内耗研究的历史评述

通过介绍几位在内耗领域的先驱研究者:C.Zener,葛庭燧,P.G.Bordoni ,J.L.Snoek,评述了内耗研究的进展.也介绍了日本研究者的相关工作.     

威耳逊对云室的实验研究

介绍了C.T.R.威耳逊的主要贡献和发明云室的过程.他由研究水滴的凝结规律入手,不断改进实验装置,拍摄了带电粒子的径迹照片,从而证明了康普顿效应;还分析了威耳逊取得成功的几个重要因素.     

我是怎样喜欢上物理的

 我从小学起,就比较喜欢数学,上初中以后,有了物理课,也就自然而然地对物理产生了浓厚的兴趣.而我真正迷上物理,还是高二的事.高二时,我们开设了选修课,我选学了物理实验.虽然每周只有一个下午的选修课,但它却使我一下发现了一个新天地.主持选修课的刘滨生老师很重视对实验设计的训练,特别突出了实验中严谨、细致作风的培养.也许正是这种严谨、细致的要求,恰恰与我沉稳、耐心的性格相符.因此,我在实验中能够比较得心应手,从中获得了很大的乐趣.这时,我才真正领会到了学物理的快乐.     

某空间望远镜相关跟踪系统摆镜随机振动分析

介绍了基础激励下机构随机振动响应的理论与分析方法.利用有限元分析软件ANSYS建立了某空间望远镜相关跟踪系统摆镜的有限元模型,并进行了随机振动响应分析.通过分析考察了其承受动力学环境的能力.对计算结果进行了分析.指出了现有结构中的薄弱环节,提出了改进方案,为摆镜的设计提供了重要参考依据.     

LaNi5氚老化效应的实验研究

测定了老化LaNi5料的解吸等温线及去氘化热力学参数.评价了氚老化对LaNi5贮氢性能的影响.结果表明,氚老化使LaNi5解吸等温线形貌发生重大改变.与新鲜材料相比,老化2140天后,在373 K下,坪台压力降低了约50%,坪斜由0.033到0.130,可逆吸氢容量减少了约1.3 mmol.g-1.老化LaNi5料去氘化反应热力学焓变ΔH和熵变ΔS分别由30.1 kJ.mol-1和105 J.mol-1.K-1增加到44.5 kJ.mol-1和128 J.mol-1.K-1.     

弱测量对四个量子比特量子态的保护

廖湘萍等(Chin.Phys.B 23 020304,2014)指出弱测量和弱测量反转操作可以保护三个量子比特的纠缠,提高保真度.本文将弱测量方法推广至四个量子比特的情况,研究了几种典型四个量子比特量子态的演化.结果表明:在振幅阻尼通道中,弱测量方法能够有效地提高系统量子态的保真度.分析了影响量子态保真度的各种因素,对比了不同量子态的演化特征,划分了量子态保真度提高的敏感区域.最后,对弱测量方法抑制量子态衰减的内在机制做了合理的物理解释.     

CdSxSe1-x纳米微晶的辐射跃迁过程

利用变温吸收光谱和光致发光光谱研究了CdS_xSe_1-x纳米微晶的辐射跃迁过程.由Varshni公式,拟合了微晶的吸收峰随温度的变化.根据变温发射光谱,研究了发光峰位置和温度的依赖关系,并分析了吸收峰和发光峰随温度变化的快慢.对发光的动力学过程.作了简单的分析.     

Bean临界态模型动力学基础讨论

C. P. Bean基于K. Mendelssohn海绵模型建立了非理想Ⅱ类超导体临界态理论, 从而形成了硬超导体电磁理论的重要基础之一.然而近年来基于涡旋动力学理论的发展,逐步形成了临界态动力学研究课题.涡旋运动导致宏观波函数的相滑移,和局域的Joule热等强烈非线性效应是形成自组织临界态物理基础.根据实验观测,磁通进入样品的前锋为线性分布,但其解析理论还在发展中.本文根据London超导理论,并结合Anderson磁通热激话理论讨论了该课题,给出了Slab样品中的电场、电流和磁通密度分布,定量解释了实验观察到的现象.     

感应叠加型固态冲击磁铁脉冲发生器设计与实验

文章介绍了用于冲击磁铁的感应叠加型脉冲发生器的实验装置.电路中采用3.3kV/800A IGBT开关,大尺寸纳米晶磁环,2.5kV/50uF储能电容.设计了基于CPLD的多路延时可调、光耦输入触发驱动电路.探讨了IGBT短路时的失效原因及保护措施.利用现有的组元电路,进行了多个单元叠加的样机实验,给出了实验波形.结果表明输出脉冲上升下降时问较快,脉宽可调,最大脉冲电流可达2kA,可以满足束流注入技术的进一步提高的要求.     

半导体激光器光谱的聚类分析

本文提出了分析半导体激光器光谱分布差异的聚类算法.首先,介绍了聚类分析的有关概念和原理,接着给出了分析光谱差异的算法.该算法具有较强的有效性和通用性.最后,给出了一个具体应用.     

