隧道火灾中正庚烷池火的火焰振荡特性研究EI北大核心CSCD

在小尺寸隧道实验台开展一系列实验,对正庚烷池火火焰振荡特性进行研究。通过Matlab图像处理工具箱提取火焰振荡频率,分析不同隧道宽度下无量纲火焰振荡频率St和弗劳德数Fr之间的关系。结果表明在隧道火灾中,正庚烷池火的燃烧过程可以分为初始燃烧阶段、过渡阶段和稳定燃烧阶段。在初始阶段和稳定阶段中火焰振荡频率不变,过渡阶段可进一步分为间歇性顶棚射流火焰和连续性顶棚射流火焰阶段,其无量纲火焰振荡频率St均和Fr^(-0.5)成正比。隧道宽度对正庚烷池火振荡特性也有影响,在间歇性顶棚射流火焰阶段,隧道宽度减小能够增大质量燃烧速率,从而增大比例系数;在连续性顶棚射流火焰阶段,由于反浮力壁面射流的卷吸作用,隧道宽度减小反而导致比例系数减小。     

隧道火灾中正庚烷池火燃烧特性的实验研究

隧道火灾中热释放速率是评估临界风速、最高温度及温度分布的一个重要参数,而火源高度和隧道宽度是两个影响热释放速率的重要因素。为揭示上述两个因素对隧道火灾发展的影响,在缩放比例为1:10的隧道模型中进行了一系列小尺寸火灾模拟实验并对正庚烷池火的燃烧过程进行了研究。结果表明:隧道火灾的热释放速率明显大于开放环境,其燃烧过程可分为初始燃烧阶段、过渡阶段和稳定燃烧阶段;增加火源高度地面火灾（火源高度与隧道高度之比H*=0.1）质量燃烧速率小于其他各工况,H*=0.7时质量燃烧速率能增大到地面火灾的3.53倍~5倍;无量纲火焰蔓延总长度正比于无量纲热释放速率的五分之二次方,由于隧道侧壁的限制作用,其比例系数小于Hasemi's模型。     

双通道气流式喷嘴火焰声学特性试验研究

研究双通道气流式喷嘴射流火焰不同燃烧状态下的声学特性。发现,火焰随氧化剂流量的增大而呈现四个阶段:层流、湍流、狂暴和吹熄。层流火焰产生低能量低频噪声;湍流火焰噪声由两波段噪声组成;狂暴火焰噪声能量远大于湍流火焰及层流火焰。火焰噪声是喷雾噪声与燃烧噪声的耦合。火焰声学信号分析可作为监测火焰燃烧稳定性的一种手段。     

点火位置对管道内油气泄压爆炸超压特性影响

进行了初始油气浓度为1.7%全透明方管内不同点火位置(底部、中部和口部)对油气泄压爆炸超压特性的影响,实验结果表明:(1)底部点火时超压曲线不发生明显振荡,中部和口部点火时,超压曲线振荡明显;(2)爆炸超压波形变化和火焰传播形态有密切的内在联系,底部点火时,超压变化过程主要受火焰加速、火焰面积尺寸和外部爆炸的影响;中部点火时超压变化除受到火焰加速、火焰面积尺寸和外部爆炸的影响之外,还受到火焰和声波相互作用的影响;口部点火时,超压变化还受到声波振荡的影响;(3)对于中部和口部点火,压力振荡上升期的振幅呈指数增长,衰减期的振幅呈负指数下降;在超压上升阶段,振荡周期以接近二次抛物线的趋势下降,对于超压衰减阶段,超压振荡周期呈震荡上升;(4)对于管道内部测点,不考虑声波和火焰的相互作用时,最大超压峰值随着点火源与管道封闭端的距离的增大而减小;考虑声波和火焰的相互作用时,最大超压峰值随着点火距离的增大而增大。对于管道外部测点,不考虑声波和火焰的相互作用时,第一个超压峰值随着点火距离的增大而减小,如果考虑火焰声波的相互作用,最大超压峰值随着距离增大先减小再增大。     

窄条控制件对旋转振荡板尾流的控制

两个小窄条对称地放于两侧,对宽厚比B/H=3的旋转振荡平板的尾流旋涡脱落进行抑制.板在平行于来流位置附近绕对称轴作旋转振荡,振幅为10°.窄条长边与板的旋转轴平行,窄条表面与来流方向垂直,窄条宽度与板的厚度之比b/H=1/3.控制参数为窄条位置.尾流流动显示图片和尾流脉动速度谱结果表明,当窄条位于有效区域内时,板两侧的涡脱落得到有效抑制.有效区尺度随着无量纲频率的增大而增大,随着雷诺数的增大而减小.     

