低杂质含量的椰油酰胺丙基甜菜碱的生产工艺改进研究

研究了在不使用亚硫酸盐处理一氯乙酸和二氯乙酸的条件下,通过工艺改进减少椰油酰胺丙基甜菜碱中杂质的含量,同时产品各项指标均达到要求。考察了反应温度、N,N-二甲基-N′-椰油酰基-1,3-丙二胺(PKO)与氯乙酸的摩尔比例、PKO酸值、pH、反应时间对产品中活性物含量、游离胺含量、一氯乙酸和二氯乙酸含量的影响。得出较佳工艺条件为:PKO与氯乙酸的摩尔比为1.0∶1.0、PKO酸值为2.80、反应时间为9 h、反应温度为:70~75℃反应2 h后,升温至100~105℃反应7 h、pH值为:于pH=9.0~10.0反应5 h后,再于pH=11.0~11.5反应4 h。此条件下,产品各项指标达到要求外,杂质含量(固含量与活性物的差值)为7.15%,较市场产品减少2%~3%。     

石油化工残液污油的水洗处理效果研究

以石油化工全厂主要装置的残液污油为研究对象，采用水洗方法将其集中整合净化处理，揭示了水洗处理方法对残液污油的净化效果。适宜的水洗工艺条件为：水油比4∶1，水洗温度50℃，水洗时间2 h，沉降温度40℃，沉降时间2 h。经水洗后残液污油的轻馏分组分含量增高、杂质含量降低，为其后处理提供了理论依据与可操作性指导。     

固体碱催化油脂甘油酯化降酸值的研究

高酸值油脂的甘油酯化降酸值是降低油脂中脂肪酸含量的一种有效方法,本文比较了固体超强碱Na/NaOH/γ-Al2O3、固体碱NaOH/γ-Al2O3以及氢氧化钠在甘油与脂肪酸酯化反应中的催化作用。结果表明固体碱NaOH/γ-Al2O3是一种高效的甘油酯化催化剂,通过优化反应条件,酯化率可以达到99.3%以上,得到油脂的酸值可降至0.3mgKOH/g以内,该工艺可用于食用油脂的降酸值,也可用于生物柴油的预酯化,具有一定的工业应用前景。     

浓缩湿法磷酸中杂质颗粒的沉降特性

随着磷矿品位的日益下降,浓缩湿法磷酸中的杂质含量高达8%,给磷酸的输送、储存和后续加工带来了诸多困难。为了加快磷酸中杂质颗粒的沉降与净化,采用添加絮凝剂的方法来处理浓磷酸中的杂质,对比了添加絮凝剂前后对浓磷酸中杂质颗粒的沉降特性的影响,考察了温度对自然沉降和絮凝沉降的影响以及絮凝剂用量的变化对絮凝沉降速率的影响。结果表明,当沉降温度为60℃时沉降速率最大;絮凝沉降平均速率是自然沉降的2倍;磷酸浓度及杂质含量的不同导致絮凝剂最佳用量不同。     

导热油稳定性的研究

导热油经过一段时间的工业和实验室运行后,油品的主要性能指标如酸值、闪点、运动粘度、残炭及各组成含量等,随运行温度、运行时间及运行时氮气保护状况而变化。我们研究了 YD-300导热油的运行稳定性,并提出延长导热油使用寿命的措施。     

催化油浆过滤后渣浆的处理技术探讨

过滤分离法是催化油浆处理的一种常见方法,催化油浆过滤后会产生由油浆、反冲洗液、固体催化剂粉末、胶质以及沥青质等杂质组成的渣浆。目前,炼厂通常将渣浆作为催化裂化的原料打回提升管反应器进行回炼,但此方法一般会对催化裂化系统产生不良影响,而且,在应用催化油浆生产针状焦的工艺系统中,由于无提升管反应器,无法应用回炼的方式处理催化油浆过滤后产生的渣浆,转而必须寻找渣浆处理的新工艺。经过分析,有一定工业应用基础的过滤法、沉降法、静电分离法以及离心分离法均不能很好的适用于催化油浆过滤后渣浆的处理。最终,提出了利用碟片离心机对渣浆进行再分离的设想,并对其中应注意的离心机密封、离心机结垢以及渣浆中柴油组分汽化问题进行了分析。     

印尼油砂油净化的研究

水洗法分离印尼油砂制得的油砂油,其密度大、黏度高以及机械杂质含量高等性质严重影响加工和利用。通过改变油砂油的黏度和密度,可以降低机械杂质的含量,有利于提高油砂油的质量。试验采用自然沉降法对印尼油砂油进行净化,分别考察了沉降时间、轻油加入量和沉降温度等因素对净化效果的影响,探寻最佳的操作条件。结果表明:在沉降时间为72h,轻油加入量为40%,沉降温度为90℃的条件下,可以有效降低油砂油中机械杂质的含量,使机械杂质含量小于0.1%。     