基于光谱和成像技术的果蔬质量检测研究进展

为保证食品安全和消费者健康,无损检测技术广泛应用于果蔬质量检测中。光谱和图像技术可分别获取果蔬的内部和外部信息,成为质量检测的有效工具。为跟踪国内外研究进展并分析研究现况,从果蔬外部品质(尺寸、形状、表面缺陷、颜色、纹理等)、内部品质(内部缺陷、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、水分、类胡萝卜素等单一品质及综合品质)、成熟度、货架期/贮藏期、产品溯源、生长监测、安全(农药残留、病虫和细菌侵染、转基因产品等)检测及光学系统设计等方面综述了光谱和成像技术的应用,分析了存在的图谱库不完善、解混处理算法复杂、高精度和便携式的光学系统开发力度不够、校正模型的影响因素复杂等问题。然后,归纳了发展趋势,指出了各组分可视化分析及交互作用机理解析、光与果蔬组织的交互作用机理分析和光学特性参数反演等光学特性分析、科学合理的综合评价体系的建立、新算法的应用和多种算法的联合使用、不同算法的可靠性和稳定性的提高、稳定和普适模型的建立、低成本和便携式等光学分析仪器的商品化开发和商业化应用等成为进一步探索的方向,为基于光谱和成像技术的果蔬质量检测发展提供了参考。     

A system for the remote spectroscopy in the visible and infrared regions

Results of the design and development of a system for remote sensing of the state and evaluation of the parameters of the natural environment and objects are presented. The devices developed are based on a generalized structural model of measuring system for acquisition of data on spectral, energy, polarization, angular, and spatial characteristics of the optical radiation field of the object under investigation. A. N. Sevchenko Scientific Research Institute for Applied Physical Problems at the Belarusian State University, 7, Kurchatov St., Minsk, 220064, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 6, pp. 827–833, November–December, 1997.     

Electroluminescence of Thin Films of Organic Compounds (Review)

This paper is a brief review of investigations on the electroluminescence of organic compounds. It considers the background of the problem, the organic electroactive materials, the structures based on them and the technology of their preparation, the main physical characteristics of electroluminescence (spectra, polarization, volt-luminance and volt-ampere characteristics, kinetics, temperature dependence, quenching, efficiency and operation time, and ways of increasing them). A brief analysis of the investigations on injection of charge carriers, their transport, and the formation of excited states of molecules as well as applications and prospects of development of organic electroactive materials and structures is carried out.     

ICP-AES测定肉苁蓉及其提取物中矿质元素含量

采用ICP-AES法测定两种肉苁蓉及其提取物中11种矿质元素,结果表明：肉苁蓉中Mn,K,Ca,Mg,Na含量（μg·g-1）显著高于管花肉苁蓉,分别为17.70,16 278.03,1 947.25,1 662.76,106.79;肉苁蓉50%甲醇提取物中Fe,Cu,P含量为水提物的1.5倍、2.4倍、1.1倍,Mn,Zn,K,P,Mg,Na含量为100%甲醇提取物的3.8倍、1.2倍、1.6倍、2.3倍、2.2倍、1.1倍;管花肉苁蓉50%甲醇提取物中Cu和P含量为水提物的1.6倍和1.2倍,Mn,Zn,K,P,Mg,Na,Al含量为100%甲醇提取物的2.0倍、1.6倍、1.6倍、1.4倍、1.8倍、1.2倍、1.2倍;肉苁蓉和管花肉苁蓉内矿质元素在50%甲醇中的溶出率分别是60.79%～83.10%和44.58%～83.84%,且Mn, Zn, K, P, Ca, Na, Al的溶出率显著高于水和100%甲醇提取。此研究为高效利用肉苁蓉药材中的矿质元素提供了科学依据。     

Atomic-emission spectrum analysis of soil

A method of the atomic-emission spectrum analysis of soil has been developed for control of the accumulation of technogenic impurities in environmental objects. A sample, after calcination at 550°C, is evaporated in an arc discharge. Spectra are recorded by a DFS-8 spectrograph. Simultaneously, determination is made of Li, Ba, Sr, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Co, Pb, Bi, Mo, V, Ge, Ga, Y, Nb, Sn, Cd. For the majority of the elements the detection limits are lower than their percent abundance in the crust and their maximum permissible concentrations. Institute for Single Crystals, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 60, Lenin Ave., Khar'kov, 310001, Ukraine. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 396–399, May–June, 1997.     

