BIOMARKER GEOCHEMISTRY OF CRUDE OILS FROM THE QAIDAM BASIN, NW CHINA

A suite of 16 crude oil samples from 13 oilfields in the Qaidam Basin were analyzed using techniques including gas chromatography and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. Biomarker compositions and parameters were used to investigate the palaeoenvironmental and depositional conditions and to correlate the oils with eachother. Oils from the western Qaidam Basin have pristane/phytane (Pr/Ph) ratios of less than 0.7, and contain abundant gammacerane, C₂₇ steranes, 4-methyl steranes and long-chain tricyclic terpanes. C₂₉ sterane 20S/(20S+20R) and ββ/(ββ+αα) ratios show that the western Qaidam oils have variable maturities ranging from immature to mature. Oils from the northern Qaidam Basin, by contrast, have Pr/Ph ratios greater than 3, low gammacerane contents, and relatively abundant C₂₉ steranes, bicyclic terpanes and alkylcyclohexanes. C₂₉ sterane 20S/(20S+20R) and ββ/(ββ+αα) ratios indicate that the northern Qaidam oils are mature.
δ¹³C values, which range from -25.4‰ to -28.3‰ with the exception of one oil from the north (-3l.6‰), are similar for oils from both the northern and western parts of the Qaidam Basin. The oils'carbon isotope compositions are similar to those of the organic matter in potential source rocks.
The western Qaidam oils are inferred to have originated from Tertiary source rocks deposited under anoxic and saline-hypersaline lacustrine conditions with dominant algal organic matter. The northern Qaidam oils are interpreted to be derived from Jurassic source rocks which were deposited in a freshwater lacustrine environment and which are dominated by terrigenous organic matter.     

DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS AND SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL OF THE JURASSIC KIDOD SHALES, ISRAEL

The Jurassic Kidod shales, which reach a thickness of up to 300 m., are found throughout the subsurface of central Israel at depths ranging from 1,200 m to over 2,300 m. Data derived from the study of bitumen and kerogen extracted from these shales were used to evaluate its source potential and depositional regime. Methods used included liquid and gas chromatography, microanalysis, δ¹³C determination, U V spectroscopy, electron spin resonance (ESR), thermal analysis (DTA and GTA), pyrolysis and vitrinite reflectance.
The data indicate that the shales were deposited in a normal open-shelf environment under oxic conditions. This conclusion, considered with the thickness trends of the shales and their diachronous progradation from west to east, points to a marine rather than, as previously proposed, a fluvio-deltaic provenance for the shales. The implication of this interpretation is that truncation rather than lateral facies relationships accounts for the abrupt termination of the shales to the west over the north-soth trending sturctural highs of Be'eri–Helez–Ashdod.
From quantitative source-rock evaluation a reasonable source potential is assumed. The presence of significant volumes of exploitable oil derived from the Kidod shales is, however most unlikely, because of its low maturation stage.     

GAS EVOLUTION AND CHANGE OF OIL COMPOSITION DURING STEAM FLOODING OF OIL RESERVOIRS

The injection of steam into oil reservoirs is a technique commonly used for improving the production of heavy crude oils. Very often, a change in the composition of the oil and gas produced may be observed during steam flooding. In general, corrosive gases, such as H₂S and CO₂, are produced in increased quantities.
In laboratory experiments on sulphur-bearing reservoir minerals and crude oils the origin of the change in oil and gas composition was investigated. Temperatures up to 370°C were applied to study temperature- and rate-dependent phenomena. By means of X-ray fluorescence, gas chromatography and chemical precipitation methods, the change in the sulphur material balance was studied.
It was shown that gas evolution depends strongly on the temperature of the steam injected. Furthermore, it was possible to prove that the gases evolved during steam flooding (such as CO₂, H₂S etc.) originate from the decomposition of crude oil components. Besides these investigations, a drastic viscosity increase of the residual crude oil was observed after steam injection was applied.
It is concluded that the production of H₂S and CO₂ may be controlled by temperature adjustment of the steam being injected.     

GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURAL GAS AT GIANT ACCUMULATIONS IN CHINA

A total of six giant gasfields each with proven reserves of more than 100 billion cubic metres are present in the Ordos and Tarim Basins, China. The gasfields are Sulige, Yulin, Wushenqi, Da'niudi and Jingbian in the Ordos Basin, and Kela 2 in the Tarim Basin. In this paper, we report on the geochemical characteristics of the natural gas at these fields based on studies of gas composition (150 samples), together with stable isotope data (143 samples) and helium isotope data (21 samples). Results show that the gases have high contents of C_1-4 alkanes (generally over 90%) and minor contents of CO₂ (below 3%). The generally high δ¹³C values of C₁-C₄ hydrocarbons indicates a significant contribution from humic source rocks such as Permian-Carboniferous and Mid-Lower Jurassic coal measures. δ¹³ C₁, δ¹³C₂, δ¹³C₃ and δ¹³C₄ values for gases in Upper Palaeozoic reservoirs were -35 to -32‰, -28 to -24‰, -27 to -24‰, and -23.5 to -22‰, respectively. The δ¹³C_iC4 value is higher than that of the δ¹³C_nC4•
He³/He⁴ ratios vary from 10^-7 to 10^-8, indicating that the helium is of crustal (as opposed to mantle) origin. The CH₄/ He³ ratio is 10¹⁰ - 10¹¹, indicating that the CH₄ is of biogenic origin. None of the data is consistent with an abiogenic origin for gas in the Ordos Basin.     

THE GEOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF OILS FROM PALAEOZOIC RESERVOIRS IN THE SE WEST SIBERIAN BASIN

We present organic geochemical data (vanadyl and Ni-porphyrin contents, pristane/phytane ratios and n-alkane compositions) relating to oils from Palaeozoic reservoirs in the SE West Siberian Basin. Analogous data from organic material in Palaeozoic and overlying Jurassic source rocks is also presented. The Jurassic succession here consists of siliciclastic units deposited during alternating marine transgressions and regressions. Our results indicate that vanadyl and Ni-porphyrins occur predominantly in transgressive units, and that pristane/phytane ratios increase progressively up through the Jurassic section. However, for Jurassic sediments in which vanadyl porphyrins are present, the Pr/Ph ratio is strongly facies dependent and is relatively high in transgressive units and lower in regressive units. By contrast, (C₂₁+C₂₃+C₂₅)/3C₂₀ n-alkane ratios are relatively low in transgressive deposits and higher in regressive deposits. There is a close relationship between this parameter and Pr/Ph ratio.
Oils from weathered Palaeozoic reservoirs have variable compositions. In most cases, these compositions appear to be influenced by the depositional characteristics of the overlying Jurassic source intervals. Our data point to a mainly Jurassic origin for the oils in SE Western Siberia. However there is some evidence that a Palaeozoic source may be significant in the south of the studied area.     

GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND THERMAL MATURITY OF OILS FROM THE THRACE BASIN (WESTERN TURKEY) AND WESTERN TURKMENISTAN

Crude oils in the Thrace Basin (western Turkey) and western Turkmenistan are believed to have been generated by a common Oligocene siliciclastic source rock. This widespread source rock extends over the area between western Turkey and the eastern South Caspian Basin. Oils from three Eocene reservoirs in the Thrace Basin and from four Pliocene reservoirs onshore western Turkmenistan were analyzed to investigate and compare their source-rock characteristics. In order to understand controls on the timing of hydrocarbon generation and source-rock maturation in both basins, the results of quantitative basin modelling were compared with those of geochemical analyses.
The results indicate that all the oil samples exhibit similar geochemical characteristics, such as IP13-IP20 acyclic isoprenoid, terpane, regular sterane, methylsterane, and dinosterane profiles. The low tricyclic/pentacyclic terpane ratios, low C₂₉ norhopane/C₃₀ hopane ratios and low diasterane/regular sterane ratios, and the presence of 18α (H)³⁰ oleanane and gammacerane further support a common source or source facies. Based on these observations, it is concluded that shallow-marine clastics of Oligocene age constitute source rocks in both basins.
The oils are of low maturity (Req(%) < 0.60), as indicated by their low ethylcholestane 20S/20S+20R, 17α (H), 21β (H)-bishomohopane 22S/22S+ 22R, and high 17β (H), 21α (H) moretane/17β (H), 21α (H) hopane ratios. However, oils from west Turkmenistan appear to be more mature than those from the Thrace Basin. This is consistent with their earlier generation, which resultedfrom the higher sedimentation rate and higher heating rate. Present-day reservoir depths and temperatures appear to play only a minor role in determining the oils' maturities.     

