高筋粉添加量对复配粉的糊化特性及面团流变学特性的影响

为了改善市售小麦粉(蛋白质10.3%)制作油塔子的面团特性,在市售小麦面粉(以下简称小麦粉)中添加不同比例高筋粉(蛋白质12%),测定复配粉的基本性质、糊化特性以及面团流变学特性。结果表明,随着高筋粉添加量增加,复配粉的白度显著增加(p0.05),蛋白质干基、湿面筋含量和水分均呈上升趋势,灰分变化并不显著(p0.05);复配粉的峰值黏度、最低黏度、最终黏度随着高筋粉添加量的增加而下降,在高筋粉添加量为40%时,衰减值及回升值均达到最低,为850.50 cp、1035.50 cp;添加高筋粉降低了小麦粉的面团形成时间和稳定时间,弱化程度反而升高;高筋粉添加量为40%时,复配粉的拉伸曲线面积、拉伸阻力、延伸度均为最高,分别是122.05 cm2、341.75 BU、179.30 mm。结论说明高筋粉对市售面粉粉质特性、糊化特性、面团拉伸特性均有影响,制作油塔子面团高筋粉的添加量以40%为宜。     

青稞粉主要成分及其面团质构特性的研究

在测定了青稞粉主要成分的基础上,研究了青稞粉与小麦粉不同配比混粉的粉质特性和拉伸特性。实验结果表明:在青稞粉中添加质量分数10%、20%、30%和40%的普通小麦粉进行粉质测试,没有出现完整的粉质曲线;对混粉进行拉伸测试,随着小麦粉添加量的增加,面团拉伸阻力、延伸性、拉伸面积和拉伸比总的呈上升趋势。当小麦粉添加量在10%～30%,面团拉伸阻力略有下降。     

竹笋膳食纤维对面粉粉质特征及面团质构特性的影响

本文研究了不同竹笋膳食纤维添加量对小麦粉粉质特性、生面团拉伸和流变学特性以及熟面团质构特性的影响。结果表明,随着竹笋膳食纤维添加量的增加,面团稳定时间、粉质质量指数呈先上升后下降趋势,而拉伸阻力和拉伸比例呈上升趋势。竹笋膳食纤维添加量为3.0%时,稳定时间最长为7 min 32 s,粉质质量指数最大为95,弱化度最低为64。随着扫描频率增大,面团弹性模量和黏性模量增大,损耗角正切减小;频率相同时,添加量小于3.0%时,面团的弹性模量、黏性模量增加;质构特性研究发现,随着竹笋膳食纤维添加量的增大(0.5%~5.0%),面团的硬度、弹性、粘附性、咀嚼性均呈现先增加后降低的趋势。结果表明:适量添加竹笋膳食纤维可改善面粉的粉质及质构特性,有助于提高面粉的食用品质。     

脱毒亚麻粕籽粉对面团流变学及面包特性的影响研究

采用粉质仪、拉伸仪、质构仪等分析手段探讨脱毒处理后的亚麻籽粕粉添加到小麦粉中对面团流变学特性(粉质特性、拉伸特性)、面包烘焙特性的影响。结果表明,挤压处理使有毒成分生氰糖苷含量显著降低(从257.85 mg/kg降到18.58 mg/kg);随着脱毒亚麻籽粕粉添加量的增加,面团吸水率、弱化度增加;面团形成时间、稳定时间和粉质评价值降低;面团的R5阻力、最大拉伸阻力、拉伸长度、拉伸能量降低;复合小麦粉所制面包比容下降,感官评分及硬度、弹性等物性指标均无较大的变化。当添加量增大(超过5%时),需同时配合使用小麦粉改良剂。     

