基因芯片技术检测在乙型肝炎病毒基因突变分析中的应用

目的:探讨DNA芯片在乙型肝炎病毒基因突变分析中的应用及临床意义。方法:用基因多态性检测芯片检测HBV DNA阳性慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者血清前C区1896/1814位点、基本核心启动子区(BCP区)1762/1764位点及P区528/552位点突变情况,并与血清转氨酶、血清HBV DNA复制程度、血清e系统进行对比分析。结果:未接受抗病毒药物拉米夫定治疗的12例HBsAg( )、HBeAg( )、HBeAb(-)的患者血清中未检测到病毒变异,其他患者中未检测到P区基因变异;30例接受拉米夫定治疗48-96周后的HBV DNA阳性患者中,有19例患者检测到YMDD变异,并出现血清转氨酶升高,HBV DNA复制再度活跃。结论:前C区、BCP区突变较多的出现在HBeAb( )的患者中并与HBeAg的阴性表型相关,BCP区突变与HBeAg/HBeAb血清学转换密切相关,而P区528/552位点突变更多的出现在接受拉米夫定治疗后的患者中,与拉米夫定耐药相关且加重肝损害;基因芯片技术检测乙型肝炎病毒多位点变异对临床判断病情具有一定的参考意义。     

乙型肝炎病毒基因型、BCP及PC区变异与拉米夫定治疗后HBV DNA反弹的关系

目的:探讨HBV基因型、C区基本核心启动子(BcP)及前C(PC)区变异与拉米夫定抗病毒治疗后HBV DNA反弹的关系.方法:应用多引物对巢式PCR法,PCR-序列分析法,检测拉米夫定治疗27例乙型肝炎患者(治疗组),以及19例从未用过抗病毒治疗患者(对照组)的HBV基因型PC区,BCP的突变位点.结果:27例HBV DNA反弹的患者9例检出G1896A变异率高于对照组(33.33% vs 5.26%,P<0.05),4例检出C1856T变异(14.81%).治疗组4份治疗前标本未检出G1896A、C1856T和BCP变异.与对照组比较,治疗组PC(G1896A)及BCP(A1762T G1764A)双变异的患者中B基因型的构成比增高,分别为75%和50%,C基因型的构成比下降,分别为25%和50%.其中在BCP(A1762T G1764A)变异患者中B、C基因型构成比与对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05).4例HBV DNA反弹患者治疗前未检出有基因变异,治疗后有2例检出变异,BCP变异1例,BCP PC变异1例.27例HBV DNA反弹患者BCP变异4例,PC变异2例,BCP PC变异8例.结论:BCP(T1762/A1764)变异、PC区(G1896A)变异可能与拉米夫定治疗后HBV DNA反弹有关.病毒变异导致的HBV DNA反弹可以是单基因变异引起,也可以是多个基因联合变异引起,拉米夫定治疗后B基因型患者更易发生A1762T G1764A变异.     

乙型肝炎病毒前核心区及基本启动子变异对干扰素抗病毒治疗应答的影响

乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)在慢性感染过程中具有适应性和变异性的倾向,在内源性(宿主免疫清除)和外源性(疫苗、抗病毒药物)选择压力下更易产生免疫逃逸的变异株.HBV变异常出现某些特定位点,如前核心区(前C区nt1896)及启动子(BCP,nt1762/1764)变异.在HBeAg阳性患者极大多数是野生株,而HBeAg阴性患者极大多数是变异株.我们采用微流基因芯片检测280例慢性乙型肝炎患者血清前C区nt1896及BCP变异,其中94患者予干扰素α2b抗病毒治疗,进一步探讨其对慢性乙型肝炎抗病毒治疗的影响.     