THE DISTRIBUTION OF LIGHT HYDROCARBONS IN WESTERN NIGER DELTA OILS

Fifty-one oils from ten fields in the Western Niger Delta were analyzed for their C₇ hydrocarbon contents. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis and Principal Component Analysis were used to discriminate the oils into four sets which were distinct in all the seven variables used in the cluster analysis. Methylcyclohexane and toluene were the most important discriminating variables. In spite of this separation into four sets, all the oils were found to exhibit a high six-ring preference (6RP). The distribution of C₇ hydrocarbons in the oils indicated that two of the eleven fields are homogenous in terms of oil type, whereas the rest are not.     

HIGHER PLANT BIOMARKERS IN PALEOGENE CRUDE OILS FROM THE YUFUTSU OIL-AND GASFIELD AND OFFSHORE WILDCATS, JAPAN

Geochemical investigation of Paleogene oils from the onshore Yufutsu oil- and gasfield, southern Hokkaido, and from two nearby offshore wells, revealed the presence of numerous biomarkers of higher plant origin. Biomarkers in the oils belong to different groups of both angiosperm and gymnosperm origin; they include bicyclic sesquiterpanes, diterpanes, and triterpanes and their aromatized counterparts, which suggests a terrestrial origin for the oils. The oils were characterized as having a high wax content, a low content of organosulphur compounds, a high pristane/phytane ratio, and a low C₂₇/(C₂₇+C₂₉) sterane ratio.
Although the oils from on- and offshore Southern Hokkaido are similar in their geochemical composition, notable differences were observed in the biomarker signature of both saturate and aromatic fractions. The oils from the offshore wells appeared to have a greater abundance of higher plant biomarkers compared to those from the Yufutsu field, suggesting an enrichment in higher plant components. Differences in biomarker fingerprint could not be linked to the maturity effect, since the oils appeared to be of similar maturity levels, corresponding to the late stage of the oil window (0.9–1.2%, Rc). The differences in the biomarker signatures between the oils from the Yufutsu field and the offshore wells are likely to be due to facies variations in source organic matter, resulting from differences in the quantity and quality of land plant input.     

EARTH OUTGASSING AND CARBONATE FACIES DEVELOPMENT vis-à-vis MESOZOIC CARBONATES OF HIMALAYA

Carbonate deposition through the Earth's history shows two distinct changes in terms of volume and chemistry. Whereas carbonates comprise a very small percentage of the total sedimentary rocks in the Proterozoic, they constitute 20–25% at the present time. From the Archaean to Early Palaeozoic, carbonates are dominantly dolomites, whereas afterwards they are dominantly limestone. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, δ¹⁸0 and δ¹³C trends show an increase with decreasing age.
All these features of carbonate rocks are explicable as being related to the increased episodic outgassing of CO₂ and CH₄ from the upper mantle throughout the Earth's history.
The Mesozoic carbonates of Himalaya are correlatable with the CO₂ outgassing associated with rifting and magmatism during the birth of the Tethys ocean.     

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY OF CRUDE OIL TO 400°C AND 2,000 BARS PRESSURE IN THE PRESENCE OF GAS*

This study reports aqueous solubilities of crude oil distillation fractions over the carbon number range C₁- C ₃₄ as a function of: temperature (100° to 400° C), pressure (100 to 2,000 bars), NaCl concentration, and gas in solution (N ₂, CO ₂, CH ₄). Experimental parameters were designed so that conditions within a petroleum basin would be duplicated. Increases in temperature increased crude oil solubility, and the higher molecular weight species were affected more positively than lower molecular weight species. Increases in pressure or salinity decreased solubility. The presence of gas in solution increased the solubility of high molecular weight hydrocarbons (> C ₂₄) over all temperatures, and increased the solubility of lower molecular weight hydrocarbons at high temperatures (> 180–260°C). Gas decreased the solubility of low molecular weight hydrocarbons at low temperatures.
Hydrocarbon solute compositional changes were also examined as a function of the above parameters. At high temperatures, both increasing gas concentration and increasing temperature caused hydrocarbon solutes to become compositionally more similar and eventually identical to the original distillation fraction. The high molecular weight hydrocarbons and saturated hydrocarbons, especially the n-paraffins, were taken into solution in progressively greater concentrations over the aromatic and low molecular weight hydrocarbons. Thus, the strong preferential uptake of low molecular weight and aromatic hydrocarbons into solution at lower temperatures was reversed.     

