存在违约风险时的最优资产组合

本文研究了当存在违约风险时,一个代表性投资者投资于一个可违约债券、股票以及银行存款的最优资产配置问题。利用简约化模型来刻画可违约债券的违约风险,并给出其价格的动态过程。通过随机控制方法给出了此优化问题的解析解。结果表明跳跃(违约)风险的存在,使可违约债券的最优投资策略不再是连续函数。当可违约债券违约时,投资者对可违约债券的持有量为零;当债券未发生违约时,投资者对可违约债券的最优持有量主要受信用利差、违约强度以及投资期限的影响。     

基于时变跳跃次数的基准利率风险测算研究

各国央行包括美联储的利率调整和变动就是基准利率风险.基准利率的变化势必要导致金融资产定价的变动和风险溢价.本文通过自回归模型AR测算随时间变化的利率跳跃次数,确定基准利率跳跃的概率,利用伽马分布和正态分布分别测算基准利率跳跃的时间与幅度,根据利率跳跃的概率、时间和幅度确定基准利率跳跃风险溢价,建立基于时变跳跃次数的基准利率跳跃风险溢价测算模型,并利用中国上海证券交易所国债7天回购利率数据进行实证研究.本文创新与特色:1)通过自回归模型AR测算时变的利率跳跃次数,测算利率发生跳跃的概率,确定基准利率跳跃风险溢价,揭示跳跃次数的动态变化规律,反映历史利率跳跃行为对未来利率跳跃行为的影响,改变现有研究以常数跳跃次数测算利率跳跃概率、无法真实反映利率跳跃的频繁程度,导致利率跳跃概率及利率跳跃风险溢价测算不准的弊端.2)研究表明,现有研究的常数跳跃次数仅仅是本文跳跃次数测算模型在参数ρ、γ等于0时的特例.3)通过利率跳跃的概率、时间和幅度确定基准利率的跳跃风险溢价,解决基准利率跳跃风险补偿的测算问题.     

基于通货膨胀和风险偏好视角的资产配置研究

不确定条件下的资产配置问题无论对于学术研究还是投资行为都具有重大的理论和实际意义。本文选取广义范围上的现金、股票、债券作为投资者进行资产配置的产品,在CRRA(Constant Relative Risk Aversion)和HARA(Hyperbolic Absolute Risk Aversion)两种偏好假设下,分别求出了投资者效用最大化时的最优财富以及最优资产组合中各资产的权重,并比较分析了两种偏好假设下通货膨胀、风险偏好、投资期限三种因素对资产配置的影响。研究结论表明:通货膨胀会影响股票和债券的风险溢价,进而影响最优资产组合中各资产的权重;股票的权重不会受投资期限的影响,在通货膨胀率和风险偏好不变时,其值始终为一常数,但债券和现金的权重则由投资期限、通货膨胀和风险偏好共同决定;此外,在CRRA和HARA偏好假设下,以上三种因素对资产配置的影响存在较大差异,特别是在HARA框架下存在买空行为。     

含有违约风险的利率风险管理

旨在解决含有违约风险的利率风险管理问题,指出了在商业银行资产负债管理中含有违约风险债券利率风险管理问题研究的必要性,获得了违约风险债券久期的一般公式,建立了含有对违约风险的控制、平均绝对离差约束、平衡表其它相关约束以及目标约束等在内的商业银行利率风险管理的目标规划模型;并在给出数值实例的基础上,讨论了违约风险的存在对银行利率风险管理的影响.     

基于效用的永久性可转换债券定价

在不完备市场条件下,假设公司价值可以观测,公司只发行股票和不可赎回、不可违约的具有固定券息的永久性可转换债券,债券持有人有权利(但没有义务)按一定比例将债券转换为股票.基于可转换债券的结构式定价模型,给出债券持有人的最优转换策略,推导出可转换债券消费效用无差别价格的半封闭式解,利用有限差分方法,得到可转换债券的隐含价值(即消费效用无差别价格)以及可转换债券的最优消费策略和转换策略的数值解.研究结果表明,债券持有人的风险态度和非系统风险对最优转换策略和可转换债券的隐含价值有显著影响,与完备市场条件相比,风险厌恶情形可转换债券的转换触发水平和隐含价值较低,风险资产价格波动率越大,可转换债券的隐含价值越大.     