乙型肝炎病毒X区核苷酸序列变异的检测

目的：了解乙型肝炎患者血清中乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）DNA X区核苷酸序列的变异情况。方法：采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增24例乙型肝炎患者血清HBV DNA X区产物，并直接测序进行分析。结果：24例患者血清中HBV DNA X区都有程度不等的点突变（2－15），11例同时具有nt1762(A→T),nt1764(G→A）发生变异，8例患者同时在nt1636-nt1741几处位点发生变异。结论：HBV DNA X区核苷酸位于nt1762,nt1764双位变异与HBeAg阴性表型有关。     

乙型肝炎病毒BCP变异与拉米夫定治疗后HBVDNA反弹关系的研究

目的 探讨HBV BCP变异与拉米夫定抗病毒治疗后HBVDNA反弹的关系.方法 应用PCR-序列分析法,检测拉米夫定治疗(100mg/d)1年以上,达到病毒学应答半年以上,再出现HBV DNA反弹(HBV DNA拷贝数≥1.0×104拷贝/ml)的27例乙型肝炎患者(治疗组),以及19例从未用过抗病毒治疗患者(对照组)的HBV C区基本核心启动子(BCP)的突变位点.结果 1.治疗组HBVDNA反弹的27例BCP(A1762T G1764A)变异检出率44.44%(12/27)高于对照组26.32%(5/19),但无统计学差异,P>0.05.2.4例HBVDNA反弹患者治疗前未检出BCP(A1762T G1764A)变异,治疗后有2例检出BCP(A1762T G1764A)变异.结论 BCP(T1762/A1764)变异可能与拉米夫定治疗后HBVDNA反弹有关.     

乙型肝炎病毒YMDD及e抗原相关多重变异及其临床意义

目的 研究拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎期间HBVYMDD基序、影响HBeAg分泌的多重变异情况与临床的关系。方法 采用基因芯片技术对拉米夫定治疗9～30个月的慢性乙型肝炎患者进行YMDD基序、G1896A、A1814C、A1762T和G1764A(BCP双突变)单碱基变异检测。结果 102例慢性乙型肝炎患者拉米夫定平均治疗18个月时,22例发生YMDD变异,其中8例发生多重变异,包括G1896A3例、A1814C2例、G1896A A1814C、BCP双突变、BCP双突变 G1896A多重变异各1例,单纯YMDD变异和前5例联合变异均为HBeAg阳性,而后3例多重变异则为HBeAg阴性,其中1例多重变异继续治疗3个月后转变为单纯YMDD野生株阳性,同时伴有HBeAg的复阳。结论 拉米夫定治疗过程中存在YMDD及HBeAg相关多重变异的优势病毒株可能是HBVDNA复阳、同时伴有HBeAg阴转的原因之一,拉米夫定治疗过程中,HBeAg阴性时应监测其可能的相关变异。     

慢性乙型肝炎患者HBV C基因启动子变异的临床意义

目的:探讨慢性乙型肝炎中C基因启动子(BCP)变异的临床意义。方法:采用错配PCR与限制性长度片段多态性分析(RFLP)相结合,检测35例慢性乙型肝炎患者BCP区核苷酸(nt)1762碱基A→T和1764G→A联合突变及前C区nt1896G→A终止变异。结果:在35例慢性乙型肝炎中检出BCP区T1762A1764变异8例(23％),其中6例血清HBeAg( ),2例抗HBe( ),而7例前C区A1896变异中HBeAg( )2例,抗HBe( )5例,未见T1762A1764变异和A1896变异同时出现者。结论:提示HBV毒株BCP区T1762A1764变异可能与前C区A1896变异不同,它的出现不足以导致HBeAg(—)型的慢性肝炎。     

清热利湿法对慢性乙型肝炎HBV基因突变株复制的影响

目的:研究清热利湿法对慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者HBV前C区基因突变株复制的影响。方法:采用基因芯片技术定量检测CHB肝胆湿热/湿热中阻证患者治疗(清热利湿法)前后的HBV前C基因变异。结果:治疗前的HBV前C区1762、1764、1896位点变异率明显高于1899位点变异率,差异有显著性意义(P<0.01);治疗后各位点变异率下降,其中治疗组1764、1896位点变异率显著下降(P<0.05)。治疗前不同位点变异株信号强度1896>1764>1762>1899,差异具有显著性意义(P<0.05);治疗后1762、1764、1896位点变异株信号强度下降,其中1896位点信号强度显著下降(P<0.05)。结论:清热利湿法在改善CHB肝胆湿热/湿热中阻证患者临床证候的同时,可在一定程度上抑制HBV前C区突变株的复制。     