糯小麦粉添加量对配粉流变学特性及馒头品质的影响

将糯小麦粉与普通小麦粉进行梯度配粉,研究不同糯小麦粉添加量对配粉糊化黏度、粉质特性和面团流变学特性的影响;采用质构和感官评价相结合的方法评价其对馒头品质的影响,确定合适的糯小麦配粉比。结果表明：随着糯小麦粉添加量的增加,配粉的糊化温度、峰值黏度、衰减度和回生值等快速黏度分析参数均呈现下降趋势,尤其是回生值降低显著。配粉的吸水量随糯小麦粉添加量的增加逐渐增大,面团的形成时间和稳定时间缩短,粉质指数降低;但当添加量增加至25.0%时,粉质特性各指标均产生显著性改变。不同配粉面团随着醒发时间的延长,面团拉伸曲线面积、拉伸阻力和拉伸比等指标均呈现一定的增大趋势,但延伸度却随醒发时间延长而降低。糯小麦粉配粉比例对馒头的质构和感官特性具有较大影响,适宜的糯小麦粉配粉比为20.0%～30.0%,25.0%配粉比使馒头具有较好的质构,感官总评分达到最大值。     

山药粉添加量对芝麻馕面团品质的影响

为提高芝麻馕品质,将不同比例的山药粉添加到市售的小麦粉中,对复配粉的溶解度、溶剂保持力、粒度分布及芝麻馕面团的粉质特性、拉伸特性、面团水分分布进行研究。结果表明:小麦粉的溶解度在山药粉添加量为20%时达到最大;随着山药粉添加量的增加,面团的吸水率变化不大,面团的形成时间由6.20 min下降到1.47 min;拉伸能量和延伸度也呈下降的趋势,但拉伸阻力和拉伸比例呈上升的趋势;山药粉添加量为20%的复配粉与纯小麦粉相比,水溶剂保持力、碳酸钠溶剂保持力、蔗糖溶剂保持力分别由60.19%、77.11%和84.60%提高到68.90%、95.42%和99.21%,而乳酸溶剂保持力下降了45.42%;核磁结果显示,随着山药粉的加入,面团中的水分主要变为弱结合水;复配粉的D10、D50、D90之间存在显著性差异。综上所述,适量的山药粉与小麦粉进行混合有助于增加芝麻馕面团的加工性能。     

三种大豆蛋白对面团流变学特性的影响

在本实验中,将大豆分离蛋白粉、低温脱脂豆粉和大豆浓缩蛋白作为食品添加剂分别添加到小麦粉中,研究其对面团流变学特性的影响.实验结果表明,添加大豆分离蛋白粉后面粉的蛋白质含量增高,筋力增强,韧性增大,面团的加工品质增强;添加适量的低温脱脂豆粉不仅不会对面团拉伸特性产生不良影响,而且还会对面团的拉伸特性产生一定的改善作用,低温脱脂豆粉添加量为4%的面团各项流变学指标最优,说明4%的添加量有助于改善面团流变学指标;功能性大豆浓缩蛋白和豆奶宝大豆浓缩蛋白使面团的吸水率增加,形成时间和弱化度减少,粉质质量指数增加,同时,使面团的拉伸曲线面积、延伸度、拉伸阻力以及拉伸比增大.     

添加食用麦麸对不同筋力小麦粉品质的影响

为了探讨添加食用麦麸对小麦粉品质的影响,本实验以湿面筋含量为38.0%、31.0%、23.0%的三种小麦粉,分别按照样品总质量0%、5%、10%、15%、20%的添加量,加入细化处理的食用麦麸,检测处理后的小麦粉各项理化指标及面团流变学特性。结果表明:随着食用麦麸含量的增加,小麦粉的蛋白质、湿面筋、灰分含量呈递增趋势,白度和降落数值呈递减趋势,面筋指数则是先降低后升高;小麦粉面团的吸水率、形成时间、弱化度呈逐渐增加趋势,稳定时间和粉质指数呈现递减趋势;小麦粉面团拉伸能量、延伸度、拉伸阻力整体呈递减趋势,而拉伸比呈上升趋势;不同筋力的小麦粉,粉质与拉伸特性受食用麦麸的影响程度不同,低筋小麦粉影响相对更大一些。     

