内蒙古大青山前坡油松人工林生长特征研究

以内蒙古大青山前坡38 a生、17 a生油松人工林为研究对象,对林分生长特征、部分立地因子特征进行调查分析,研究造林立地因子对人工林生长的影响.结果表明:(1)38 a生油松人工林平均树高、胸径和冠幅分别为7.36 m、9.8 cm和261.1 cm;17 a生油松人工林平均树高、胸径和冠幅分别为2.86 m、8.1 ...     

太行山南麓栓皮栎人工林密度对林木生长的影响

为确定太行山南麓栓皮栎人工林合理的造林密度,以河南省国有济源市大沟河林场30年生的6种不同密度的栓皮栎人工林作为研究对象,采用样地调查方法,对不同密度的栓皮栎人工林的林木生长指标进行调查。结果表明,栓皮栎的林分密度与平均树高、平均胸径、平均冠幅和单株平均材积关系密切。平均树高、平均胸径、平均冠幅和单株平均材积均随着林分密度的逐渐增大而减小。太行山南麓30年生的栓皮栎人工林的最佳林分密度应控制在1 400株/hm2,有利于栓皮栎林木的生长。     

闽中山地湿地松不同立地条件和不同密度的经营效果研究

通过对21、22年生的闽中湿地松人工林不同造林密度和不同立地条件的生长效果研究,结果表明:坡位、表土层厚度对优势木树高有显著影响,但对林分平均树高无显著影响;坡向(阴、阳坡)对平均胸径存在显著差异,且阳坡明显优于阴坡。不同经营密度的林分平均胸径、单株材积差异显著,且随密度增大而减少;冠幅随密度增大而减少;在合理密度范围内,单株胸径、材积随密度增大而减少,但蓄积量却随密度增加而增大。     

杉木人工林目标树经营技术参数的研究

对浙江省杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata主要分布区51个不同发育阶段杉木人工林典型样地调查,分析不同优势木高杉木人工林的径级结构,并利用126株优势木数据,建立杉木人工林优势木的胸径、树高、冠幅之间关系,得出胸径与树高相关关系的最佳回归方程为:Y=0.361 8X+4.497 9,模型的拟合度R^2=0.796 5(X表示胸径,Y表示树高);胸径和冠幅的相关关系的最佳回归方程为:Y=0.137 9X+0.858 9,模型的拟合度R^2=0.881 6(X表示胸径,Y表示冠幅)。通过对3株50年生杉木人工林大径级林分优势木的树干解析,研究大径级杉木人工林优势木的胸径、树高与材积的生长规律,结果显示生长率都呈现逐年降低趋势,树高较为明显。树高、胸径、材积生长率最大值出现在10年生时分别为5.278 7%,15.069%,25.895%;而50年生时仅为0.273 3%,0.186 9%,0.921 7%。研究提出杉木人工林目标树经营的发育阶段划分、合理密度、目标树数量等关键经营技术参数,为杉木人工林的目标树经营提供理论依据。     

林分密度对油松中龄林生长特征的影响

以平顺县和太原东山25年生的油松人工林为调查对象,通过样地调查,研究林分密度对树高、胸径、枝下高和冠幅等生长特征的影响,以及生长特征指标之间的相互影响。结果表明,林分密度对树高无显著影响,枝下高随林分密度的增大而增大,冠幅、胸径均与林分密度呈显著负相关关系;林分密度为950株/hm2时,树高、胸径、枝下高和冠幅之间相关性均不显著;林分密度为3 050株/hm2时,胸径与树高、胸径与冠幅、冠幅与枝下高显著相关;林分密度为5 600株/hm2时,胸径与树高、冠幅、枝下高,树高与冠幅、枝下高及冠幅与枝下高间均显著相关。     

油料树种光皮树人工林立地质量评价

在湖南省不同适生区范围内的光皮树生产基地,按不同生长类型、不同立地条件林分设置临时标准样地30块,在每块标准样地内进行每木检尺,测定胸径、高度、枝下高、冠幅等林分结构因子的数量特征,并调查和收集林下植被、立地因子(海拔、坡向、坡度、坡位)、气象因素、经营水平等环境特征。采用样地调查法进行林分结构调查、标准木和林分优势木解析法测定树干生长过程和生物量。用各种立地条件下的大量树干解析材料,拟合树高与年龄的回归方程式作为导向曲线,再利用树高调整法编制光皮树的地位指数表以及地位指数曲线簇。在综合分析影响光皮树生长发育的环境因子的基础上,选择了5个立地因子,运用数量化理论I方法,构建立地质量评价数量化模型,进行光皮树的立地质量评价。     