阿克1井天然气气源探讨

阿克1井是在塔里木盆地喀什凹陷获得工业气流的第一口探井,与该盆地其他地区相比,其天然气地球化学特征有着独特性:干燥系数大,非烃气体含量较高,甲烷碳同位素异常重(居塔里木盆地已发现的天然气之首),稀有气体3He/4He、40Ar/36Ar比值较大。根据区域烃源岩发育特征、源岩地球化学特征和热演化史,初步确定阿克1井的气源岩以石炭系为主。     

ORGANIC FACIES OF EARLY CRETACEOUS SYNRIFT LACUSTRINE SOURCE ROCKS FROM THE MUGLAD BASIN, SUDAN

Cuttings samples from eight wells in the Muglad Basin have been analysed using a combination of organic geochemistry and palynofacies. The lacustrine Aptian-Albian shales of the Abu Gabra Formation, previously identified as the main source rock, have an overall mean TOC of 1.43% (n = 146), with those from the NW part of the basin (Sharaf area) being approximately twice as organic-rich as those from the SE (Heglig area). The Abu Gabra Formation contains two distinct organic facies: a lower interval dominated by higher TOC values (1.5–2.3%), higher measured hydrogen indices (338–546), higher amorphous kerogen contents (>80%), and heavier δ¹³C_TOC values (> −27%₀); and an upper, less rich interval (mean TOC 1.4%, mean HI 83, δ¹³C_TOC approximately −28%₀). The isotopic contrast between the upper and lower units may potentially be of stratigraphic use. The organic facies differences appear to reflect deteriorating preservation of the organic matter (higher dissolved oxygen, possibly due to shallower conditions resulting from lower rates of subsidence). Use of S2 v. TOC plots suggests corrected true mean hydrogen indices of around 800 in the richer facies (corresponding to a Type I kerogen). Mean random vitrinite reflectance, pyrolysis Tmax values, and visually determined fluorescence colours indicate that the samples studied are mostly immature, or at most in the earliest part of the oil window (<0.7% VR_o); biomarker data suggest that the vitrinite reflectance values may be suppressed by up to 20%.     

GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A BIODEGRADED CRUDE OIL, ASSRAN FIELD, CENTRAL GULF OF SUEZ

A crude oil sample from the Assran field in the Central Gulf of Suez (Egypt) was analysed geochemically and characterized in terms of a variety of source and maturity dependent biomarkers. Biodegradation was indicated by increasing concentration ratios of Pr/n-C₁₇ and Ph/n-C₁₈. However, biodegradation was only slight as GC-MS analyses of the saturate and aromatic fractions showed that hopanes, steranes, aromatic steroids and polycyclic aromatic compounds including sulphur heterocycles remained intact. The sterane and hopane distributions showed a predominance of C₂₇ steranes, a low diasterane index, an abundance of gammacerane, a high homohopane index and an oleanane index < 0.2. The results indicate that the Assran-10 crude oil was derived from a marine carbonate source deposited in a highly reducing saline environment with a high bacterial contribution, consistent with the Upper Cretaceous Brown Limestone or Lower Eocene Thebes Formation containing Type IIS kerogen. Maturity parameters based on changes in the stereochemistry at chirality centres in hopane and sterane nuclei, such as C₃₀βα/(βα+αβ) and C₃₁ 22S/(22S+22R) hopanes and C₂₉ββ/(ββ+αα) and C₂₉ 20S/(20S+20R) steranes, together with triaromatic sterane cracking ratios, indicate that the oil sample was marginally mature. The results also suggest that biodegradation is probably due to sulphate-reducing anaerobic bacteria.     