油脂对面团特性及微观结构的影响

在小麦粉中添加油脂,对面团流变学特性和微结构进行研究。结果表明：油脂对面团的形成时间、稳定时间、拉伸阻力等有不同程度的提高,同时可改善面团的流变学特性,提高面粉的品质;观察微观结构发现,添加油脂的面团中蛋白质颗粒明显增多,淀粉颗粒表面更加光滑。结合粉质实验和拉伸实验确定油脂在面粉中的最佳添加量为面粉质量的6%。     

甘薯渣粉对小麦粉面团物化特性及面包品质的影响

为了研究甘薯渣粉对小麦粉加工特性的影响,分析添加不同比例(0~15%)的甘薯渣粉对小麦粉的粉质特性、面团延伸特性、面包质构的影响,同时还比较了甘薯渣粉和小麦粉的基本成分。结果表明,甘薯渣粉膳食纤维含量是小麦粉的6倍多。含不同比例甘薯渣粉的混合粉在吸水量、形成时间、稳定时间方面存在显著差异(p<0.05),面团拉伸距离、拉伸面积差异不显著(p>0.05),拉伸最大力存在显著差异(p<0.05)。在面包品质方面,添加甘薯渣粉造成面包硬度增加,当添加量为0~9%时,硬度差异不显著(p>0.05),当大于9%时差异显著(p<0.05)。面包的亮度、pH则随着甘薯渣粉比例的增加呈降低的趋势。感官分析结果显示甘薯渣粉替代比例为0~9%时面包感官评分较高。     

Effects of protein oxidation on the rheological behaviour of different wheat flour

Wheat flour proteins are subject to oxidation reactions during production, processing and storage. The quality of protein and the rheological properties of wheat are crucial for the flour industry. However, the impact and mechanism of protein oxidised on wheat flour quality remain unclear. In this study, ozone was used to oxidise wheat grains, the secondary structure of protein in flour and the rheological properties of dough were analysed by FTIR and Mixolab. The proportion of α-helix and β-folding of protein were decreased significantly, as were the development time (DDT), stability time (DST) and protein weakening (C2) value of dough. Meanwhile, starch gelatinisation (C3), amylase activity (C4) and retrogradation (C5) were increased significantly, along with the elastic modulus (G′) and viscous modulus (G″). Microstructure analysis indicated that protein oxidation destroyed the gluten network structure in the dough. In addition, the L* value of dough was decreased and a* and b* values were increased significantly. The results showed that the oxidation of protein reduced the stability of protein secondary structure, weakened the structure and stability of the gluten network in dough, and changed the viscoelasticity and colour of dough. Overall, these findings provide a better understanding of rheological behaviour in wheat flour.     

Effect of Defatted Soybean and Soybean Isolate Fortification on the Nutritional, Physical, Chemical and Sensory Properties of Wheat Flour Tortillas

Wheat flour fortified with 11.1% defatted soybean meal (SBM) or 5.6% soybean isolate (SBI) was processed into flour tortillas. Fortified tortillas contained 35% more protein and twice as much lysine as the 100% wheat flour tortilla. Addition of SBM or SBI decreased dough elasticity but increased dough water absorption and the force required to stretch the dough. The SBM fortified tortilla had better texture (P < 0.05) than the 100% wheat flour tortilla and similar flavor and color (P > 0.05). Rats fed fortified tortillas gained three times as much weight and doubled the protein efficiency ratio (PER) when compared to rats fed wheat flour tortillas. The apparent biological and net protein utilization values of the fortified tortillas were similar (P > 0.05) and higher (P < 0.05) than the wheat flour tortilla. The SBI fortified tortilla had a higher apparent protein digestibility (P < 0.05) than the 100% wheat flour and SBM fortified tortillas.     