债券投资者的选择:利率风险结构的阐述

作为投资者,当其购买债券时会面临购买何种债券的选择,因为这会给其带来不同的收益,那么,为什么会产生这种情况呢？这就需要对债券利率风险结构进行分析。从债券的违约风险,流动性风险和税收风险方面分析其对债券利率的影响,从而为投资者的选择提供理论依据。     

不完全市场中相关性风险的对冲策略研究

随着我国资本市场的进一步完善,以及市场波动的更加剧烈,投资者对于相关性风险的关注日益增强,如何对冲相关性风险是一个亟待解决的重要课题。本文在基于跳跃的不完全市场中,以带有跳跃的价格过程为基础,引入相关性随机过程,依据期权的希腊字母对冲原理,构建相关性风险的对冲策略——卖出一份股票指数看跌期权同时买入若干份对应个股的看跌期权和若干份标的股票,使投资组合保持资产波动率以及价格跳跃风险中性,进而通过卖出组合中指数期权的相关性风险溢价来对冲个股组合的相关性风险。本文选取2007年3月到2013年3月香港恒生指数及其成份股期权的日数据用以实证分析,结果表明:该策略能够对冲个股投资组合的相关性风险,且在大部分情况下获得显著为正的收益。本文对事前构建对冲策略以规避极端事件发生时的相关性风险具有重要的参考价值。     

中国债券市场时变风险溢价——远期利率潜在信息

 近年来,中国债券市场发展迅速,在全球债券市场排行中紧跟美国和日本债券市场,已跃居世界第三。与此同时,中国债券市场亟需得到更多的关注和研究。        在2005年之前,中国债券市场被认为符合预期假说,即长短期债券间不存在风险溢价。 由于预期假说假设投资者偏好为风险中性,而实际市场中的投资者偏好往往存在较大差异,因而债券市场风险溢价应长期存在。为研究该问题,直接关注零息债券持有期超额收益,力求捕捉风险溢价的时变特性。在Fama-Bliss和Cochrane-Piazzesi溢价预测模型的研究框架下,利用中国远期利率特性,构建远期利率差和远期利率组合两种预测因子。采用两种因子分别对中国债券市场风险溢价进行预测,探讨中国债券风险溢价的时变性。选取2006年至2015年中国零息国债即期利率数据,该区间能够完整覆盖中国债券市场的发展期,并涵盖金融危机时期或货币政策松、紧期。在此基础上,将宏观经济和货币政策代理变量引入预测模型,与远期利率组合进行多元预测对比,揭示远期利率所暗含的经济信息。此外,为充分验证预测结果的鲁棒性,进行多重共线性分析和样本外检验。        研究结果表明,预期假说在中国债券市场不成立,即中国债券市场存在明显的时变风险溢价,并且风险溢价随着期限的增加而升高。研究还发现远期利率组合的预测能力来源于两方面,一方面,自身蕴含了大量的宏观经济和货币政策信息,能够反映出经济状况对风险溢价的影响;另一方面,该组合属于水平型因子,能够很好地解释风险溢价中占比最高的成分,因此占优于远期利率差这种斜率型因子,更好地刻画风险溢价中的系统性部分。        准确刻画时变风险溢价不仅可以辅助投资者进行交易决策,而且有利于更精确地构建中国债券理论期限结构。一个合适的利率期限结构能够指导中国政府制定正确的货币政策,有助于促进中国债券市场的发展以及完善中国债券市场结构。     

基于违约风险的三叉树模型在可转债定价中的应用研究

本文考虑可转债券的违约风险,研究如何用违约风险下的三叉树模型对可转换债券进行定价。首先本文使用Black-Scholes公式测算企业在单位时间内的违约概率。其次,在计算可转债的债券价值时,将相似经营业绩和同等风险的企业债券收益率作为贴现率,计算现金流的现值,以反映相应的违约风险;在计算可转债看涨期权价值时,本文在三叉树模型中引入违约概率,重新计算调整后股票上涨、下跌的幅度和概率,得到基于违约风险的三叉树定价模型;最后对中国市场中实际的可转债——新钢转债进行了定价的计算,并对结果进行了探讨。     