油气爆炸在细长密闭管道内的振荡传播特性

针对细长密闭管道内汽油蒸气-空气混合气爆炸的振荡传播特性进行实验。研究表明:细长密闭管道内的油气爆炸分为振荡和非振荡两种爆炸模式;振荡爆炸超压呈现出锯齿状振荡特征,其超压增长期由4个阶段组成:第1阶段无明显的压力上升;第2阶段的高压力上升速率与快速的火焰有关;第3阶段的超压振幅以抛物线形式增长,此阶段是否有压力振荡与油气浓度、管道长径比有关,第3阶段的振荡周期随时间减小,振荡周期与火焰锋面前方的未燃区长度有关;第4阶段的超压振幅以指数形式增长,振荡周期趋于稳定并随管道长度的增加呈线性关系增加,振荡周期受到油气浓度的影响;振荡爆炸只在一定油气浓度范围内发生,且振荡爆炸的发生与油气浓度、管道长径比有关;振荡爆炸极限范围及其在油气的爆炸极限内所占比例均随管道长径比的增加而增大。     

基于解析法的非均匀张力作用下运动薄膜的稳定性

目的针对高速印刷运动薄膜在传输制备过程中由于相邻导纸辊等支撑副的平行度误差,料膜沿宽度方向张力分布易出现不均匀性问题,研究提高印刷设备的工作稳定性的方法。方法根据D’Alembert原理建立运动薄膜的横向振动微分方程,引入无量纲量,将微分方程转化为无量纲形式,利用解析法求解运动薄膜的复频率方程。结果得到不同参数下无量纲复频率与无量纲速度的变化曲线,当增大张力系数、张力比,或者减小长宽比时,薄膜系统达到发散失稳的临界无量纲速度增大,运动薄膜系统越稳定。结论获得了在不同张力比、张力系数、长宽比等参数下薄膜系统达到发散失稳的临界无量纲速度。     

顺向正弦来流条件下圆柱气动力和绕流流场数值模拟研究

为深入了解顺向阵风来流对圆柱气动力和流场特性的影响,开展了雷诺数(Re)为1 000的圆柱绕流三维大涡模拟,研究了不同频率顺向正弦来流对圆柱气动力和流场结构的影响规律,详细分析了升阻力系数、斯特劳哈尔数(St)、回流长度、分离角和尾流结构等参数的变化规律。顺向正弦来流速度为U=U₀+Asin(2πft),其中来流频率f的变化范围为0～0.3 Hz,U₀为平均速度,A为竖向正弦来流的振幅,设为0.15U₀。研究结果表明：圆柱阻力系数卓越频率(即主导频率)与正弦来流频率基本一致,升力系数存在3个明显的频率峰值,分别对应涡脱频率与来流频率之差、涡脱频率、涡脱频率与来流频率之和。随着正弦来流频率f增大,St先减小后增大,在f=0.25 Hz时达到最小值,而回流长度先增大后减小,且在f=0.15 Hz时达到最大值。当f≤St时,分离角不变,而顺流向最小速度逐渐增大;当f>St时,分离角逐渐增大.     

脉冲磁场作用于钢液熔体的电磁场数值模拟

为了解脉冲磁场的电磁力特性,利用ANSYS软件,脉冲电源波形采用梯形波,对脉冲磁场作用下钢液的电磁场进行了模拟,得到了电磁力周期变化规律,脉冲频率和脉冲波型对脉冲电磁力的影响规律.结果表明:脉冲磁场作用下,电磁力瞬时发生变向,往复振荡熔体;在研究的脉冲放电频率范围内,脉冲放电频率的改变对电磁场、力场的分布影响不大;对于采用的梯形脉冲波形,电磁力随着脉冲上升沿和下降沿宽度的减小而显著增大,而当脉冲宽度增大时,脉冲电磁力呈现减小的趋势.     

褐煤煤尘爆炸火焰传播特性及燃烧热分解机理研究

煤尘爆炸是矿井安全开采的主要危险源之一。以褐煤煤尘为研究对象,探究煤尘粒径对煤尘火焰传播过程的影响。用高速摄影装置记录火焰的传播过程,进而分析不同粒径下煤尘爆炸火焰传播的高度和速度。为进一步分析煤尘燃烧过程中的化学反应机理,借助反应分子动力学方法对煤分子燃烧中的初始热分解过程进行了模拟。研究结果表明:爆炸火焰传播高度呈先增加、后稳定的趋势,传播速度呈先增大、后减小的趋势;随着煤尘粒径的减小,火焰传播高度和传播速度均呈增大的趋势;当煤尘粒径为10.5 μm时,火焰传播高度和传播速度的峰值分别为623 mm和4.3 m/s;煤尘热分解主要产物为H₂、H₂O、CO₂和CH₂O,这些产物进一步与氧气的结合会促进煤尘燃烧和火焰传播过程,使得整个体系燃速加快。为煤尘热分解和燃烧提供了较为充分的数据基础。     