碳同位素组成异常的天然气成因探讨——以辽河坳陷东部凹陷为例

天然气碳、氢同位素组成特征是判识天然气成因类型、进行气源对比、确定天然气成熟度等的有效地球化学手段.研究认为,甲烷的碳同位素组成主要受源岩母质类型和热演化的影响,乙烷、丙烷等重烃的碳同位素组成主要取决于源岩有机质的碳同位素组成,同时也明显受热演化程度的影响.在辽河坳陷发现一类碳同位素组成异常的天然气,分布于辽河坳陷东部凹陷南部地区,其甲烷的碳同位素δ13C₁值为-44‰～-40‰,乙烷δ13C₂值为-13‰～-6.6‰,丙烷δ13C₃值为-6.1‰～+3.3‰.该类天然气的乙、丙烷异常富集重碳同位素,到目前为止,在天然气藏中还是首次发现.根据地球化学资料和地质背景分析认为,该天然气应该属于无机气和有机气的混合气体.      

焦石坝地区龙马溪组页岩解吸气地球化学特征及地质意义

通过对焦石坝地区龙马溪组页岩岩心进行解吸以分析其气体组分和碳同位素组成,研究了四川盆地志留系龙马溪组页岩气碳同位素倒转现象。结果表明,解吸气相对井口气组分明显偏湿、碳同位素值明显偏重;各组分碳同位素值随解吸时间变重：不同样品δ¹³C₁值最大变重幅度12.3 ‰ ~23.9 ‰ ,而不同样品δ¹³C₂值最大变重幅度仅0.8 ‰ ~2.3 ‰ ,即甲烷碳同位素值相对重烃变化更明显,与前人页岩岩心解吸实验结果一致。研究结果认为：地层状态下页岩气可能并未发生碳同位素倒转,岩心解吸过程中观察到的δ¹³C₁值比δ¹³C₂值变化更明显,不是不同组分扩散速率差异造成,而主要是由于甲烷与乙烷处于不同解吸阶段导致,即乙烷处于其解吸早期阶段而甲烷处于其解吸较晚阶段;生产过程中吸附作用引起的烷烃气不同组分相态差异与所处解吸阶段差异可能是导致四川盆地龙马溪组页岩气碳同位素完全倒转的主要原因,但不能否认干酪根裂解气与原油裂解气的混合对页岩气碳同位素倒转做出的部分甚至大部分贡献。     

SOURCE ROCK CHARACTERIZATION BASED ON BIOLOGICAL MARKER DISTRIBUTIONS OF CRUDE OILS IN THE SOUTHERN GULF OF SUEZ, EGYPT

The depositional environment and maturity of source rocks in the southern Gulf of Suez were evaluated using biomarker and isotope data from crude oils derived from a variety of source rock types of different geological ages. Two oils families were identified and are referred to as types A and B. Type A oils are characterized by a predominance of oleanane and relatively low gammacerane concentrations, suggesting that they were derived from a terrigenous source rock with a significant input of angiosperm material inferred to occur within the marginally-mature syn-rift Lower Miocene Rudeis Shale. By contrast, type B oils are distinguished by a predominance of gammacerane and relatively low oleanane concentrations, suggesting that they were generated from mature marine carbonate source rocks inferred to occur within the Upper Cretaceous Brown Limestone and Middle Eocene Thebes Formation. Maturity parameters including the sterane isomerisation ratios C ₂₉αββ/(αββ+ααα), C₂₉ααα20S/(S+R) and TAS/(TAS+MAS), together with aromatic sulphur compound ratios (4-MDBT / I-MDBT; 4,6- / 1,4-DMDBT; 2,4–/ 1,4-DMDBT; and DBT / phenanthrenes), support the higher thermal maturity of type B oils relative to type A oils.
The biomarker variablility reflects the occurrence of two distinct source rocks in the southern Gulf of Suez and suggests that two independent petroleum systems are present here. These appear to be confined to the pre-rift (pre-Miocene) and syn-rift megasequences respectively.     

低压气体吸附法在页岩孔径表征中的应用——以渝东南地区页岩样品为例

泥页岩中的孔隙以纳米级孔隙为主,其孔径分布特征对页岩气的保存与开发具有重要影响。以渝东南地区渝参7井下志留统及上奥陶统页岩为例,开展了77.4K下N₂和273.15K下CO₂吸附实验,利用修正的BET方程、 DFT方法、 Stoeckli方法等分析手段,探讨了泥页岩孔结构的组成特征及孔径分布的表征方法,初步评价了页岩中微孔、介孔和宏孔的分布特征。结果表明:①渝参7井下志留统和上奥陶统页岩中的微孔、介孔、宏孔均较发育,其相对比例大致相同;②页岩中微孔孔径的均值主要集中在1.26nm处;③基于CO₂吸附的Stoeckli方法得到的微孔分布曲线与基于N₂吸附的DFT介孔及部分微孔孔径分布曲线在2nm处可较好地衔接,说明联合利用N₂和CO₂吸附数据可获取页岩中微孔、介孔和部分大孔的连续孔径分布模式。     