谷朊粉对高含量荞麦面团的影响及其作用机理

本文全面研究了不同添加量谷朊粉(5%、10%和15%)对高含量(50%小麦粉替代率)荞麦面团流变学特性及馒头品质的影响,并以添加10%谷朊粉的混合面团和参照组(纯小麦粉)面团为基础,通过扫描电镜,红外光谱及分析面团中的化学作用力等分析手段,进一步探讨了谷朊粉对改善混合面团流变学性质及馒头品质方面的作用机理。结果表明,添加10%的谷朊粉能够增加荞麦-小麦混合面团中二硫键的含量,改变面团中的化学作用力(离子键、氢键含量和疏水作用力),进而改变面团中面筋蛋白的构象,改善面团的微观结构,从而改善混合粉的糊化特性及面团的粉质和拉伸特性,提高馒头的比容和弹性,改善馒头芯的孔隙结构,但仍达不到参照组馒头的品质,表明添加高含量荞麦全粉不仅仅是稀释面筋蛋白。     

Effects of japonica rice flour on the mesoscopic and microscopic properties of wheat dough protein

The aim of this study was to study the effects of twelve varieties of japonica rice flour on the gluten protein composition and structure of wheat dough. Experimental results indicated that the addition of japonica rice flour significantly decreased the α-helix structure in the gluten protein sample, but increased the random coil content, indicating that the protein secondary structure became more disordered. The ratio of α-helix/β-sheet structures in the dough supplemented with different varieties of japonica rice flour was decreased, contributing to improved dough stability. Increasing the proportion of japonica rice flour from 10% to 40% significantly decreased the sulfhydryl content of the mixed flour dough. However, the total sulfhydryl content was only positively correlated with the amount of Longdao 19 japonica rice flour, reaching a maximum of 25.34 mol g⁻¹ at 40% japonica rice flour. The gluten structure of mixed flour dough typically forms a porous three-dimensional network, with the Longdao 19, 20, 23 and 25, Longjing 31 and Mudanjiang 31 japonica rice flours leading to improved gluten protein networks. In summary, the supplementation of standard wheat flour with japonica rice flour can alter dough properties and gluten structure.     

添加糯小麦粉对小麦粉及其面条品质特性的影响

糯小麦与普通小麦的主要差异是糯小麦不含直链淀粉或其含量很低,其对面制品的制作品质产生一定的影响。本研究利用"济糯1号"分别与"济麦20"和"济麦22"按20%、40%、60%和80%的添加量进行配粉,研究糯小麦粉对普通小麦粉品质特性的影响及其面条制品品质的改良作用。结果表明:"济糯1号"的淀粉糊化回升值为449 c P,显著低于"济麦20"和"济麦22";籽粒硬度达64.89,籽粒蛋白质含量(干基)达16.14%,面筋指数为66.08%,粉质仪稳定时间为2.00 min,鲜面条色泽变化小,2 h和24 h的ΔE*分别为3.83和5.29;"济糯1号"与"济麦20"的配粉中,随糯小麦粉添加量的增加,配粉的淀粉回升值降低,面筋指数降低,吸水率增加,面团稳定时间变短,鲜面条色泽2 h和24 h的ΔE*逐渐变小,配粉面条的适口性和光滑性更好;"济糯1号"与"济麦22"的配粉中,随糯小麦粉添加量的增加,面粉蛋白含量增加、面筋指数升高、吸水率增加、淀粉糊化的回升值降低,鲜面条色泽2 h和24 h的ΔE*逐渐变小,配粉的面条制作品质好,面条的适口性和光滑性均改善;糯小麦粉的添加使配粉的面粉品质特性和淀粉特性更有利于面条制作品质的改良,"济糯1号"适宜添加量为20%~40%。     

