胰管引流与非引流在预防胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生的作用观察

目的 探讨胰管引流与非引流在预防胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生的作用。方法 我们回顾性地分析了76例胰十二指肠切除病例，手术范围包括远端半胃、胆总管、胰头、十二指肠整块切除；消化道重建采用胰空肠端侧吻合或胰管空肠粘膜端侧吻合，76例中45例胰管内安置外引流，31例未安置胰管引流。结果 胰管外引流45例中，1例（2．2％）发生胰瘘，而31例未安置胰管外引流病例中7例（22．6％）发生胰瘘，胰管外引流组术后胰瘘发生率明显低于胰管非引流线（P＜0．05）。结论 胰十二指肠切除胰肠吻合时胰管内安置外引流能降低术后胰瘘的发生率，值得临床应用。     

胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的防治体会

目的分析胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的防治措施,以减少胰十二指肠切除术后并发症发生率。方法2001年1月至2005年12月对106例患者行胰十二指肠切除术,其中常规胰十二指肠切除术87例,保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术4例,扩大胰十二指肠切除术15例。结果术后共出现胰瘘11例(10.4%),胰腺空肠端端套入式吻合、胰腺空肠端侧套入式吻合、胰管空肠黏膜吻合三种吻合方式胰瘘发生率分别为9.6%、12.9%和8.7%。术后平均胰瘘持续时间为(14.7±4.5)d。所有胰瘘患者均应用生长抑素类药物抑制胰腺外分泌治疗。结论防治胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的关键是改善胰肠吻合口的质量和保持引流通畅。术后应用生长抑素类药物有助于胰瘘的愈合。     

胰十二指肠切除术中改进胰肠吻合预防胰瘘（附9例报告）

目的 探讨胰十二指肠切除术中预防胰瘘的方法。方法 回顾分析我科9例胰十二指肠切除术患者的临床资料。采用胰空肠端端套入式吻合，辅助应用医用胶，主胰管内置入导管，留在空肠内，超过胆肠吻合口，胆总管内不放T形管。结果 9例患者术后无胰瘘、胆瘘，并发肺部感染1例，切口感染1例，术后随访无胆道梗阻、糖尿病。结论 此吻合法操作简便，吻合牢靠，胰液引流通畅，肠袢张力低，能较好地预防胰瘘的发生。     

胰十二指肠切除术15例手术改进的体会

目的：探讨改进胰十二指肠切除术（PD），预防术后并发症，提高手术疗效的方法。方法：采用保留幽门、胰管空肠黏膜吻合、胰肠遮盖套入式端端吻合，胰管支撑外引流等术式、观察其疗效。结果：全组未发生胰瘘及胰断面出血。保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术（PPPD）组有1例术后发生胃潴留，其余胃功能正常。结论：PPPD只要操作得法，可避免术后胃潴留，胰腺遮盖套入式端端吻合操作简便，可有效防止术后胰瘘、胰断面出血等并发症。     

胰肠吻合方式和保留幽门对胰瘘发生的影响

目的探讨胰肠吻合方式和保留幽门对胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生的影响。方法回顾性分析我院1994年1月至2007年5月间142例胰十二指肠切除术患者临床资料，探讨胰瘘发生的危险因素，比较胰肠黏膜对黏膜胰管空肠端-侧吻合、胰腺空肠端-端套入式吻合及保留幽门与否对胰瘘发生率的影响。结果术后胰瘘总发生率22％（32／142），其中黏膜对黏膜吻合组21％（29／132），传统胰腺空肠端-端套入组33．33％（3／9）。结论胰肠吻合方式、保留幽门与否对胰瘘发生率无显著性的影响。     