状态变化和学习行为下的最优资产组合选择

针对金融资产收益率序列的非线性动态变化和投资者参数确定的传统假设,考虑状态变化的最优资产组合选择以及参数不确定性下投资者学习行为对最优资产组合选择的影响,运用马尔科夫机制转换模型刻画市场状态变化,采用贝叶斯学习准则描述投资者的学习行为,建立状态变化和投资者学习行为下资产组合选择的离散时间模型,使用期望最大化算法和动态最优化方法给出模型的参数估计,使用蒙特卡罗方法模拟投资者的资产组合选择行为.研究结果表明,中国金融市场存在明显的结构性动态变化,可以将市场分为牛市和熊市.在短期,当市场处于熊市时,投资者将全部财富投资于债券,不投资于股票,但市场处于牛市时股票的投资比重会大大增加;在长期,牛、熊市下股票和债券的权重会稳定在某个水平.市场状态的不确定性造成投资者产生对冲不确定性风险的需求,当市场向好时,投资者学习行为导致其投资于更多的风险资产;当市场状态无法确定时,投资者对股票的投资更为谨慎.考虑市场状态变化的投资组合选择能够提高投资者的总体效用.     

Summarizing Risk Using Risk Measures and Risk Indices

Our society is fascinated with risk in many different areas and disciplines. One of the main ways to describe and communicate the level of risk is through risk indices, which summarize risk using numbers or categories such as words, letters, or colors. These indices are used to communicate risks to the public, understand how risk is changing over time, compare among different risks, and support decision making. Given the different methods to construct risk indices, including flawed methods such as risk matrices, this article develops specific steps that analysts can follow to create a risk index. This article emphasizes the importance of describing risk with a probability distribution, developing a numerical risk measure that summarizes the probability distribution, and finally translating the risk measure to an index. Measuring the risk is the most difficult part and requires the analyst to summarize a probability distribution into one or possibly a few numbers. The risk measure can then be transformed to a numerical or categorical index. I apply the method outlined in this article to construct a risk index that compares the risk of fatalities in aviation and highway transportation.     

Characterizing Risk for Cumulative Risk Assessments

In assessing environmental health risks, the risk characterization step synthesizes information gathered in evaluating exposures to stressors together with dose–response relationships, characteristics of the exposed population, and external environmental conditions. This article summarizes key steps of a cumulative risk assessment (CRA) followed by a discussion of considerations for characterizing cumulative risks. Cumulative risk characterizations differ considerably from single chemical‐ or single source‐based risk characterization. CRAs typically focus on a specific population instead of a pollutant or pollutant source and should include an evaluation of all relevant sources contributing to the exposures in the population and other factors that influence dose–response relationships. Second, CRAs may include influential environmental and population‐specific conditions, involving multiple chemical and nonchemical stressors. Third, a CRA could examine multiple health effects, reflecting joint toxicity and the potential for toxicological interactions. Fourth, the complexities often necessitate simplifying methods, including judgment‐based and semi‐quantitative indices that collapse disparate data into numerical scores. Fifth, because of the higher dimensionality and potentially large number of interactions, information needed to quantify risk is typically incomplete, necessitating an uncertainty analysis. Three approaches that could be used for characterizing risks in a CRA are presented: the multiroute hazard index, stressor grouping by exposure and toxicity, and indices for screening multiple factors and conditions. Other key roles of the risk characterization in CRAs are also described, mainly the translational aspect of including a characterization summary for lay readers (in addition to the technical analysis), and placing the results in the context of the likely risk‐based decisions.     

Probabilistic Risk Analysis and Terrorism Risk

Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the subsequent establishment of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), considerable efforts have been made to estimate the risks of terrorism and the cost effectiveness of security policies to reduce these risks. DHS, industry, and the academic risk analysis communities have all invested heavily in the development of tools and approaches that can assist decisionmakers in effectively allocating limited resources across the vast array of potential investments that could mitigate risks from terrorism and other threats to the homeland. Decisionmakers demand models, analyses, and decision support that are useful for this task and based on the state of the art. Since terrorism risk analysis is new, no single method is likely to meet this challenge. In this article we explore a number of existing and potential approaches for terrorism risk analysis, focusing particularly on recent discussions regarding the applicability of probabilistic and decision analytic approaches to bioterrorism risks and the Bioterrorism Risk Assessment methodology used by the DHS and criticized by the National Academies and others.     