蒸汽润麦对小麦粉微生物指标和理化特性的影响

为缩短小麦的润麦时间,控制小麦粉中的微生物数量,研究了蒸汽润麦处理对小麦粉的降菌作用及对其理化特性的影响。研究表明:蒸汽润麦后,小麦籽粒的温度显著上升(P0.05),出粉率先下降后上升,小麦粉中的微生物数量显著降低(P0.05),且随着处理时间的延长,杀菌效果越明显。当蒸汽处理时间为320 s时,小麦粉中的微生物数量显著减少(P0.05),其中菌落总数减少了1.74 lgCFU/g、霉菌和酵母总数减少了1.99 lgCFU/g、耐热芽孢总数减小了1.01 lgCFU/g。蒸汽润麦处理后,小麦粉的酶活显著降低(P0.05),破损淀粉含量、吸水率和淀粉黏度均呈现先增大后减小的趋势;面团流变学特性的分析结果表明,蒸汽润麦能显著延长(P0.05)面团形成时间和稳定时间,增加面团强度;同时,蒸汽处理还促进了小麦粉中蛋白质的交联聚合。该研究表明蒸汽润麦在降低小麦粉中微生物数量的同时还能在一定程度上改善小麦粉的理化特性。     

Combined effects of wheat gluten and carboxymethylcellulose on dough rheological behaviours and gluten network of potato–wheat flour-based bread

Incorporating high level of potato flour into wheat flour enhances nutritional values of bread but induces a series of problems that lead to the decline of the bread quality. To overcome the barrier, wheat gluten and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) were added into potato–wheat composite flour to improve dough machinability and bread quality. The rheological properties, thermo-mechanical properties and microstructures of dough were investigated. The results showed that the interaction between gluten and CMC mitigated the discontinuity of gluten matrix and gluten protein aggregation caused by the addition of potato flour, which yielded a more branched and compact gluten network. The compact three-dimensional viscoelastic structure induced improvements of gas retention capacity and dough stability, making it mimic the machinability properties of wheat flour dough. Bread qualities were apparently improved with the combined use of 4% gluten and 6% CMC, of which specific volume increased by 42.86%, and simultaneously, hardness reduced by 75.93%.     

Effect of Wheat Bran,Coarse Wheat Flour,and Rice Flour on the Instrumental Texture of Cookies

Abstract

The effect of replacing wheat flour with wheat bran (0–10%), coarse wheat flour (0–20%) or with rice flour (0–20%) on the quality of cookies was studied. The cookie dough was subjected to Instrumental Texture Profile Analysis in order to determine dough cohesiveness and adhesiveness. After baking spread factor, puncture force and fracture strength of the cookies was also determined. The control dough had cohesiveness and adhesiveness values of 0.279 and 13.6 N s whereas control cookies had puncture force and fracture strength of 90.84 N and 100.16 N. Wheat bran increased dough cohesiveness and adhesiveness whereas coarse wheat flour had the opposite effect. Increasing levels of rice flour decreased cohesiveness but increased adhesiveness. Wheat bran and rice flour lowered the spread factor where as coarse wheat flour increased spread factor. Coarse wheat flour and rice flour lowered the fracture strength where as wheat bran increased fracture strength. Sensory evaluation revealed that increasing levels of wheat bran lowered the overall acceptability whereas rice flour and coarse wheat flour improved sensory scores.     

小麦面粉的3D打印特性

本实验以8种不同蛋白质量分数小麦面粉为研究对象,通过测定其理化特性、糊化特性、混合特性、流变特性及3D打印特性,研究小麦面粉不同品质特性与3D打印特性的关系。结果显示,蛋白质量分数对小麦面粉的3D打印特性有显著影响,蛋白质量分数在9%～10%时（ZY原味小麦粉、BN 4199小麦粉和XL中式面点粉）打印效果较好,制品整体形状规则、表面平整、纹路清晰,与模型的符合程度较高。面团的损耗模量（G’’）影响其挤出行为,而储能模量（G’）影响其支撑三维结构的能力,ZY原味小麦粉面团的损耗角正切值（tan δ）较大,有利于面团挤出成型;XL中式面点粉G’较大,有利于面团打印后保持自身的形状。在选用的8种小麦面粉中,XL中式面点粉的蛋白质量分数为9.33%,与设计的30 mm×30 mm×10 mm模型相比,其打印体积误差仅为0.26%。打印制品蒸制熟化后在X轴和Y轴方向上长度略有增加,但Z轴方向上长度略有减小,且发生一定程度的褐变。综上,小麦面粉作为3D打印材料是可行的,这有利于拓展3D打印技术在食品领域的应用。