PWR核电站蒸汽发生器传热管和主管道的应力腐蚀破裂研究

用慢应变速率试验(SSRT)、恒载荷试验(CLT)和低周循环载荷试验方法研究以秦山和大亚湾核电站安全为目的的有关压力边界管道破裂始发事件应力腐蚀破裂(SCC)的行为,为评价管道的结构完整性提供支持性实验数据。研究的材料有核等级主管道焊接热影响区(WHAZ)316不锈钢(SS),核等级蒸汽发生器(SG)传热管材Incoloy-800、Inconel-600、Inconel-690和321SS。研究的影响因素包括材料冶金、表面喷丸处理、载荷、应变速率、循环载荷以及水化学条件对SCC的影响规律。     

PWR核电站蒸汽发生器传热管和主管道的应力腐蚀破裂研究

用慢应变速率试验(SSRT)和恒载荷试验(CLT)以及低周循环载荷试验方法研究以秦山和大亚湾核电站安全为目的的有关压力边界管道破裂始发事件应力腐蚀破裂(SCC)的行为,为评价管道的结构完整性提供支持性实验数据。研究的材料有核等级(NG)主管道焊接热影响区(WHAZ)316不锈钢(SS),核等级蒸汽发生器(SG)传热管材Incolov-800、Inconel-600、Inconel-690和321SS。研究的影响因素包括材料冶金、表面喷丸处理、载荷、应变速率、循环载荷以及水化学条件对SCC的影响规律。     

PWR核电站蒸汽发生器传热管和主管道的应力腐蚀破裂研究

用慢应变速率试验(SSRT)和恒载荷试验(CLT)以及低周循环载荷试验方法研究以秦山和大亚湾核电站安全为目的的有关压力边界管道破裂始发事件应力腐蚀破裂(SCC)的行为,为评价管道的结构完整性提供支持性实验数据。研究的材料有核等级(NG)主管道焊接热影响区(WHAZ)316不锈钢(SS),核等级蒸汽发生器(SG)传热管材Incoloy-800、In-conel-600、Inconel-690和321SS。研究的影响因素包括材料冶金、表面喷丸处理、载荷、应变速率、循环载荷以及水化学条件对SCC的影响规律。     

新型的具有热流表面沸腾工况的腐蚀试验装置

核蒸汽发生器中的传热管,因管壁最薄,工作条件十分恶劣,往往由于腐蚀而破裂。新型具有热流表面沸腾工况的腐蚀试验装置为深入研究传热管在工况条件下的应力腐蚀破裂原因及其解决办法,提供了最新的试验手段,此装置可以用于各种材质及不同加工工艺的传热管的腐蚀筛选,模拟蒸汽发生器局部沸腾浓缩工况下的抗应力腐蚀破裂性能的研究,传热管结构腐蚀敏感部位的局部腐蚀破裂性能研究,确定二回路水质中Cl~-和NaOH浓度的控制范围,制订出水质的危险标准。装置的试验与静态高压釜试验相比前进了一大步,使试验条件更加接近于工况条件,与模拟体试验相比也能进行模拟工况试验,但比模拟体试验简单容易、投资少、见效快、小巧灵活、在工程研究上起到很大的作用。     

新型的具有热流表面沸腾工况的腐蚀试验装置

核蒸汽发生器中的传热管,因管壁最薄,工作条件十分恶劣,往往由于腐蚀而破裂。新型具有热流表面沸腾工况的腐蚀试验装置,为深入研究传热管在工况条件下的应力腐蚀破裂原因及其解决办法,提供了最新的试验手段,此装置可以用于各种材质及不同加工工艺的传热管的腐蚀筛选,模拟蒸汽发生器局部沸腾浓缩工况下的抗应力腐蚀破裂性能的研究,传热管结构腐蚀敏感部位的局部腐蚀裂性能研究,确定二回路水质中Cl~-和NaOH浓度的控制范围,制订出水质的危险标准。装置的试验与静态高压釜试验相比前进了一大步,使试验条件更加接近于工况条件,与模拟体试验相比也能进行模拟工况试验,但比模拟体试验简单容易、投资少、见效快、小巧灵活、在工程研究上起到很大的作用。     