Initial fuel temperature effects on burning rate of pool fire

The influence of the initial fuel temperature on the burning behavior of n-heptane pool fire was experimentally studied at the State Key Laboratory of Fire Science (SKLFS) large test hall. Circular pool fires with diameters of 100mm, 141 mm, and 200 mm were considered with initial fuel temperatures ranging from 290 K to 363 K. Burning rate and temperature distributions in fuel and vessel wall were recorded during the combustion. The burning rate exhibited five typical stages: initial development, steady burning, transition, bulk boiling burning, and decay. The burning rate during the steady burning stage was observed to be relatively independent of the initial fuel temperature. In contrast, the burning rate of the bulk boiling burning stage increases with increased initial fuel temperature. It was also observed that increased initial fuel temperature decreases the duration of steady burning stage. When the initial temperature approaches the boiling point, the steady burning stage nearly disappears and the burning rate moves directly from the initial development stage to the transition stage. The fuel surface temperature increases to its boiling point at the steady burning stage, shortly after ignition, and the bulk liquid reaches boiling temperature at the bulk boiling burning stage. No distinguished cold zone is formed in the fuel bed. However, boiling zone is observed and the thickness increases to its maximum value when the bulk boiling phenomena occurs.     

Laser-induced incandescence measurements of soot in turbulent pool fires

We present what we believe to be the first application of the laser-induced incandescence (LII) technique to large-scale fire testing. The construction of an LII instrument for fire measurements is presented in detail. Soot volume fraction imaging from 2?m diameter pool fires burning blended toluene/methanol liquid fuels is demonstrated along with a detailed report of measurement uncertainty in the challenging pool fire environment. Our LII instrument relies upon remotely located laser, optical, and detection systems and the insertion of water-cooled, fiber-bundle-coupled collection optics into the fire plume. Calibration of the instrument was performed using an ethylene/air laminar diffusion flame produced by a Santoro-type burner, which allowed for the extraction of absolute soot volume fractions from the LII images. Single-laser-shot two-dimensional images of the soot layer structure are presented with very high volumetric spatial resolution of the order of 10(-5)?cm3. Probability density functions of the soot volume fraction fluctuations are constructed from the large LII image ensembles. The results illustrate a highly intermittent soot fluctuation field with potentially large macroscale soot structures and clipped soot probability densities.     

Criteria for intermittent and continuous disturbance transitiion of ERA interaction with

There are two interaction mechanisms between shaped charge jet and the thin flying plate driven by explosion, that is, the intermittent and continuous disturbance. Determination of the transition criteria for the intermittent and continuous disturbance is of importance for the penetration calculation of the escaping jet and the design of ERA. In this paper a new criteria is presented based on the analysis of interaction process, and the effects of NATO angle and the thickness of flying plate on the disturbance frequency are discussed. It is shown that the critical shaped charge jet velocity increases with the plate thickness and NATO angle, especially increases drastically between 450 and 600.     

Analysis of Flame Extinguishment and Height in Low Frequency Acoustically Excited Methane Jet Diffusion Flame

The exploration of microgravity conditions in space is increasing and existing fire extinguishing technology is often inadequate for fire safety in this special environment. As a result, improving the efficiency of portable extinguishers is of growing importance. In this work, a visual study of the effects on methane jet diffusion flames by low frequency sound waves is conducted to assess the extinguishing ability of sound waves. With a small-scale sound wave extinguishing bench, the extinguishing ability of certain frequencies of sound waves are identified, and the response of the flame height is observed and analyzed. Results show that the flame structure changes with disturbance due to low frequency sound waves of 60–100 Hz, and quenches at effective frequencies in the range of 60–90 Hz. In this range, 60 Hz is considered to be the quick extinguishing frequency, while 70–90 Hz is the stable extinguishing frequency range. For a fixed frequency, the flame height decreases with sound pressure level (SPL). The flame height exhibits the greatest sensitivity to the 60 Hz acoustic waves, and the least to the 100 Hz acoustic waves. The flame height decreases almost identically with disturbance by 70–90 Hz acoustic waves.     

The influence of low atmospheric pressure on carbon monoxide of n-heptane pool fires

Qualitative theoretical analysis about air pressure influence upon the gas concentration of a fire plume was given, different scale n-heptane pool fires were conducted in a small and a standard compartment room in Lhasa and Hefei, respectively. The experimental results show that, in Lhasa, the average mass burning rates in the small room and the standard room both decrease, burning time increases at about 53% in small room and 45% in standard room more than in Hefei. Whereas for maximum changes of CO concentration, in the small room, in Lhasa, CO concentrations reach about twice bigger peak values at larger increase rates than in Hefei. While in the standard room, in Lhasa and Hefei, there are no significant changes for CO concentration, which agrees well with the theoretical analysis results.     