慢性乙型肝炎肝肾阴虚证HBV基因突变点的分布规律

目的:研究慢性乙型肝炎肝肾阴虚证HBV基因突变点的分布规律。方法:基因芯片方法检测慢性乙型肝炎肝肾阴虚证患者HBV前C区基因变异。结果:慢性乙型肝炎肝肾阴虚证患者HBV前C区变异可见于多个位点,1896位点变异率为31.37%,1764位点变异率为25.49%,1762位点变异率为24.51%,1899位点变异率为12.75%,1862位点变异率为5.88%。1762、1764、1896和1899点的突变株信号值高于野生株信号值;1862点野生株信号值高于突变株信号值,差异有显著性意义(P<0.01)。结论:揭示慢性乙型肝炎肝肾阴虚证患者HBV基因突变点的分布规律,有利于进一步探讨中医药抑制HBV突变株复制的方法。     

广西慢性乙型肝炎患者HBV核心基因启动子突变的研究

目的 了解HBV核心基因启动子突变与肝损害程度或HBeAg状态的关系。方法 用套式PCR扩增59例慢性乙型肝炎患者血清HBV核心基因启动子,阳性者用直接测序法检测。结果35例HBV DNA阳性,阳性率为59.3％。无正常序列标本,最常见的突变类型是nt1762、1764发生双突(A→T、G→A),占57.1％;其次为nt1799位点突变,由C→G,占54.4%,为无义突变;nt1752位点突变,由A→G,使该密码由异亮氨酸变为缬氨酸,占37.1％;nt1753T→C,占20.0%。T_(1762)A_(1764)突变株在HBeAg阳性、阴性患者组中的分布分别为31.3％、79.0％,两者差异有显著性,x~2 8.068 8,P<0.05。结论 HBV核心基因启动子突变在广两慢性乙型肝炎患者较常见,T_(1762)A_(1764)突变株与HBeAg阴性及慢性肝炎有关。     

Novel hepatitis B virus surface antigen mutations associated with occult genotype B hepatitis B virus infection affect HBsAg detection

The causative factors of occult hepatitis B infection are complicated and not yet been fully elucidated. Mutations in hepatitis B virus (HBV) S gene are one of the factors may contributing to occult infection. In this study, 89 blood donors with genotype B occult HBV infection were investigated. Fifty‐seven hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)‐positive/HBV DNA‐positive blood donors served as control group for comparison. Occult HBV‐related mutations with a high incidence (P < .05) in the S gene were identified. To further verify these occult infection‐related mutations, a conservative full‐gene expression vector of HBV B genotype (pHBV1.3B) was constructed. Then, the mutant plasmids on the basis of pHBV1.3B were constructed and transfected into HepG2 cells. Extracellular as well as intracellular HBsAg was analysed by electrochemical luminescence and cellular immunohistochemistry. Ten occult infection‐related mutations (E2G, Q101R, K122R, M133T, D144E, G145R, V168A, S174N, L175S and I226S) were significantly more frequent in the occult infection group (P < .05). Five of the ten mutations (E2G, D144E, G145R, V168A and S174N) strongly decreased extracellular HBsAg level (P < .05) in the transfection system. Notably, the E2G mutation had the most significant impact on the ratio of extracellular HBsAg (3.8% vs pHBV1.3B) and intracellular HBsAg (239.3% vs pHBV1.3B) (P < .05), and the fluorescence density of E2G mutant HBsAg was significantly higher than that of pHBV1.3B (P < .0001). Hence, ten mutations were associated with genotype B occult HBV infection; E2G and V168A were novel mutations which we confirmed significantly affect HBsAg detection. E2G might cause HBsAg secretion impairment that results in intracellular accumulation and a decrease in HBsAg secretion.     

