中的工程应用和地震滑坡灾害预测、区划工作提供定量参考信息。研究方法和结果有助于推动我国地震滑坡的定量化研究。     

强震作用下滑坡岩体震裂损伤程度影响因素研究

汶川地震触发了大量的地震滑坡,其中滑坡岩体普遍出现了不同程度的震裂损伤现象。通过大光包滑坡现场大量的调查工作,揭示了该滑坡不同部位岩体的震裂损伤程度随埋深、地形地貌及岩性条件的不同呈现出一定的规律性,基于疲劳试验,从动力学的角度,分析了强震作用下滑坡岩体震裂损伤程度的影响因素。试验结果表明:上限应力是影响岩体震裂损伤程度的首要因素,应力水平是震动频率影响岩体震裂损伤程度的前提。并基于此分析得出,滑坡不同部位受控于埋深及地形地貌的差异,决定了其受到的地震作用力及应力状态各不相同,是影响岩体震裂损伤程度的动力因素;而滑坡不同岩性之间岩体结构的差异,导致其表现出不同的破坏特征,决定了在相同地震荷载下损伤程度各不相同,是影响岩体震裂损伤程度的内在因素;地震爆发初期,强烈的地震冲击作用力在短时间内对岩体产生的巨大损伤及岩体自身结构的缺陷,是造成岩体最终震裂损伤的基础。以上研究成果为强震作用下滑坡岩体的震裂损伤程度进行快速的定性评价提供了依据,并丰富了大光包滑坡滑带岩体碎裂化成因机制研究。     

库水位下降对滑坡稳定性的影响

三峡水库2003年蓄水后，滑坡将可能成为三峡库区最严重的地质灾害之一，库水位下降和暴雨是导致滑坡的主要因素。根据三峡库水位调控方案考虑库区极端暴雨情况，利用有限元模拟库水位在175～145m波动和降雨时红石包滑坡Ⅲ的暂态渗流场，将计算得到的暂态孔隙水压力分布用于滑坡的极限平衡分析，并考虑基吸力对非饱和土抗剪强度的影响。探讨不同降雨速度、降雨条件对滑坡稳定性的影响。研究表明：库水位下降对滑坡稳定性的影响受控于滑坡土的入渗能力和滑坡结构形态，当暴雨强度为300mm／d时，红石包滑坡Ⅲ的临界降速1m／d。其成果将为库区滑坡治理提供科学依据。     

地震边坡破坏机制及其破裂面的分析探讨

 地震作用下边坡破坏机制是边坡动力稳定性分析的前提,目前主要采用拟静力与动力有限元时程分析的方法进行分析,认为地震边坡破坏机制为剪切破坏,并以极限平衡法计算得到的剪切滑移面作为地震动力作用下的破裂面,而不考虑地震荷载作用下的拉破坏,从而使地震边坡稳定性分析失真。汶川地震边坡调研发现,滑坡上部多数发生拉破坏,甚至有些岩土体被抛出,这是一个很好的启示,为此,采用FLAC动力强度折减法,结合具有拉和剪切破坏分析功能的FLAC3D软件对地震边坡破坏机制进行数值分析。计算表明,地震边坡的破坏由边坡潜在破裂区上部拉破坏与下部剪切破坏共同组成,而不是剪切滑移破坏,通过多种途径给出地震边坡破裂面位置的确定方法,为边坡动力稳定性分析提供更加准确的基础。