TIG焊接时熔池外激振荡与熔透的关系

用脉冲电流冲击熔池,使熔池产生有规律的振荡,造成孤长和电弧电压有规律的变化,检测电弧电压变化量及其变化规律,发现熔池振荡频率与熔池尺寸有一定的对应的关系。本文介绍了能产生冲击电流的晶体管电源及熔池振荡信号检测系统。研究了电弧参数如弧长、脉冲电流幅值,脉冲电流持续时间等对产生熔池振荡的影响。研究了熔池振荡特性与熔池尺寸的关系,发现随着熔池上面和背面宽度的增加,熔池振荡频率下降,找出了不同板厚熔池尺寸与其振荡频率的关系,把熔池振荡特微做为熔透控制信号,是一条可行的途径。     

Mg(OH)2-Al(OH)3-微胶囊红磷/高抗冲聚苯乙烯无卤阻燃复合材料

以氢氧化镁(MH)、氢氧化铝(ATH) 和微胶囊红磷(MRP) 为无卤阻燃剂, 高抗冲聚苯乙烯(HIPS) 树脂为聚合物基体, 通过熔融共混法制备了一系列不同组成的MH-ATH-MRP/HIPS复合材料。采用水平燃烧、垂直燃烧、氧指数、锥形量热分析、高温热分解实验等方法研究了复合材料的阻燃性能。结果表明, 阻燃剂用量相同时, 在HIPS基体中同时引入MH和ATH得到的复合材料比单独加入MH或ATH得到的复合材料具有更好的阻燃性能。当MH-ATH/HIPS的质量比为70:30:100时, 复合材料的水平燃烧级别达到FH-1级, 氧指数为25.2%, 但垂直燃烧无级别。在上述体系中加入极少量的MRP(占复合材料的质量分数为2.9%)就可使复合材料的火灾性能指数(FPI) 提高85%, 燃烧过程中热量释放和质量损失更慢、成炭能力明显增强, 垂直燃烧级别达到FV-0级。当MH-ATH-MRP/HIPS的质量比为21:9:12:100时, 复合材料的各项阻燃性能达到最佳, 可以大幅度减少阻燃剂的用量。MH、ATH和MRP对HIPS具有非常显著的协同阻燃作用。同时加入MH和ATH时不仅可以在更宽的温度范围内抑制HIPS的升温和分解, 而且能够在更宽的温度范围内相继释放出水蒸气稀释氧气和可燃气体的浓度, 从而起到协同阻燃作用。加入MRP后复合材料的成炭能力大大增强, 进一步改善了凝聚相阻燃的效果, 因此阻燃性能显著提高。     

不同压力下乙烷喷射火火焰特征研究

为了研究不同喷射压力对乙烷喷射火火焰形态和热辐射范围的影响,进行30、35、50 mm喷嘴口径下乙烷喷射火的引燃试验,通过对喷射火的火焰高度、温度和热辐射强度进行监测,分析不同喷射压力下乙烷喷射火的燃烧规律。结果表明,随着喷射压力和喷嘴口径的增大,火焰高度和温度逐渐升高;在50 mm喷嘴口径、0.20 MPa压力时,火焰最高温度达到1 260 ℃;在30 mm喷嘴口径和0.15、0.20 MPa喷射压力时,距离火焰30 cm处热辐射强度超过25 kW/m²,达到可能致死的辐射量级。     

Simulation of turbulent mode of combustion of gas jets

The diffusion mode of combustion of fuel jets in an oxygen-containing atmosphere occurs very widely both in nature and in engineering. In so doing, a glowing flame is formed, whose geometric dimensions define the energy efficiency of combustion of fuel.The hydrodynamic structure of the flame exhibits a number of differences from the classical jet flows, in particular, from well-studied subsonic turbulent jets [1]. The flames are characterized by a high degree of hydrodynamic instability; however, at the same time, the flame height clearly follows the phenomenon such as the change of laminar mode for turbulent one; by the way, this phenomenon presents a difficult problem for investigation in flows of other types.The diffusion mode of jet combustion is of further interest because of the presence of “scaling” effect, i.e., the dependence of the relative flame height both on the Reynolds number (which is typical of all flows with laminarto-turbulent transition) and on the dimensionless nozzle diameter (d ₀/d*); in so doing, the threshold value of d* divides the entire diversity of dimensions into regions with the presence and absence of this effect.These and other features of burning fuel jets present a serious problem for mathematical simulation of burners and combustors.The paper contains analysis of a number of relations used in different models of turbulent combustion.