Expression of B7-H4 and hepatitis B virus X in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma

AIM: To investigate the expression and clinical significance of B7-H4 and hepatitis B virus X(HBx) protein in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma(HBV-HCC).METHODS: The expression of B7-H4 in the human HCC cell lines Hep G2 and Hep G2.2.15 were detected by western blot, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence. The expression of B7-H4 and HBx in 83 HBV-HCC was detected by immunohistochemistry, and the relationship with clinicopathological features was analyzed. Paraffin sections were generated from 83 HBV-HCC patients(22 females and 61 males) enrolled in this study. The age of these patients ranged from 35 to 77 years, with an average of 52.5 ± 11.3 years. All experiments were approved by the Ethics Committees of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine.RESULTS: B7-H4 was significantly upregulated in Hep G2.2.15 cells compared to Hep G2 cells. Specifically, the protein expression of B7-H4 in the lysates of Hep G2 cells was more than that in Hep G2.2.15 cells. In addition, HBx was expressed only in Hep G2.2.15 cells. Similar data were obtained by flow cytometry. The positive rates of B7-H4 and HBx in the tissues of 83 HBV-HCC patients were 68.67%(57/83) and 59.04%(49/83), respectively. The expression of HBx was correlated with tumor node metastases(TNM) stage, and the expression of B7-H4 was positively correlated with HBx(rs = 0.388; p 0.01). The expression level of B7-H4 in HBx-positive HBV-HCC tissues was substantially higher than that in HBx-negative HBV-HCC tissues. The expression level of B7H4 was negatively related to tumor TNM stage.CONCLUSION: Higher expression of HBx and B7-H4 was correlated with tumor progression of HBV-HCC, suggesting that B7-H4 may be involved in facilitating HBV-related hepatocarcinogenesis.     

慢性乙型肝炎患者肝细胞内乙型肝炎核心抗原阳性的临床意义

目的探讨CHB患者肝组织HBcAg阳性的意义。方法对200例CHB患者应用荧光聚合酶链反应（FQ-PCR）法精确定量检测血清HBV DNA含量。患者均检测血清中HBeAg含量,同时进行肝活组织检查,应用免疫组织化学技术检测HBcAg情况,并进行相关性分析。结果按测定血清HBV DNA水平,分为A组（＜3 log10拷贝/ml）20例,B组（≥3 log10拷贝/ml-＜5 log10拷贝/ml）13例,C组（≥5 log10拷贝/ml～＜6 log10拷贝/ml）24例,D组（≥6 log10拷贝/ml～＜8 log10拷贝/ml）116例,E组（≥8 log10拷贝/ml）27例。肝组织HBcAg阳性者175例,占87．5％,A组HBcAg阳性率55．0％（11/20）,B组53．8％（7/13）,C组75．0％（18/24）,D组96．6％（112/116）,E组100．0％（27/27）,HBcAg阳性率与血清HBV DNA水平之间呈显著正相关（r=0．80,P＜0．01）。血清HBV DNA水平高低与HBeAg阳性率之间呈显著正相关（r=0．47,P＜0．01）。其中20例HBV DNA阴性者中（A组）,HBeAg阳性者5例（25％）,HBcAg阳性者11例（55％）；15例HBV DNA阴性且HBeAg阴性者中有7例HBcAg阳性,占46．7％。结论CHB患者肝组织HBcAg阳性能更可靠地反映肝细胞内HBV复制状态。检测肝组织内HBcAg对CHB患者疗效评价和对治疗反应性的预测更具有临床意义。     