广西大青山柚木人工林生长过程研究

[目的]研究柚木人工林生长过程及其与气象因子的相关性,为柚木抚育经营提供理论依据。[方法]以优良、中等和差3种生长类型的30余年生柚木人工林为对象,基于样地调查,选取优势木、平均木、被压木进行树干解析,对比分析其生长过程,应用灰色关联分析法揭示气象因子对柚木生长的影响。[结果]表明:3种生长类型林分柚木胸径、树高和材积生长过程基本一致,各分级木的生长过程亦相似,其胸径平均和连年生长量随年龄的增大呈先增加后逐渐降低的趋势,树高生长整体上呈下降趋势,材积生长则呈递增趋势。各优良林分的林木及各类型林分的优势木,其胸径、材积平均和连年生长量较大,速生期持续时间长,生长衰减慢,而其树高生长量的优势相对不明显;30余年生时柚木尚未达数量成熟龄。各类型林分间柚木生长与气象因子关系的差异仅体现在胸径,优良林分胸径连年生长量主要受极端低温影响,而中等和差林分则与年均降水量相关性最大;各分级木间柚木生长与气象因子的关系无明显差异;影响树高和材积连年生长量的最主要气象因子分别为年均降水量和年均气温。[结论]柚木各生长类型及分级木的生长过程整体趋势基本一致,其差异主要体现在生长量大小和快速生长期长短。约30年生柚木人工林仍未达到数量成熟,后期抚育经营对于其优质大径材高效培育仍不可忽视。     

密度调控对杉木人工林中优势木生长过程的影响

为探索经营密度对杉木人工林中优势木生长的影响效果,以洪雅国有林场杉木人工纯林为研究对象,采用树干解析方法,测定分析了不同经营密度的杉木人工林中优势木的生长过程。结果表明,密度调控能够影响优势木树高、胸径和材积的生长过程;林分经营密度越大,树高平均生长量和连年生长量最大值越小,树高数量成熟时间越早;林分经营密度越小,胸径平均生长量越大,胸径数量成熟龄越晚;林分经营密度越大,优势木材积总生长量越小,材积平均生长量减小,材积平均生长量和连年生长量最大值出现的时间越晚,材积的数量成熟年龄越晚。低经营密度(500株·hm~(-2))有利于培育杉木大径材,而中高经营密度(500株·hm~(-2))利于培育中小径材。     

山桂花人工林的生长过程研究

在普文林场内选择具有代表性的山桂花人工林,应用标准木树干解析法,对14年生山桂花人工林开展生长过程研究,结果表明:14年生山桂花人工林平均胸径14.10 cm,平均树高16.40 m,密度1 140株/hm2,林分蓄积量达144.78 m3/hm2。林木胸径生长分化在2～3年即开始,5年生以后差别更加增大,树高生长的分化在14年生时仍不明显,表现出速生特性,林分密度调整可从5年生时开始。林中优势木树高比平均木高5.25 m,胸径比平均木大6.70 cm,单株材积为平均木的3.10倍,说明山桂花优树选择有较高的增益。胸径与材积回归曲线方程为V=0.116 439-0.020 579 D+0.001 449D2,树高与材积回归曲线方程为V=2.342 4-0.290 614 H+0.009 286H2。     

榆林沙区樟子松人工林立地质量数量化评价

为了对榆林沙区樟子松人工林的造林培育及可持续经营提供参考依据。本研究在榆林市榆阳区设置了38块20 m×20 m的樟子松人工林样地,调查了不同林龄樟子松的胸径、树高等生长指标,应用数量化理论Ⅰ预测模型建立樟子松人工林优势木平均树高与立地因子之间的多元回归方程并确定立地评价等级,对樟子松人工林的立地质量进行了数量化评价。结果表明：（1）榆林沙区樟子松人工林随着林龄的增长,樟子松人工林平均胸径、树高均会有显著增长,且在第10～20年增长速度最快。（2）以坡向、海拔和坡位这三个主导因子将樟子松人工林划分为12个立地类型区,进行立地分类结果评价。通过对调查样地进行立地评价,可以看出调查样地中75%的樟子松人工林立地评价等级在中级以上,表明榆林地区的樟子松种植区域立地条件较好,适合樟子松种植。预测方程经过检验达到要求,说明利用数量化理论Ⅰ可以对樟子松人工林进行立地质量评价和生长趋势预测。     