H、He离子辐照对国产ZIRLO合金氧化膜的影响

针对国产ZIRLO合金开展了H、He离子辐照对其腐蚀性能影响的研究。对国产ZIRLO合金样品分别进行高温（300 ℃）H、He离子辐照试验,辐照峰值剂量为1 dpa,之后进行模拟一回路腐蚀试验。通过腐蚀增重方法得到腐蚀动力学曲线。利用慢正电子湮没多普勒展宽谱对未辐照样品和辐照样品进行微观结构表征,用透射电子显微镜对腐蚀125 d的样品进行微观结构表征。结果表明,H、He离子辐照并未改变ZIRLO合金的腐蚀机理。He离子辐照产生的空位团可促进腐蚀过程中裂纹形核,增加了氧扩散通道,减少氧扩散激活能,导致腐蚀初期有明显的加速效应。H离子辐照对腐蚀的加速现象不如He离子辐照明显,原因是H离子辐照产生H-空位复合缺陷对氧扩散激活能减少作用较小。     

钛合金在硼、锂介质中的缝隙腐蚀行为分析

钛合金作为新型蒸汽发生器的主要结构材料，其耐缝隙腐蚀性能受到关注，而钛合金在硼、锂介质中的缝隙腐蚀行为研究较少。本文采用微型腐蚀回路对钛合金TA16和TA17在硼、锂介质中的5000 h缝隙腐蚀行为进行了研究，获得了2种材料的缝隙腐蚀敏感性，并对试验后钛合金氧化膜成分和结构进行了分析。结果表明：在缝隙腐蚀模拟件上未观察到缝隙腐蚀现象，TA16、TA17在硼、锂介质中对缝隙腐蚀不敏感；模拟件缝隙内、外的氧化物存在一定差异，缝隙外的颗粒状微晶钛铁矿(FeTiO₃)与钛合金缝隙腐蚀无关。     

304NG不锈钢均匀腐蚀性能研究

用MARS循环腐蚀回路对304NG不锈钢进行了1500h的循环水腐蚀考验,对均匀腐蚀速率进行了定量评估。试验结果表明:在模拟核反应堆一回路循环水条件下,304NG控氮不锈钢板材、锻件的均匀腐蚀速率为1.40mg/(dm2ˇ30d)和1.91mg/dm2(dm2ˇ30d),0Cr18Ni10Ti不锈钢板材、锻件的均匀腐蚀速率为4.44mg/(dm2ˇ30d)和4.65mg/(dm2ˇ30d),304NG控氮不锈钢的均匀腐蚀速率低于0Cr18Ni10Ti不锈钢。     

压水堆核电站蒸汽发生器二次侧化学清洗工艺中型试验研究

报道了PWR核电站蒸汽发生器(SG)二次侧腐蚀产物(Fe_3O_4)化学清洗工艺中型试验研究。试验在中型化学清洗试验回路上进行。在实验室研究和小回路试验的基础上,中型规模的试验研究评定了以EDTA(乙二胺四乙酸)为主的化学清洗工艺(温度、流量、时间、清洗方式)、腐蚀产物沉积形式对腐蚀产物清洗的有效性和验证SG二次侧结构材料在化学清洗过程中的安全性。用电化学线性极化法优化化学清洗剂的缓蚀剂组分,并在中型试验回路     

