孕妇及其他特殊人群戊型肝炎病毒感染的流行现状

戊型肝炎(hepatitis E,HE)是许多发展中国家重要的公共卫生问题,在孕妇及其他特殊人群中HE负担尤为严重.目前唯一上市的HE疫苗是HEV239 (Hecolin(R)),仅推荐用于16～65岁的健康人群.流行病调查显示,孕妇、16岁以下儿童及65岁以上老人的HE负担日益加重.戊型肝炎病毒(hepatitis E virus,HEV)感染孕妇的高病死率进一步凸显了在HE暴发时保护孕妇人群的必要性.此文综述了HEV在孕妇及其他特殊人群中的流行特征,并讨论了这些高危人群接种HE疫苗的必要性.     

人乳头瘤病毒及其病毒样颗粒的研究及应用

人乳头痛病毒( human papillomavirus,HPV)感染是导致尖锐湿疣、宫颈上皮瘤样病变和宫颈癌的主要原因.鉴于HPV的特殊扩增机制,目前尚不能通过体外培养的传统方法来获得病毒用于疫苗研究.HPV的主要衣壳蛋白L1在体外可自行组装成病毒样颗粒(virus-like particle,VLP),形成的VLP在实验动物和人体中均可诱生高滴度的保护性抗体,是理想的预防性疫苗组分.此文就HPV的流行病学、致病机制及其VLP的制备和应用作一综述.     

食蟹猴口服免疫重组HEV病毒样颗粒的效果

日本国立传染病研究所 Li等在杆状病毒Ac5 4 80 /71 2 6中有效表达出戊型肝炎病毒 ( HEV)核壳蛋白 ( N端截去 1 1 1个氨基酸 ) ,表达的蛋白自行装配成病毒样颗粒 ( r HEV VLP) ,并释放到培养基中。作者以食蟹猴为模型 ,研究了 r HEV VLP的免疫效果。　　将 6只食蟹猴分成 3组 ,每组 2只。第 1组于免疫前 96天每只口服 2 ml含感染性 HEV的 1 0 %粪便悬液 ,待它们从戊型肝炎中恢复后作为血清 Ig G阳性对照。第 2组猴于 0、7、2 1和 36天分别口服 1 0 mgr HEV VLP,第 80天加强免疫。第 3组口服 PBS,免疫程序同第 2组 ,作为抗体阴…     

16型人乳头瘤病毒疫苗研究进展

16型人乳头瘤病毒(HPV16)与宫颈癌的发生关系密切,由于该病毒尚不能在体外有效培养,而限制了疫苗的研究进展.目前通过分子生物学方法在体外表达的HPV16病毒样颗粒(VLP)成为疫苗研究的热点.研究表明VLP可诱导机体产生抗病毒攻击的细胞免疫和体液免疫应答,从而为基因工程亚单位疫苗的研制提供了科学依据.     

戊型肝炎的检测及疫苗研究现状

戊型肝炎（HE）是一种第三世界广泛流行的传染病,其病原体为戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）。迄今,人们对HEV的分子生物学、HE的病原学、流行病学、检测方法及HE疫苗等方面作了大量研究。本文就目前HEV的分子生物学、HE检测及疫苗等方面的研究现状及进展作了综述。     

乙型肝炎病毒核心抗原在疫苗研究中的应用

乙型肝炎病毒核心抗原(hepatitis B virus core antigen,HBcAg)是乙型肝炎病毒的核衣壳蛋白,具有高度的免疫原性,能自我装配形成病毒样颗粒,并可接受外源基因的插入.HBcAg作为载体和佐剂已用于数十种病原微生物抗原表位的表达和新型疫苗的研发.此文就HBcAg的结构特点、免疫原性及其在疫苗研究中的应用进展作一综述.     

散发性戊型病毒性肝炎23例报告

继甲、乙、丙、丁型病毒性肝炎之后，在证实并深入研究了另一种新的非甲非乙型肝炎病毒——戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)的基础上，1989年9月27～30日在日本东京举行的国际非甲非乙肝炎(HNANB)学术会议上，正式将由HEV引起的肝炎命名为戊型病毒性肝炎(HE)。我院近年收治23例HE，现报告如下。     

戊型病毒性肝炎的现状及治疗研究进展

戊型病毒性肝炎（HE）是由戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）引起的肝脏炎症病变。针对HEV感染应根据病情轻重和临床类型进行对症及抗病毒治疗,本文综述HE的流行病学特征、临床表现及治疗进展。     

嵌合型病毒样颗粒疫苗的研究进展及药学研发思路

目的了解嵌合型病毒样颗粒(c VLP)疫苗在防治疾病等方面的研究进展,并探讨其药学研发思路。方法介绍常用病毒样颗粒(VLP)载体,总结cVLP疫苗在防治肿瘤和慢性疾病方面的应用,并从c VLP疫苗的构建与设计、VLP载体与免疫表位的连接方式、结构确证研究三方面开展c VLP疫苗的药学研究。结果与结论 cVLP作为改良型VLP,除构建自我组装VLP针对同源病毒的疫苗外,将VLP作为递呈载体还可呈现除载体外的其他病毒或肿瘤相关抗原表位,实现对多种病毒或肿瘤抗原的共同免疫。且c VLP作为一种技术平台,还可在预防病毒及治疗肿瘤和过敏性疾病中发挥重要作用。     

戊型病毒性肝炎45例临床分析

<正>戊型病毒性肝炎是由戊型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis E virus, HEV)引起的,主要通过消化道传播的急性病毒性传染病。笔者对近2年收治的45例戊型肝炎患者的临床和血清学资料进行分析,探讨散发性戊型病毒性肝炎人群特征和临床特点。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.