风景园林信息模型与水文水动力模型的耦合及应用

以山东省潍坊市高新区东部东瀑沙河、西瀑沙河和东浞河为研究对象,利用风景园林信息模型(Landscape Information Modeling,LIM)对三个流域进行数字流域模型构建并开展水文水动力数值模拟,探究流域水系空间特征和水文时空变化.模拟结果应用于该区域的景观规划,以应对该流域常年无稳定径流,河道汇水流域水...     

基于DEM的普渡河流域水文特征提取方法研究

利用ArcGIS软件的Hydrology扩展模块,以昆明市普渡河流域为例,探讨了数字高程模型（DEM）的制作处理,对昆明市1∶5万的DEM进行图幅剪裁等预处理,生成了普渡河流域字高程模型。介绍了ArcGIS水文分析基本原理和方法。基于DEM和GIS进行流域的水文模拟分析,包括洼地填充、水流方向计算、水量累积量算、流网提取,最后进行了普渡河流域界线的划分并确定流域面积,生成了普渡河数字流域,同时把生成的结果与该区域的水文资料进行对比,效果良好。     

基于DEM的地貌单位线在铁路桥涵水文分析中的应用

以新疆博州支线铁路的某一流域为例,利用数字高程模型(DEM),获取了流域雨滴流路长度分布律及坡度分布律,在此基础上获得流域地貌瞬时单位线,并利用典型雨型求得流域洪水过程,同时得到了洪峰流量,指出用此方法求得的洪峰流量与该地区铁路桥涵水文分析模量公式结果相近,采用地貌单位线进行流域汇流计算能够取得较高的计算精度。     

基于倾斜模型的DEM数据生产方法研究

随着倾斜摄影测量技术发展和无人机设备的日益先进,全国有较多县、市实现了倾斜模型全域覆盖;数字高程模型(DEM)可用于研究和分析地形、水系流域、地物识别等,是重要的基础地理信息数据。阐述了基于原始倾斜模型的DEM数据生产方法,并使用实测RTK点验证数据精度,证明基于原始模型生产DEM数据的可行性。     

基于分形理论构建随机粗糙节理模型的方法研究

粗糙节理三维形貌特征是影响岩体沿节理面剪切力学性质的关键因素。采用3D扫描方法重构巴西劈裂试验得到的砂岩张节理表面形貌模型。根据粗糙节理表面统计自相似性质,引入地形学领域广泛应用的随机分形数字高程模型生成方法,通过调节不同的随机参数d,采用"菱形–正方形"算法迭代生成一系列不同形貌特征的分形粗糙表面数字高程模型,并将其与天然砂岩张节理进行形貌特征比较。采用三维盒维数法计算天然砂岩张节理以及随机构建的分形高程模型的分形维数,并基于选定的剪切方向统计2种模型的视倾角统计分布规律。分别以分形维数以及视倾角统计分布标准差为表征粗糙模型三维形貌特征的参数,确定了该天然张节理的形貌特征参数对应的粗糙度水平符合随机参数d=2~3 mm范围的分形高程模型的粗糙度水平,验证了基于分形理论构建随机数字高程模型的方法在模拟构建粗糙节理表面模型方面的可行性。     

基于JX4C获取数字高程模型数据的方法

本文介绍了数字高程模型（DEM）的概念及其获取方法,并结合广东省粤西测区1：1万数字高程模型更新与入库项目为例,着重论述了利用数字摄影测量系统JX4C获取数字高程模型数据的工作原理和方法,为数字高程模型的制作提供参考。     