风险管理的基本技术和负险报酬

本文把风险管理的基本技术概括为分散化和对冲两种,并认为其它的风险管理方法其实是这两种方法派生的.在这两种风险管理技术的基础上,讨论了风险的报酬问题.     

Foundational Issues in Risk Assessment and Risk Management

This is a perspective article on foundational issues in risk assessment and management. The aim is to discuss the needs, obstacles, and challenges for the establishment of a renewed, strong scientific foundation for risk assessment and risk management suited for the current and future technological challenges. The focus is on (i) reviewing and discussing the present situation and (ii) identifying how to best proceed in the future, to develop the risk discipline in the directions needed. The article provides some reflections on the interpretation and understanding of the concept of “foundations of risk assessment and risk management” and the challenges therein. One main recommendation is that different arenas and moments for discussion are needed to specifically address foundational issues in a way that embraces the many disciplinary communities involved (from social scientists to engineers, from behavioral scientists to statisticians, from health physicists to lawyers, etc.). One such opportunity is sought in the constitution of a novel specialty group of the Society of Risk Analysis.     

Foundational Issues in Risk Assessment and Risk Management

In spite of the maturity reached by many of the methods used in risk assessment and risk management, broad consensus has not been established on fundamental concepts and principles. The risk fields still suffer from a lack of clarity on many key scientific pillars. The purpose of this article is to point to this situation and through some illustrating examples discuss the challenges that the fields here face. Moreover, the purpose of the article is to reflect on how to improve the present situation and enhance the risk fields. We argue that the establishment of some common scientific pillars as well as a strong and continuous research focus on foundational issues are critical success factors. The article specifically addresses the role of the peer‐reviewed journals and the international standards in the fields. We hope that the article can contribute to a revitalization of the discussion of foundational issues in risk assessment and risk management.     

Risk Perception and Risk Talk: The Case of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Radiation Risk

Individuals’ perceptions and their interpersonal communication about a risk event, or risk talk, can play a significant role in the formation of societal responses to the risk event. As they formulate their risk opinions and speak to others, risk information can circulate through their social networks and contribute to the construction of their risk information environment. In the present study, Japanese citizens’ risk perception and risk talk were examined in the context of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear radiation risk. We hypothesized and found that the risk information environment and risk literacy (i.e., competencies to understand and use risk information) interact to influence their risk perception and risk talk. In particular, risk literacy tends to stabilize people's risk perceptions and their risk communications. Nevertheless, there were some subtle differences between risk perception and communication, suggesting the importance of further examination of interpersonal risk communication and its role in the societal responses to risk events.     

The Dynamics of Risk Perception: How Does Perceived Risk Respond to Risk Events?

This paper examines the relationship between perceived risk and experience. This research addresses the processes by which people learn about risk and choose among real life prospects with associated uncertainties, risks and benefits. By comparing the impact of acute risk events with that of chronic risk events on public perception of risk during and after the events, this research focuses on the learning processes that characterize what kinds of risk events alter the perception of risk. Comparing materialized hazards at existing facilities with the risks associated with potential facilities, this research addresses risk choices among real life prospects. This study uses a classic pre-post quasi-experimental design. Surveys conducted in the Spring of 1992 on perceived and acceptable risk in Odessa and La Porte, Texas were conducted prior to risk events. Respondents from that survey were re-interviewed in the Spring of 1993 after the risk events to form a panel design. This paper analyzes the affect of risk events on perceived risk and the implications of these experiences for public policy concerning technological risk. The empirical results suggest that the social processes that construct and maintain risk in the public eye are at least as important as, if not more important than, the physical and psychological dimensions of risk.     

Risk Analysis and Risk Management: An Historical Perspective

This paper reviews the history of risk analysis and risk management, giving special emphasis to the neglected period prior to the 20th century. The overall objective of the paper is to: (1) dampen the prevailing tendency to view present-day concerns about risk in an ahistorical context; (2) shed light on the intellectual antecedents of current thinking about risk; (3) clarify how contemporary ideas about risk analysis and societal risk management differ significantly from the past; and (4) provide a basis for anticipating future directions in risk analysis and management.