老旧导热油炉系统的清洗

本文主要介绍了辽河油田冷家联合站导热油炉的清洗施工工艺。通过斑点试验和离心试验进行了分散剂加量考察,确定了碱洗除油、酸洗除氧化物、漂洗、钝化清洗方案,并以此清洗配方进行导热油系统清洗,采用分光光度法监测清洗油中泥含量,检测Fe3+和Fe2+,建立了导热油清洗效果的评价方法,并对导热油系统清洗过程进行了跟踪评价,结果显示良好。     

关于延迟焦化装置处理高酸值重质原油的探讨

文章分析了高酸值重质原油残碳值高、酸值高、重金属含量高等特点及对其加工的难度,提出采用延迟焦化装置直接处理原油的工艺。通过分析延迟焦化装置加工高酸值重质原油受到的影响因素,提出在已有工艺基础上的改进措施,增加预处理工序,以脱水、脱盐、脱钙、脱轻组分和降低酸值;对加热炉出口温度、焦碳塔顶压力和循环比等工艺条件的改进进行了探讨;列举了各种钢材的防酸腐蚀的能力,并对主要设备管道材质的选用提出了建议。     

米糠油精炼工艺研究

米糠油是有益于人体健康的营养油。但是毛米糠油酸值较高,且精炼米糠油的工艺难度大。本实验优化米糠油精炼工艺,研究了二乙醇胺的添加量、添加剂搅拌时间、离心时间、水洗的次数对二乙醇胺脱胶脱酸的影响。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为:二乙醇胺的添加量为3%,搅拌时间30 min,离心时间15 min,水洗2次。酸值从毛油的36.32降为5.21,脱胶率为44.23%。该工艺比较适合对米糠油进行脱胶脱酸。     

罐底油三相分离理论及实验研究

介绍了罐底油的现状及罐底油中渣颗粒和油滴及水在离心力场中的运动规律、受力情况,建立了相应的物理模型;推导出了渣颗粒的离心沉降分离速度、沉降层厚度和油滴的向心分离速度、向心层厚度的表达式;通过小型实验设备对罐底油进行了三相分离实验研究,分析了温度、分离转数等对分离效果的影响。实验与理论分析结果基本吻合,为罐底油的简单有效分离提供了依据。     

The total degumming process

A novel degumming process is described that is applicable to both undegummed and water-degummed oils. Such totally degummed oils have residual iron contents below 0.2 ppm Fe and residual phosphorus contents that average below 5 ppm P. Therefore, they can be physically refined to yield a stable refined oil while using the same level of bleaching earth commonly used for alkali refined oils prior to deodorization. They can also be alkali refined with reduced oil loss to yield a soapstock that only requires slight acidification for fatty acid recovery, and thus avoids the strongly polluting soap splitting process. The total degumming process involes dispersing a non-toxic acid such as phosphoric acid or citric acid into the oil, allowing a contact time, and then mixing a base such as caustic soda or sodium silicate into the acid-in-oil emulsion. This keeps the degree of neutralization low enough to avoid forming soaps, because that would lead to increased oil loss. Subsequently, the oil is passed to a centrifugal separator where most of the gums are removed from the oil stream to yield a gum phase with minimal oil content. The oil stream is then passed to a second centrifugal separator to remove all remaining gums to yield a dilute gum phase which is recycled. Washing and drying or in-line alkali refining complete the process. After the adoption of the total degumming process, in comparison with the classical alkali refining process, an overall yield improvement of approximately 0.5% has been realized. It did not matter whether the totally degummed oil was subsequently alkali refined, bleached and deodorized, or bleached and physically refined.     

Membrane degumming and dewaxing of rice bran oil and its refining

A combined degumming-dewaxing batch by filtration through a ceramic membrane followed by earth bleaching and physical or alkali refining was studied for crude rice bran oil. The results were compared with the conventional centrifugal process for gum and wax removal. The characteristics of the refined oils obtained by the two processes were comparable. However, the former process was promising with respect to higher recovery of oil and better recovery of the byproducts gum and wax. Oil content of the mixed gum-wax phase was 7.6–8.1%. The recovery of oil using the membrane technique was always 2–3% higher than the centrifugal process. The membrane process was also found to be more effective and the quality of the final product was acceptable.     