Yield capacity of planted Picea abies in northern Sweden

Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) is the dominant species in the older forests of central northern Sweden. However, spruce has seldom been planted in the area, partly because existing tools for site classification have indicated a low yield capacity for the species. The aim of this study was to examine the yield capacity of spruce on the basis of existing plantations. In total, 91 operational and experimental plantations in the age interval 27–46 yrs were sampled. Stands were located between 62° and 65° N at altitudes 130–620 m a.s.l. Site index was estimated by height growth and site‐factor equations previously developed from old‐growth stand data. Height developments in the plantations indicate that site index for these stands is on average 4.6 m higher than predicted by site‐factor equations. The differences between the two methods are larger on poor sites than on rich sites. No systematic deviations of top height development from the site index curves could be detected on remeasured sample plots. Existing growth models were applied on measured stand data to predict future growth. Calculated mean annual increments were on average 20% lower when site index was predicted by site factors instead of height and age. The bias means that the yield capacity of planted spruce in northern Sweden has been underestimated by about 35%.     

宜昌市郊柏木人工林林下植被发育及生物量研究

通过对宜昌市郊柏木人工林从幼龄林、中龄林至近熟林3个阶段林下植被发育及生物量的研究,结果表明:林下乔木、灌木和草本植物数量有不同程度增加,但常绿树种几乎没有增加;林下灌木层由强阳性种趋向中性种,林下草本层由栗褐苔草和地果占优势变为蕨类植物占优势;柏木更新不良显著影响林下灌木层和草本层平均高度和平均盖度的变化,但总体趋势是增加的,只是平均密度有所下降;林下草本层和死地被物层的生物量呈增加趋势,但受柏木更新不良影响,灌木层生物量呈现出先减少后增加的变化趋势。     

Modeling top height growth of red alder plantations

Height growth equations for dominant trees are needed for growth and yield projections, to determine appropriate silvicultural regimes, and to estimate site index. Red alder [Alnus rubra Bong.] is a fast-growing hardwood species that is widely planted in the Pacific Northwest, USA. However, red alder dominant height growth equations used currently have been determined using stem analysis trees from natural stands rather than repeated measurements of stand-level top height from plantations, which may cause them to be biased. A regional dataset of red alder plantations was complied and used to construct a dynamic base-age invariant top height growth equation. Ten anamorphic and polymorphic Generalized Algebraic Difference Approach (GADA) forms were fit using the forward difference approach. The Chapman–Richards anamorphic and Schumacher anamorphic model forms were the only ones with statistically significant parameters that yielded biologically reasonable predictions across a full range of the available data. The Schumacher model form performed better on three independent datasets and, therefore, was selected as the final model. The resulting top height growth equations differed appreciably from tree-level dominant height growth equations developed using data from natural stands, particularly at the younger ages and on lower site indices. Both the rate and shape parameters of the Schumacher function were not influenced by initial planting density. However, this analysis indicates that the asymptote, which is related to site index, may be reduced for plantations with initial planting density below 500 trees ha⁻¹. The final equation can be used for predictions of top height (and thus) site index for red alder plantations across a range of different growing conditions.     

安徽亳县泡桐立地质量评定

本文在分析林木直径和树高的相关性的基础上,结合平原农区地形地貌特征,以林分内最大径阶木的平均胸高直径代替优势木的平均树高作因变量,以林分平均林龄和土壤种类、土层厚度、地下水位、株距等定性因子作为自变量,分别编制出安徽省亳县泡桐人工林地位指数表和数量化地位指数表,并在此基础上将泡桐人工林划分为14个立地类型。该项研究对于探讨平原农区主要树种有关经营数表的编制方法、立地类型划分和林木生长预估等具有普遍意义。     

Site index for teak in Colombia

Determination of site quality is a basic tool for proper selection of locations and species, in management of forest plantations.Throughout the Caribbean studies of site quality are few and are hampered by statistical limitations, inappropriate growth models, and limited data. We fitted growth curves for dominant height to evaluate and classify site quality of teak (Tectona grandis) plantations by using data from 44 permanent sample plots established since 1990 in 3 22 years old teak plantations in the Colombian Caribbean region. We used Korf’s and von Bertalanffy’s models to fit curves as nonlinear effects models. Both models, with a single random parameter, were considered as adequate for dominant height growth modelling, but Korf’s model was superior. There sulting curves were anamorphic and closely reflected high variability insite quality. Five site classes were clarified: at a base age of 12 years old,teak reached a mean dominant height of 24.8 m on the best sites, 9.8 m inthe worst sites, and in the averages sites, 15.8-18.8 m. Using this model,we identified the best and the worst sites for teak plantations in the Caribbean region. This model proved a useful tool, not only for site quality evaluation, but also for improved teak plantation planning and management.     