Standardized laryngeal videostroboscopic rating: Differences between untrained and trained male and female subjects, and effects of varying sound intensity, fundamental frequency, and age

To determine the influence of the factors gender, vocal training, sound intensity, pitch, and aging on vocal function, videolaryngostroboscopic images of 214 subjects, subdivided according to gender and status of vocal training, were evaluated by three judges with standardized rating scales, comprising aspects of laryngeal appearance (larynx/pharynx ratio; epiglottal shape; asymmetry arytenoid region; compensatory adjustments; thickness, width, length, and elasticity of vocal folds) and glottal functioning (amplitudes of excursion; duration, percentage, and type of vocal fold closure; phase differences; location of glottal chink). The video registrations were made while the subjects performed a set of phonatory tasks, comprising the utterance of the vowel /i/ at three levels of both fundamental frequency and sound intensity. Analysis of the rating scales showed generally sufficient agreement among judges. With the exception of more frequently observed complete closure and lateral phase differences of vocal fold excursions in trained subjects, no further differences were established between untrained and trained subjects. With an α level of p = 0.005, men differed from women with respect to laryngeal appearance (larynx/pharynx ratio, compensatory adjustments, and the presence of omega and deviant-shaped epiglottises), and their vocal folds were rated thicker in the vertical dimension, smaller in the lateral dimension, longer, and more tense, with smaller amplitudes of excursion during vibration. Glottal closure in male subjects was rated more complete, but briefer in duration. Significant effects of the factors pitch, sound intensity, and age on vocal fold appearance and glottal functioning were ascertained. Awareness of the influence of these factors, as well as the factor gender, on the rated scales is essential for an adequate evaluation of laryngostroboscopic images.     

Hardware and software for the automating atomic-absorption spectrometers AAS, S115, and saturn

We describe a modified GELIOS System intended to automate the atomic-absorption spectrometers AAS, S115, SATURN, and Perkin-Elmer 503. Software is prepared in the visual environment of programming DELFI-3 and functions under the control of Windows 95. A distinguishing feature of the GELIOS System is simultaneous search for the peak and area of the absorption signal, correction of the errors of measurements, automatic digital filtration of data, control of the time of operation of hollow-cathode lamps, measurement of spectra and the statistical resource of the service life of hollow-cathode lamps, use of different methods to construct a calibrating graph, the possibility of memorizing the data of the analysis in an archived file, and a formation of the report for printing. The system contains an electrovic data directory on atomicabsorption analysis in five volumes for 67 elements of the Mendeleev system. To whom correspondence should be addressed. “University” Science and Production Center, 4, F. Skorina Ave., Minsk, 220050, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 66, No. 5, pp. 734–737, September–October, 1999.     

Electron-beam-excited lasers based on A2B6 compounds (review)

The literature on electron-beam-pumped semiconductor lasers (EPSLs) based on A²B⁶ compounds is reviewed. Recent advances in the development of EPSLs in the Nineties are reflected. The literature data on the output parameters of these EPSLs are systematized. Basic parameters and characteristics of EPSLs their hardware realization, the properties of active media, and the mechanisms of amlification and degradation are discussed. The works on the use of EPSLs for pumping of other active media are reviewed. Institute of Semiconductor Engineering RWTH, 55, Templergraben, Aachen, D-52056, Germany (permanent address: B. I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 68, F. Skorina Ave., Minsk, 220072, Belarus). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 66, No. 5, pp. 601–618, September–October, 1999     

原子吸收光谱测定刺五加中金属元素的含量

用原子吸收光谱法测定了刺五加根、茎、叶中Ca、Cu、Mg、Fe、Zn、K、Mn、Na等8种矿物质元素的含量,并对其结果进行了分析比较,以此研究了这8种金属元素在刺五加体内的分布。结果显示：各元素在实验范围内,线性关系良好,加标回收率在99%—109.6%之间,相对标准偏差为0.2%—1.8%。刺五加中不同部位的这8种元素间存在显著差异,根中Ca〉Mg〉K〉Fe〉Na〉Mn〉Zn〉Cu,其叶中的含量以K为高,而且各部位均有较高的Ca、Cu、Mg、Fe、Zn、K、Mn、Na。从微量元素的角度分析,刺五加的根、茎、叶均有一定的应用价值。     

催化化学发光分析系统研究进展

催化化学发光是分子通过催化剂表面时被氧气氧化过程中产生的一种光辐射现象。在过去的三十几年里,催化化学发光技术发展迅速,特别是在传感器方面快速发展,成为一项新型分析检测技术,在公众安全、排放检测、环境保护等方面发挥了巨大的作用。基于催化发光技术设计的传感器具有检测限低、灵敏度高、快速、仪器简单易操作、易实现小型化,便携等优点,在无机小分子气体及易挥发有机物的分析检测中展现了其独特的优势。应用于催化发光的催化材料发展至今已达上千种,囊括了金属、金属氧化物,非金属氧化物、硫化物、硒化物、金属盐类、有机物、陶瓷玻璃类等各类材料;复合材料的应用丰富了催化材料的种类;纳米新材料的引入为其发展提供了新的契机;材料的形貌等也得以深入研究。催化发光新技术也不断发展,催化发光与其他技术(雾化、分离富集、等离子体等)联用的发展,静态催化发光技术、多级催化发光技术、循环催化发光技术等的开发应用进一步提高了催化法光分析系统的灵敏度与选择性,拓展了催化发光的应用范围。本文综述了近年来催化发光的催化材料、联用技术及其他新技术的发展,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。