热硫化硅橡胶废胶裂解回收环体的再利用

采用碱催化法裂解热硫化硅橡胶生胶生产中的废胶并对裂解料进行二次精馏，去除高、低沸物杂质，使回收的混合环体可再次用于合成热硫化硅橡胶。     

浸渍废沥青的再生

对炭素厂浸渍后的废沥清再生的可能性进行了研究。研究表明浸后废沥青可以通过离心分离法脱除其中的固形杂质及喹啉不溶物，喹啉不溶物的脱除率与废沥青稀释剂的溶剂比有关，所得再生沥青的喹啉不溶物的含量均低于炭素厂对粘结剂和浸渍剂的要求。     

Continuous miscella soapstock acidulation process

A process is described for the continuous splitting of miscella soapstock in a pressurized two-stage centrifugal system. Data collected from such a process, functioning at specified operational conditions, has yielded a recovery of 92% or more of the fatty acid from cottonseed miscella soap as a quality acid oil, analyzing 94% or better TFA content. The hexane in the soap feed is recovered for reuse from the vacuum stripper.     

Continuous miscella soapstock acidulation process

A process is described for the continuous splitting of miscella soapstock in a pressurized two-stage centrifugal system. Data collected from such a process, functioning at specified operational conditions, has yielded a recovery of 92% or more of the fatty acid from cottonseed miscella soap as a quality acid oil, analyzing 94% or better TFA content. The hexane in the soap feed is recovered for reuse from the vacuum stripper. Presented at the AOCS Meeting, Atlantic City, October 1971.     

硫酸酸浸法除磷石膏中杂质氟的研究

以H2SO4为浸取剂对磷石膏进行热浸取,考察磷石膏中杂质氟的去除情况,为磷石膏综合利用提供基础数据。研究在均匀设计实验的基础上,进一步考察了温度、时间、硫酸质量分数、含固量(质量浓度)、粒度5个因素对杂质氟去除率的影响规律。结果表明:温度、时间、硫酸是影响氟去除率的主要因素,而含固量、粒度对结果影响较小。较理想的除氟条件为浸取温度88℃,浸取时间45 min,H2SO4质量分数30%,含固量0.43 g/mL,在优化实验条件下杂质氟的去除率可以达到84.50%,处理后的磷石膏含氟仅为0.036%。采用硫酸酸浸处理磷石膏,杂质氟去除效果好,且提高了净化磷石膏的白度。     

Numerical Investigation of Bubble Motion Behavior in a Centrifugal Vacuum Gas–Liquid–Solid Separator for the Treatment of Contaminated Hydraulic Fluid

Contaminants in hydraulic fluid are the primary causes of premature oil degradation. In this study, we propose a method for removing contaminants from contaminated oil. This method combines centrifugal separation and vacuum negative pressure. Centrifugal separation is utilized to separate solid particulates and free water. Vacuum negative pressure can be used to remove dissolved air. A mathematical model is developed for predicting bubble motion behavior under the complex actions of centrifugal force and vacuum negative pressure. Three performance indices that describe the purification capacity of the separator are proposed to optimise the gas–liquid–solid separator.     

Variables affecting the yield of normal oleic acid produced by the catalytic hydrogenation of cottonseed and peanut oils

Summary 1. The effects of the following factors have been investigated in the hydrogenation of cottonseed and peanut oils: temperature, concentration of catalyst, pressure of the hydrogen, degree of agitation, and nature of the nickel catalyst. 2. The formation of stearic acid was found to be repressed and the formation of “iso-oleic” acid simultaneously favored by increasing the temperature, increasing the catalyst concentration, decreasing the pressure, and decreasing the agitation. 3. The nature of the nickel catalyst, as influenced by its method of preparation, may have a large effect on the composition of the hydrogenated product. One of the nickel catalysts investigated formed excessive amounts of iso-oleic acid without being correspondingly selective. 4. In the hydrogenation of cottonseed oil, within a comparatively wide range of conditions, the production of total solid acids with a given catalyst is relatively constant, since the conditions leading to the formation of stearic and iso-oleic acid are mutually exclusive. Extremes in either direction, however, lead to the production of excessive amounts of total solid acids. 5. Peanut oil is a more suitable raw material than cottonseed oil for the production of normal oleic acid, because of its initially greater content of this constituent and its lesser content of linoleic acid. 6. On the assumption that a quantitative separation could be made of the liquid acids from the solid acid fraction (saturated and iso-oleic) of the hydrogenated products, leaving minor amounts of unhydrogenated linoleic acid as an impurity in the separated normal oleic acid, the following maximum yields of “impure normal oleic acid” could be obtained: from cottonseed oil, 56 per cent of oleic acid of 85 per cent purity, 53 per cent of oleic acid of 90 per cent purity, and 48 per cent of oleic acid of 95 per cent purity; and from peanut oil, 70 per cent of oleic acid of 85 per cent purity, 68 per cent of oleic acid of 90 per cent purity, and 66 per cent of oleic acid of 95 per cent purity. Presented before the American Oil Chemists’ Society, Houston, Texas, April 30 to May 1, 1942.