胰十二指肠切除术后重建术

自1935年Whipple等首先提出胰十二指肠切除术以来,几经改进已失去原貌.六十年代标准的胰十二指肠切除术包括远端半胃、全十二指肠、胆管、胆囊及胰头、颈、钩突的切除.重建术为胰空肠吻合、胆肠吻合和胃肠吻合.1978年Traverso和longmire采用了保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术.重建术的选择:胰十二指肠切除术后重建方式有:传统的十二指肠切除术、保留幽门十二指肠空肠吻合术、胰胃吻合术、双Roux袢吻合术,以及最近提出的保留幽门的各种重建术式.胰腺残端的处理:1.不吻合的选择,早期胰十二指肠切除术后曾采用胰管结扎术,但有囊肿形成和胰瘘的危险,有报道胰管结扎术后胰瘘发生率达70%.以后许多作者使用胰管栓塞术,认为这种方法较胰空肠吻合术安全.可导致完全的外分泌腺萎缩.1991年Linos等提出了胰管外引流术,并通过对病人4～10个月随访认为这种技术既避免了高危的胰空肠吻合又保留了内分泌功能.2.胰空肠吻合术:最常用的方法有两种,一为端端套人式吻合,一为端侧粘膜对粘膜吻合.认为粘膜对胰管吻合是一种可取的方法,许多外科医师在胰肠吻合处使用支架管,以引流胰液防止有活性的胰酶引起组织自溶,而Bartoli等认为用支架管与不用支架管的胰瘘发生率无区别,不同类型的胰空肠吻合术并发症发生率没有显著差别.3.胰     

胰头十二指肠切除术胰瘘、胆瘘的相关因素

目的 探讨胰头十二指肠切除术中胰瘘，胆瘘与吻合口内是否置支架引流和的关系及与吻合方法的关系。临床资料 回顾分析我院４９例胰头十二指肠切除术，其中Ｃｈｉｌｄ法重建术３９例，Ｗｈｉｐｐｌｅ法重建术９例，胰管栓塞断端缝闭旷置１例；胰管内置支撑引流管４５例，未置引流管３例，胆管戳孔置Ｔ管３１例，胆管内置管结胆肠吻合口再经空肠外引流１１例，示置引流管７例。     

保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术的技术改进

作者在30例保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术中，对手术细节上作了改进，胰腺空肠吻合时可很顺利地将胰腺套入空肠，胰管内放置长的内支撑引流管行肠腔内引流；胆道空肠吻合采用人工合成可吸收线连续单层吻合；胆道内不放置T型引流管，可避免术后胰液、胆法丢失，从而稳定内环境。本组无胰瘘发生。经胃窦放置高位空肠营养造瘘管，可明显降低术后胃排空障碍。     

双管引流对胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的预防作用

目的探讨胰管引流管、空肠袢引流管的双管引流法对胰十二指肠切除术后预防胰瘘的预防价值。方法 37例胰十二指肠切除手术中均采用双管引流方法来预防胰瘘。结果全部病例无吻合口胰瘘发生,其他并发症均治愈,无死亡病例。结论应用双管引流方法可有效防止胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的发生。     

防范Whipple术后胰瘘的临床体会

目的 探讨预防胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的经验。方法 回顾性总结胰十二指肠切除术42例的临床资料，实施胰空肠端端套入吻合术28例，捆绑式胰肠吻合术14例，全组病人均放置胰管支撑引流，外引流18例，内支架管引流24例，结果 全组无胰瘘发生，术后并发伤口感染2例，胃排空障碍1例，肺部感染1例，胃肠出血1例，腹腔脓肿1例，胆瘘1例，并发症发生率为16.7%，内支撑引流的病人术后恢复明显快于完全外引流的病人。结论 胰管内支撑引流，精细的胰肠吻合和有效的围手术期治疗是预防Whipple术后胰瘘的关键。     