Growth responses to planting density and management intensity in loblolly pine plantations in the southeastern USA Lower Coastal Plain

? Background

A culture/density study was established in 1995 in the Lower Coastal Plain of the southeastern USA to evaluate the effects of intensive silviculture and current operational practices on the growth and yield of loblolly pine plantations across a wide range of planting densities (741–4,448 trees/ha). The operational regime consisted of bedding and herbicide application in site preparation and fertilizer applications at planting and in the eighth and 12th growing seasons. The intensive management regime had additional complete competition control, tip moths control, and more repeated fertilization treatments.

? Methods

The data from 14 locations from this split-plot experiment design with repeated measurements were analyzed with a mixed-effects model approach in terms of average DBH, average height, average dominant height, survival, stand basal area, and stand volume.

? Results

In the first few years after planting, there were no significant effects of management intensity and planting density. In later years, both management intensity and planting density significantly impacted response variables, and their interaction was only significant for average diameter at breast height (DBH). Responses to intensive management in DBH were greatest at the lowest planting densities. Intensive management resulted in larger average DBH, average height, dominant height, stand basal area, and volume. Intensively managed plots had more mortality at age 12. There were negative average DBH, average height, dominant height, and survival responses but positive stand basal area and volume responses to increasing planting density. However, there were no significant differences for planting densities above 2,224 trees/ha.

? Conclusions

The results demonstrate that both management intensity and planting density significantly affect loblolly pine productivity in the Lower Coastal Plain, and their effects are additive in nature due to the general lack of interactions.     

徐州侧柏林林分密度与林木生长关系的研究

以徐州市侧柏人工林为研究对象,研究50年生侧柏人工林不同经营密度与林分生长之间的关系规律。根据调查数据,绘制了不同密度侧柏林的径阶分布曲线;建立了胸径、单株材积、林分蓄积与密度的相关数学模型;并选出适合徐州石灰岩山地侧柏林生长的最优模型,为徐州市侧柏人工林的密度管理和林分生产力的预测提供科学依据。       

杉木人工林地位指数表简捷编制方法研究

利用浙江省开化林场杉木人工林36块标准地和144株解析木资料,比较分析5个树高生长模型后,选择Krof式生长函数H=aexp(-b/Ac)作为优势高生长模型。在分析优势高生长过程的基础上,确定基准年龄为20a,立地指数级距为2m。通过公式变形和推导,使用较简捷的方法编制了浙江省开化林场杉木人工林立地指数表。检验结果表明所编立地指数表精度符合要求。     

2003年干旱对1～3年生杉木林生长的影响

通过2003年干旱对1～3年生杉木幼林生长影响的研究,结果表明,2003年的杉木造林成活率、1～3年生杉木地径和树高当年生长量显著低于降水量正常的年份(2000～2002年)。干旱期间1年生杉木林平均造林成活率为81 5%,下降11 5%,平均地径当年生长量为0 70cm,下降54 3%,平均树高当年生长量为0 53m,下降36 4%;2年生杉木林地径和树高当年生长量分别下降38 8%和34 2%,3年生杉木林地径和树高当年生长量分别下降36 0%和43 1%。     

GROWTH AND YIELD MODELS FOR DAHURIAN LARCH PLANTATIONS

Growth and yield models were developed for individual tress and stands based on336 temporary plots with 405 stem analysis trees of dahurian larch(Larix gmelinii(Rupr.)Rupr.)plantations throughout Daxing’anling mountains.Several equations were selected using nonlinearregression analysis.Results showed that the Richards equation was the best model for estimatingtree height,stand mean helght and stand dominant height from age; The Power equation was thebest model for prediction tree volume from DBH and tree height; The logarithmic stand volumeequation was good for predicting stand volume from age,mean height,basal area and other standvariables.These models can be used to construct the volume table, the site index table and other for-estry tables for dahurian larch plantations.