基于GIS考虑准动态湿度指数的滑坡危险性预测水文-力学耦合模型研究

降雨在区域浅层滑坡灾害危险性预测研究中起着关键作用。为综合斜坡地形因素和由降雨引起的地表水下渗、地下水径流对斜坡稳定性的影响,结合基于物理过程的无限斜坡模型和基于数字高程模型 DEM 的简化运动波模型,提出考虑准动态湿度指数的滑坡危险性预测水文-力学耦合模型。该模型基于地理信息系统GIS平台,采用矢量-栅格复合单元对斜坡进行危险性分析(即以斜坡单元为基本研究对象,用栅格数据进行单个斜坡单元稳定性分析)。首先,基于极限平衡理论推导无限斜坡模型;然后,在考虑降雨强度以及持续时间的情况下应用简化的运动波模型计算降雨入渗和地下水径流作用过程中的地形准动态湿度指数,得到滑坡土体饱和因子在时间和空间上的分布情况,并在此基础上实现水文模型与无限斜坡模型的耦合;最后,以三峡库区巴东新城区滑坡灾害危险性预测为例,验证模型在区域浅层滑坡灾害危险性预测中具有较高的精度。     

基于ArcGIS从AutoCAD获取供水管网模型高程的研究

现有地形图的高程点通常因为缺乏高程属性而难以直接应用在供水系统信息化建设中.采用VBA语言进行编码,对高程标注进行匹配并提取DWG格式地图中的高程属性.利用GIS技术建立格网数字高程模拟(digital elevation model,DEM),基于DEM完成给水管网模型节点高程的提取,为供水管网水力动态模拟提供必备条件.     

基于ERDAS的淹没区面积分析方法

结合某大坝工程,对数字高程模型和流体动力学模型进行了分析,运用ERDAS软件计算出淹没区的面积,并将该面积与不考虑流体因素所计算出的淹没区面积相比较,从而分析这两种方法的优缺点。     

基于ArcGIS数字高程模型建立研究

通过对已有地形图进行矢量化提取高程信息,选用不规则三角网建模技术,借助于ArcGIS软件,生成数字高程模型,并对其进行了精度评定,结果表明：该方法建立数字高程模型的精度满足规范要求。     

An integrated multi-level watershed-reservoir modeling system for examining hydrological and biogeochemical processes in small prairie watersheds

Eutrophication of small prairie reservoirs presents a major challenge in water quality management and has led to a need for predictive water quality modeling. Studies are lacking in effectively integrating watershed models and reservoir models to explore nutrient dynamics and eutrophication pattern. A water quality model specific to small prairie water bodies is also desired in order to highlight key biogeochemical processes with an acceptable degree of parameterization. This study presents a Multi-level Watershed-Reservoir Modeling System (MWRMS) to simulate hydrological and biogeochemical processes in small prairie watersheds. It integrated a watershed model, a hydrodynamic model and an eutrophication model into a flexible modeling framework. It can comprehensively describe hydrological and biogeochemical processes across different spatial scales and effectively deal with the special drainage structure of small prairie watersheds. As a key component of MWRMS, a three-dimensional Willows Reservoir Eutrophication Model (WREM) is developed to addresses essential biogeochemical processes in prairie reservoirs and to generate 3D distributions of various water quality constituents; with a modest degree of parameterization, WREM is able to meet the limit of data availability that often confronts the modeling practices in small watersheds. MWRMS was applied to the Assiniboia Watershed in southern Saskatchewan, Canada. Extensive efforts of field work and lab analysis were undertaken to support model calibration and validation. MWRMS demonstrated its ability to reproduce the observed watershed water yield, reservoir water levels and temperatures, and concentrations of several water constituents. Results showed that the aquatic systems in the Assiniboia Watershed were nitrogen-limited and sediment flux played a crucial role in reservoir nutrient budget and dynamics. MWRMS can provide a broad context of decision support for water resources management and water quality protection in the prairie region.     

A hybrid neural-genetic algorithm for reservoir water quality management

A combined neural network and genetic algorithm (GA) was developed for water quality management of Feitsui Reservoir in Taiwan. First, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was employed to simulate the behavior of nutrient loads into the reservoir. The data from watershed loads, precipitation in the watershed, and outflow were used in the ANN model to forecast the total phosphorus concentration in the reservoir. A 6-year (1992-97) record of water quality data was used for network training, and additional data collected in 1998-2000 were used for model verification. Further, a GA was used with this ANN model to optimize the control of nutrient loads from the watershed. The GA was used as a search strategy to determine the proper reduction rates of nutrient loads from the watershed so that the objective function could be as close to the optimal value as possible. The study results indicate that the ANN model can effectively simulate the dynamics of reservoir water quality. The GA is able to identify control schemes that reduce the in-reservoir total phosphorus concentration by as much as 60%, and water quality in the reservoir can be expected to achieve an oligotrophic (most of the time) or mesotrophic level if the watershed nutrient loads are reduced by 10-80%.     