慢性乙型肝炎和肝硬化患者血清HBV基因型分析

目的 分析慢性乙型肝炎和肝硬化患者血清乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)分型分布情况。方法 2015年6月～2018年5月南京中医药大学附属南京市第二医院就诊的慢性乙型肝炎患者261例,乙型肝炎肝硬化患者30例,肝细胞癌4例,采用测序法检测血清HBV基因型。结果 在295例HBV感染者中,有132例(44.7%)为B型感染,161例(54.6%)为C型感染,2例(0.7%)为D型感染;慢性乙型肝炎患者与肝硬化患者血清TBIL、ALT和AST水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);肝硬化患者血清肝纤维化指标(P<0.05)、血清HBV DNA载量(P<0.05)和血清HBeAg阳性率(x²=5.798,P<0.05)均显著高于慢性乙型肝炎患者;乙型肝炎肝硬化患者和肝细胞癌患者C型感染比例均显著高于慢性乙型肝炎患者,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)结论 慢性乙型肝炎和肝硬化患者HBV感染以B基因型和C基因型为主,而肝硬化患者以C型感染居多,提示C型感染患者可能比B型患者更容易出现严重的肝损伤,并产生严重的临床结局。     

难治性慢性乙型肝炎

"难治性慢性乙型肝炎"的定义:符合慢性乙型肝炎的诊断标准,因各种原因/因素导致在现有指南或建议治疗方案指导下,使用了包括核苷(酸)类似物和(或)干扰素在内的抗HBV药物治疗失败或疗效不佳、或不规范抗病毒治疗所致、或已有循证医学依据证实疗效不佳的慢性乙型肝炎.难治性慢性乙型肝炎概念的提出,有利于乙型肝炎患者接受临床规范化...     

慢性乙型肝炎和肝硬化中乙型肝炎病毒X抗原表达的分析

用基因工程技术由大肠杆菌合成重组乙型肝炎病毒（ＨＢＶ）Ｘ抗原（ＨＢｘＡｇ）并制备兔抗－ＨＢｘＩｇＧ以检测ＨＢｘＡｇ，合成一对以ＨＢＶＸ基因序列为模板的引物，用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）技术扩增ＨＢＶＤＮＡ。免疫组织化学和血清学方法分别用以分析肝病患者肝组织中的ＨＢｘＡｇ和血清标本中的ＨＢｘＡｇ、抗－ＨＢｘ。发现ＨＢｘＡｇ在慢性活动性肝炎（ＣＡＨ）患者肝组织中检出率为７２．７％，在肝炎后肝硬化（ＬＣ）中为９２．６％，而乙型肝炎核心抗原（ＨＢｃＡｇ）在ＬＣ中检出率为４７．８％。在ＣＡＨ、慢性迁延性肝炎和ＬＣ的血清中ＨＢｘＡｇ的阳性率分别为４４．４％、６６．６％和３３．３％，与ＨＢｅＡｇ的阳性率相似，而且在这些ＨＢｘＡｇ阳性的血清中可检出ＨＢＶＤＮＡ的存在，ＨＢｘＡｇ的表达与ＨＢＶ复制紧密相关，ＨＢｘＡｇ可能是一慢性ＨＢＶ感染的重要标志物。     

一种新的HBeAg阴性慢性乙型肝炎病毒变异机制

Objective To investigate mutation patterns in core promoter(CP)region of hepatitis B virus(HBV).Methods HBV DNA was extracted from sera of patients with chronic HBV infection.The CP sequence was amplified by polymerase chain reaction(PCR)and cloned into pMD19 T vector.The positive clones were then sequenced.The sequences were compared with known HBV genome in GenBank to identify the mutation sites and patterns of patients with chronic HBV infection.Results There were 74 clones from 21 patients with chronic HBV infection which were sequenced.The sequence comparisons showed that there was a 234-nucleotide deletion in CP region of HBV genome in 54 clones and a 245-nucleotide deletion in one clone.These deletion regions included CP,HBeAg initiation codon and direct repeat sequence(DR)Ⅰ regions,which named CP deletion(CPD).A1585T replacement mutation was also found in HBV strain with CPD,which indicated that there was linkage between these two mutations.Conclusions A novel mechanism of HBeAg negative chronic hepatitis B is observed,which includes deletions of CP and HBeAg initiation codon.Meanwhile,a simple and useful PCR method is developed to detect CPD.     