阿尔金南缘山前侏罗系页岩气地质特征

阿尔金南缘山前侏罗系泥页岩发育,但页岩气勘探尚未涉及。以野外地质调查和岩心观察描述为基础,通过采样分析测试,厘定了阿尔金山前侏罗系泥页岩层段的分布和有机地化特征,识别出了有效页岩的赋存层位和分布区域。发育于半深湖环境的大煤沟组,是侏罗系泥页岩层段的主体,沿山前呈NE-SW向条带状展布。泥页岩总有机碳含量主要分布于1.00%~5.19%,有机质成熟度主要分布于1.11%~2.87%,有机质类型以Ⅱ₁-Ⅱ₂型为主。借鉴北美经验,认为山前大煤沟组泥页岩层厚较大,有机质丰度高,类型和热演化阶段适宜生气,页岩气发育的地质条件较好;月牙山区带、黑石山-三脚架区带、柴水沟-清水河区带以及茫崖1号沟区带为4个页岩气有利区。      

四川盆地海相页岩气碳同位素特征及指示意义

为明确四川盆地页岩气碳同位素特征及地质意义,采用气相测谱等分析手段,对涪陵、长宁、彭水、威远地区页岩气样品进行分析。结果表明:研究区页岩气成分以甲烷为主,含量为96.10%～99.40%,乙烷、丙烷等含量低;非烃气体中以N₂与CO₂为主;含有微量氦气,含量为0.01%～0.03%,CO₂的碳同位素含量为-12.5‰～8.9‰,表明CO₂的来源包含有机成因与无机成因。目前四川盆地页岩气田均发现碳同位素倒转排序(δ¹³C₃<δ¹³C₂<δ¹³C₁),其机理主要为不同来源的烃类气体混合、气体与矿物反应、烷烃的解吸/扩散过程的分馏作用。页岩气碳同位素倒转程度与页岩层系的封闭性密切相关,因为页岩层系的自封闭性直接影响气体排烃及天然气扩散程度。此外,页岩气产量与倒转程度有良好正相关性,表明页岩气碳同位素特征对页岩气产量预测、保存条件与富集规律评价有重要指示作用。研究结果对四川盆地海相页岩气深入勘探具有一定指导意义。     

中扬子宜昌地区下寒武统水井沱组页岩气地球化学特征及其成因

中扬子宜昌地区下寒武统水井沱组页岩钻遇良好的页岩气显示,区内宜页1井水井沱组页岩经水力压裂后获得了高产工业气流,是四川盆地外下寒武统页岩气新的勘探区。采集压裂产气段的9个页岩气样品,测试气体组分、碳和氢同位素组成以及He同位素组成,分析水井沱组页岩气地球化学特征并探讨了页岩气成因。研究表明,页岩气组成中甲烷含量为87.17%~92.75%,乙烷含量为0.83%~0.94%,含微量的丙烷,页岩气干燥系数为0.99,为典型干气;非烃气体中氮气含量稍高,平均为7.73%,二氧化碳平均含量低于1%,不含H₂S。甲烷碳同位素值为-33.8‰~-33.1‰,乙烷碳同位素值为-39.2‰~-36.0‰,丙烷碳同位素值为-39.4‰~-38.5‰,二氧化碳的碳同位素值为-16.8‰~-14.6‰。甲烷氢同位素值为-133.8‰~-128.5‰,乙烷氢同位素值为-168.0‰~-146.1‰。气态烃稳定同位素分布具有δ¹³C₁ > δ¹³C₂ > δ¹³C₃和δD_CH4 > δD_C2H6的倒转特征。He同位素R/R_a为0.04~0.08,表明He为典型的壳源成因。综合页岩气分子组成和比值、碳氢同位素倒转分布以及页岩现今处于过成熟热演化阶段等特征,认为宜昌地区下寒武统页岩气为油型气,具有二次裂解成因的特点,且与四川盆地筇竹寺组页岩气具有相似的特征。