Flood and gully erosion problems at the Pasir open pit coal mine,Indonesia: a case study of the hydrology using GIS

This paper considers the flood and gully erosion problems at the Pasir open pit coal mine located in a humid region in Indonesia. Using the geographic information systems (GIS), quantitative information on the hydrological characteristics of the surface drainage system were obtained from a digital elevation model (DEM). Based on the results of the drainage analysis, raster-based spatial analysis was carried out to distinguish the bench slopes with concentrated surface drainage flows and to calculate the ratio between the amount of incoming water and the size of the temporary storage ponds. Finally, the bench slopes most vulnerable to gully erosion were identified and an optimal design for pump allocation suggested to reduce the risk of flooding during heavy rainfall. Since these recommendations were implemented, there has been no down-time due to flooding.      

Development of an integrated modeling system for improved multi-objective reservoir operation

Reservoir is an efficient way for flood control and improving all sectors related to water resources in the integrated water resources management. Moreover, multi-objective reservoir plays a significant role in the development of a country’s economy especially in developing countries. All multi-objective reservoirs have conflicts and disputes in flood control and water use, which makes the operator a great challenge in the decision of reservoir operation. For improved multi-objective reservoir operation, an integrated modeling system has been developed by incorporating a global optimization system (SCE-UA) into a distributed biosphere hydrological model (WEB-DHM) coupled with the reservoir routing module. The new integrated modeling system has been tested in the Da River subbasin of the Red River and showed the capability of reproducing observed reservoir inflows and optimizing the multi-objective reservoir operation. First, the WEB-DHM was calibrated for the inflows to the Hoa Binh Reservoir in the Da River. Second, the WEB-DHM coupled with the reservoir routing module was tested by simulating the reservoir water level, when using the observed dam outflows as the reservoir release. Third, the new integrated modeling system was evaluated by optimizing the operation rule of the Hoa Binh Reservoir from 1 June to 28 July 2006, which covered the annual largest flood peak. By using the optimal rule for the reservoir operation, the annual largest flood peak at downstream control point (Ben Ngoc station) was successfully reduced (by about 2.4m for water level and 2500m³·s⁻¹ for discharge); while after the simulation periods, the reservoir water level was increased by about 20m that could supply future water use.     

Bayesian modeling of flood control networks for failure cascade characterization and vulnerability assessment

This paper presents a Bayesian network model to assess the vulnerability of the flood control infrastructure and to simulate failure cascade based on the topological structure of flood control networks along with hydrological information gathered from sensors. Two measures are proposed to characterize the flood control network vulnerability and failure cascade: (a) node failure probability (NFP), which determines the failure likelihood of each network component under each scenario of rainfall event, and (b) failure cascade susceptibility, which captures the susceptibility of a network component to failure due to failure of other links. The proposed model was tested in both single watershed and multiple watershed scenarios in Harris County, Texas using historical data from three different flooding events, including Hurricane Harvey in 2017. The proposed model was able to identify the most vulnerable flood control network segments prone to flooding in the face of extreme rainfall. The framework and results furnish a new tool and insights to help decision‐makers to prioritize infrastructure enhancement investments and actions. The proposed Bayesian network modeling framework also enables simulation of failure cascades in flood control infrastructures, and thus could be used for scenario planning as well as near‐real‐time inundation forecasting to inform emergency response planning and operation, and hence improve the flood resilience of urban areas.     