胰腺手术后胰瘘的治疗现状

瘘是消化系统常见的疾病或并发症 ,发病率高 ,治疗棘手 ,疗程较长 ,花费较多。我刊经常收到热心读者来函或来电咨询相关问题 ,例如 :胰腺假性囊肿与胰瘘的关系 ,如何采取干预措施预防向胰外瘘的发展 ;再如 ,肝外伤特别是钝性伤时 ,如何在手术过程中避免遗漏肝内胆管损伤等。为了能使读者较为系统全面地认识这个问题 ,本期诚邀国内这一领域的相关专家进行讨论 ,希望能抛砖引玉 ,使更多医生、研究人员提高认识 ,如果读者在临床工作中有好的经验 ,欢迎大家踊跃来稿继续讨论     

Roux-en-Y Drainage of the Pancreatic Stump Decreases Pancreatic Fistula After Distal Pancreatic Resection

Clinically relevant fistula after distal pancreatic resection occurs in 5–30% of patients, prolonging recovery and considerably increasing in-hospital stay and costs. We tested whether routine drainage of the pancreatic stump into a Roux-en-Y limb after distal pancreatic resection decreased the incidence of fistula. From October 2001, data of all patients undergoing pancreatic distal resection were entered in a prospective database. From June 2003 after resection, the main pancreatic duct and the pancreatic stump were oversewn, and in addition, anastomosed into a jejunal Roux-en-Y limb by a single-layer suture (n = 23). A drain was placed near the anastomosis, and all patients received octreotide for 5–7 days postoperatively. The volume of the drained fluid was registered daily, and concentration of amylase was measured and recorded every other day. Patient demographics, hospital stay, pancreatic fistula incidence (≥30 ml amylase-rich fluid/day on/after postoperative day 10), perioperative morbidity, and follow-up after discharge were compared with our initial series of patients (treated October 2001–May 2003) who underwent oversewing only (n = 20). Indications, patient demographics, blood loss, and tolerance of an oral diet were similar. There were four (20%) pancreatic fistulas in the “oversewn” group and none in the anastomosis group (p < 0.05). Nonsurgical morbidity, in-hospital stay, and follow-up were comparable in both groups. Wagner and Gloor both contributed equally in this work.     

胰腺星状细胞在胰腺纤维化中的作用

目的介绍胰腺星状细胞在胰腺纤维化中的作用及抗胰腺纤维化研究进展。方法复习相关文献资料并作综述。结果胰腺星状细胞的活化与胰腺纤维化密切相关,抑制胰腺星状细胞活化可为临床治疗慢性胰腺炎提供新的途径。结论胰腺星状细胞是胰腺纤维化发病的关键环节,并逐渐成为抗胰腺纤维化及治疗慢性胰腺炎的重要靶标。     

Pancreatic Resection for M1 Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Background Improved safety of pancreatic surgery has led to consideration of more aggressive approaches, such as resection for primary pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) with metastatic disease (M1). Methods A total of 29 patients who underwent pancreatic resection with resection of associated metastatic disease (interaortocaval lymph node dissection, liver resection, and/or multiorgan resections) were retrospectively identified from a database of 316 R0/R1 pancreatic resections for PDAC. An explorative data analysis of perioperative and clinicopathological parameters, and overall survival was performed by Kaplan-Meier estimation, log rank test, and Fisher’s exact test. Results The overall in-hospital mortality and morbidity of R0/R1 pancreatic resections for M1 disease (n = 29) was 0% and 24.1%, compared with 4.2% and 35.2% of R0/R1 pancreatic resections for M0 disease (n = 287). The median overall survival time was 13.8 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.4–20.5), and the estimated 1-year overall survival rate was 58.9% (95% CI, 34.8–76.7) for patients with M1 disease. The median survival in those with metastatic interaortocaval lymph nodes was 27 months (95% CI, 9.6–27.0), whereas it was 11.4 months (95% CI, 7.8–16.5) and 12.9 months (95% CI, 7.2–20.5) for those with liver and peritoneal metastases, respectively. Conclusions Pancreatic resections with M1 disease can be performed with acceptable safety in highly selected patients. The survival after interaortocaval lymph node resection is comparable to that of other lymph nodes that do not constitute M1 disease. Resection of liver and peritoneal metastases, although safe in this series, cannot be generally recommended until further controlled trials can be conducted. S.V.S. and J.K. contributed equally to this article.     