一种新的HBeAg阴性慢性乙型肝炎病毒变异机制

Objective To investigate mutation patterns in core promoter(CP)region of hepatitis B virus(HBV).Methods HBV DNA was extracted from sera of patients with chronic HBV infection.The CP sequence was amplified by polymerase chain reaction(PCR)and cloned into pMD19 T vector.The positive clones were then sequenced.The sequences were compared with known HBV genome in GenBank to identify the mutation sites and patterns of patients with chronic HBV infection.Results There were 74 clones from 21 patients with chronic HBV infection which were sequenced.The sequence comparisons showed that there was a 234-nucleotide deletion in CP region of HBV genome in 54 clones and a 245-nucleotide deletion in one clone.These deletion regions included CP,HBeAg initiation codon and direct repeat sequence(DR)Ⅰ regions,which named CP deletion(CPD).A1585T replacement mutation was also found in HBV strain with CPD,which indicated that there was linkage between these two mutations.Conclusions A novel mechanism of HBeAg negative chronic hepatitis B is observed,which includes deletions of CP and HBeAg initiation codon.Meanwhile,a simple and useful PCR method is developed to detect CPD.     

Food-bound B12 absorption and serum total homocysteine in patients with low serum B12 levels

This study was undertaken to determine whether measurements of serum total homocysteine (Hcys) and bound B12 absorption are useful in determining which patients with low- or low-normal levels of serum B12 are B12 deficient. In 40 patients with low or borderline serum levels of B12, food-bound B12 absorptions were determined using a body counter in an iron room, and were related to serum total Hcys levels. Food-bound B12 absorption was decreased in 16 patients and in an additional four, absorption of the free vitamin was also decreased. Homocysteine levels were elevated in four of the 16; in three of the four who had both decreased bound and free B12 absorptions, Hcys was elevated. If elevation of the Hcys level indicates tissue deficiency of B12, the 75% incidence of normal levels of Hcys in these patients with low food-bound B12 absorptions suggests the existence of a cohort of patients who may be at risk to develop, but have not yet developed, B12 deficiency. Only long term follow-up will reveal how many ultimately will become B12 deficient. Am. J. Hematol. 59:42–45, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Advances in treatment and prevention of hepatitis B

Chronic hepatitis B(CHB) continues to contribute to worldwide morbidity and mortality significantly. Scientists, clinicians, pharmaceutical companies, and health organizations have dedicated substantial Intellectual and monetary resources to finding a cure, increasing immunization rates, and reducing the global burden of CHB. National and international health-related organizations including the center for disease control, the national institute of health, the American Association for the study of liver disease(AASLD), The European association for the study of the Liver(EASL), The Asia Pacific association for the study of the Liver(APASL) and the world health organization release periodic recommendations for disease prevention and treatment. Our review of the most recent guidelines by EASL, AASLD, APASL, and Taiwan Association for the Study of the Liver revealed that an overwhelming majority of cited studies were published before 2018. We reviewed Hepatitis B-related literature published 2018 onwards to identify recent developments and current barriers that will likely direct future efforts towards eradicating hepatitis B. The breakthrough in our understanding of the hepatitis B virus life cycle and resulting drug development is encouraging with significant room for further progress. Data from high-risk populations, most vulnerable to the devastating effects of hepatitis B infection and reactivation remain sparse. Utilization of systems approach, optimization of experimental models, identification and validation of next-generation biomarkers, and precise modulation of the human immune response will be critical for future innovation. Within the foreseeable future, new treatments will likely complement conventional therapies rather than replace them. Most Importantly, pragmatic management of CHB related population health challenges must be prioritized to produce real-world results.