Development of an integrated modeling system for improved multi-objective reservoir operation

Reservoir is an efficient way for flood control and improving all sectors related to water resources in the integrated water resources management. Moreover, multiobjective reservoir plays a significant role in the development of a country’s economy especially in developing countries. All multi-objective reservoirs have conflicts and disputes in flood control and water use, which makes the operator a great challenge in the decision of reservoir operation. For improved multi-objective reservoir operation, an integrated modeling system has been developed by incorporating a global optimization system (SCE-UA) into a distributed biosphere hydrological model (WEB-DHM) coupled with the reservoir routing module. The new integrated modeling system has been tested in the Da River subbasin of the Red River and showed the capability of reproducing observed reservoir inflows and optimizing the multi-objective reservoir operation. First, the WEB-DHM was calibrated for the inflows to the Hoa Binh Reservoir in the Da River. Second, the WEB-DHM coupled with the reservoir routing module was tested by simulating the reservoir water level, when using the observed dam outflows as the reservoir release. Third, the new integrated modeling system was evaluated by optimizing the operation rule of the Hoa Binh Reservoir from 1 June to 28 July 2006, which covered the annual largest flood peak. By using the optimal rule for the reservoir operation, the annual largest flood peak at downstream control point (Ben Ngoc station) was successfully reduced (by about 2.4 m for water level and 2500 m³·s⁻¹ for discharge); while after the simulation periods, the reservoir water level was increased by about 20 m that could supply future water use.     

Developing and comparing optimal and empirical land-use models for the development of an urbanized watershed forest in Taiwan

The objective of this study is to demonstrate the utility of optimal spatial models for modeling specific spatial patterns to facilitate rational land-use planning of a watershed in northern Taiwan. Optimization was implemented using simulated annealing in a spatial pattern optimization model (OLPSIM), and developments predicted by the drivers of past land-use changes were modeled with the CLUE-s model. The landscapes simulated by the models were then input to a precipitation-runoff model (the Hydrologic Engineering Center's Hydrologic Modeling System; HEC-HMS) to assess the impact of land-use patterns on runoff in the watershed and sub-watershed scales. The results suggest that the three strategies produced very different landscapes under medium intensity scenarios. Specifically, maximizing the size of forest patches caused deforestation of small forest patches, resulting in a large, complex-shaped, dispersed forest; minimizing forest patch shapes resulted in the dissection of large, complex-shaped forests into smaller, simpler-shaped fragments; and land development based on past trends resulted in the aggregation of urbanized land-use in gentler terrains. The results of hydrological simulations suggest that the three land-use strategies differ less in their total hydrological outputs, but more in their distribution of hydrological outputs across different sub-watersheds. Investigating more spatially explicit hydrologic impacts of urbanization at the sub-basin scale may provide additional information that would help decision-makers evaluate proposed land-use policies more thoroughly.     

Nonpoint source pollution: a distributed water quality modeling approach

A distributed water quality model for nonpoint source pollution modeling in agricultural watersheds is described in this paper. A water quality component was developed for WATFLOOD (a flood forecast hydrological model) to deal with sediment and nutrient transport. The model uses a distributed group response unit approach for water quantity and quality modeling. Runoff, sediment yield and soluble nutrient concentrations are calculated separately for each land cover class, weighted by area and then routed downstream. With data extracted using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) technology for a local watershed, the model is calibrated for the hydrologic response and validated for the water quality component. The transferability of model parameters to other watersheds, especially those in remote areas without enough data for calibration, is a major problem in diffuse modeling. With the connection to GIS and the group response unit approach used in this paper, model portability increases substantially, which will improve nonpoint source modeling at the watershed-scale level.     

基于小流域划分的矿山泥石流遥感解译——以陕西凤县为例

结合矿山泥石流自身特点,提出基于小流域划分的矿山泥石流遥感解译技术方案:首先,基于数字高程模型划分小流域范围;其次,根据地形地貌因子提取地形起伏度、坡度坡向;第三,遥感解译地层岩性构造,划分出泥石流敏感岩性及构造活动密集区;第四,遥感解译矿山活动信息,确定开发占地分类;最后,建立三维遥感场景,利用空间分析技术完成人机交互解译。陕西凤县实验结果表明,该方案针对性强、工作效率高,可以作为小范围大尺度矿山泥石流调查的技术手段。