Pancreatic cancer

Improving the survival of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains an oncological and surgical challenge. The non-specific nature of presenting symptoms results in approximately 50% of patients having advanced disease at diagnosis, coupled with its relative chemoresistance result in persistently poor survival rates. Unfortunately, even long-term outcomes following surgical resection for PDAC remains poor, with only 20% of patients surviving 5 years after pancreatectomy. Patient selection for surgery remains sub-optimal largely due to the absence of consideration of aggressive tumour biology. The benefits of FOLFIRINOX for patients with metastatic disease are now being realized in the adjuvant setting and potentially in the neoadjuvant space coupled with improved understanding of the impact of treatment sensitive molecular subgroups. For all patients with PDAC, management should incorporate multidisciplinary management; integrated supportive care with comprehensive germline testing becoming increasingly applied. The future will likely see gradual progression to more patient-centred treatment algorithms based on tumour molecular profiling with the aim of improving not only survival outcomes, but also quality of life.     

Pancreatic Cytopathology

Pancreatic cytopathology, particularly through the use of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA), has excellent specificity and sensitivity for the diagnosis of pancreatic lesions. Such diagnoses can help guide preoperative management of patients, provide prognostic information, and confirm diagnoses in patients who are not surgical candidates. Furthermore, FNA can be used to obtain cyst fluid for ancillary tests that can improve the diagnosis of cystic lesions. In this article, we describe the cytomorphological features and differential diagnoses of the most commonly encountered pancreatic lesions on FNA.     

Pancreatic Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis of the pancreas is extremely rare and in most of the cases mimics pancreatic carcinoma. There are a number of case reports on pancreatic tuberculosis with various different presentations, but only a few case series have been published, and most of our knowledge about this disease comes from individual case reports. Patients of pancreatic tuberculosis may remain asymptomatic initially and manifest as an abscess or a mass involving local lymph nodes and usually present with non-specific features. Pancreatic tuberculosis may present with a wide range of imaging findings. It is difficult to diagnose tuberculosis of pancreas on imaging studies as they may present with masses, cystic lesions or abscesses and mass lesions in most of the cases mimic pancreatic carcinoma. As it is a rare entity, it cannot be recommended but suggested that pancreatic tuberculosis should be considered in cases with a large space occupying lesions associated with necrotic peripancreatic lymph nodes and constitutional symptoms. Ultrasonography/computed tomography/endosonography-guided biopsy is the recommended diagnostic technique. Most patients achieve complete cure with standard antituberculous therapy. The aims of this study are to review clinical presentation, diagnostic studies, and management of pancreatic tuberculosis and to present our experience of 5 cases of pancreatic tuberculosis.     

Pancreatic cancer

It is anticipated that by 2030 pancreatic cancer will be the second leading cause of death from cancer. Surgery remains the only potentially curative therapy. However, less than a quarter of patients are suitable for surgical resection. The lack of early symptoms, the propensity for pancreatic cancer cells to metastasize early in disease development together with the marked resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, are partly responsible for the poor survival rates. Recent improvements in diagnostic imaging, such as pancreas protocol computed tomography and the role of endoscopic ultrasound, allow for earlier detection and facilitate earlier management of pancreatic cancer. In recent years, the approved use of FOLFIRINOX and gemcitabine nab-paclitaxel regimens in patients with metastatic disease has seen an improvement in survival rates and there has been increasing interest in its use in neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Future perspectives include studying the carcinogenesis of pancreatic malignancy and tumour-related genetic mutations, which it is hoped will lead to new developments in the management of pancreatic cancer, and indeed in survival rates.