熔盐堆中结构材料的腐蚀研究

本文针对第四代先进核能系统熔盐堆用结构材料的腐蚀问题背景,从材料的发展,氟盐腐蚀的特点、驱动力和控制机制等几方面综述了合金结构材料在高温氟化物熔盐中的腐蚀研究进展。镍基合金在氟盐中的主要腐蚀机制是合金中的活性元素Cr的选择性溶解。根据驱动力,可以将腐蚀分为四种类型:本征腐蚀,杂质腐蚀,温差腐蚀和异质材料腐蚀。结合钍基熔盐核能系统的运行环境和特点,对钍基熔盐核能系统特有的七大腐蚀问题进行了论述,介绍了我国在熔盐堆结构材料腐蚀研究领域取得的进展。     

Corrosion Phenomenon of Stainless Steel in Boiling Nitric Acid Solution Using Large-Scale Mock-Up of Reduced Pressurized Evaporator

To evaluate the component life in a spent nuclear fuel reprocessing plant, a large-scale mock-up test apparatus of a reduced pressurized thermosiphon evaporator was constructed, and the corrosion mechanism of a heat transfer tube made of ultralow carbon type 304 stainless steel in boiling nitric acid solution was studied. The corrosion tests were conducted for about 36,000 h, and changes in the corrosion amount and rate in the test duration were discussed. The relationships between the amount of corrosion and tube surface temperature and heat flux were investigated, and the corrosion propagation mechanism considering intergranular penetration was studied based on the observations of morphologies of corrosion surfaces and the measurements of intergranular penetration depths. After a long duration, the increases in the corrosion amount and rate saturated when intergranular penetration and grain dropping occurred by turns. This result means that a linear estimation can be applied to the life prediction for corrosion. Three portions of the tube were observed, and the amounts of corrosion were different among the three portions, but no difference in the morphology of intergranular corrosion existed. The amount of corrosion was affected by both tube surface temperature and heat flux. A large amount of corrosion could be observed in both the boiling starting portion and the top, where high tube surface temperature and heat flux were observed.     

Evaluation of the burst characteristics for axial notches on SG tubings

Some events of steam generator tubes have been reported in some nuclear power plants around the world. Main causes of the leakage are from various types of corrosion in the steam generator (SG) tubing. Primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC) of steam generator tubing have occurred in many tubes in Korean plants, and they were repaired using sleeves or plugs. In order to develop proper repair criteria, it is necessary to ascertain the leak behavior of the tubings. A high-pressure leak and burst testing system was manufactured. Various types of electro-discharged-machined (EDM) notches having different lengths were machined on the o.d. of test tubes to study SG tube behavior. Leak rate and ligament rupture pressure as well as the burst pressure were measured for the tubes at room temperature. Rupture pressure of the part through-wall defect tubes depends on the defect depth and length. Water flow rates after the rupture were independent of the flaw types; tubes having 20–60 mm long EDM notches showed similar flow rates regardless of the initial defect depth. A fast pressurization rate generated a lower burst pressure than the case of a slow pressurization.     

Leak behavior of SCC degraded steam generator tubings of nuclear power plant

A forced outage due to a steam generator tube leak in a Korean nuclear power plant has been reported [Kim, J.S., Hwang, S.S., et al., 1999. KAERI Internal Report (Korean). Destructive analysis on pulled tubes from Ulchin unit 1. Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute]. Primary water stress corrosion cracking has occurred in many tubes in the plant, and they were repaired using sleeves or plugs. In order to develop proper repair criteria, it is necessary to understand the leak behavior of the tubes containing stress corrosion cracks. Cracked specimens were prepared using a room temperature cracking technique, and the leak rates and burst pressures of the degraded tubes were determined both at room temperature and at a high temperature. Some tubes with 100% through wall cracks did not show a leakage at 10.8 MPa, which is the typical pressure difference of the pressurized water reactors (PWRs) during a normal operation. In some tests, the leak rates of the tubes increased with time at a constant pressure. In a high temperature pressure test at 282 °C one specimen showed a very small leakage at 18.6 MPa, which stopped after a small increase in the test pressure. Because stress corrosion cracks can develop at relatively low stresses, even 100% through wall cracks can be so tight that they will not leak at a normal operating pressure.     

Incoloy800H传热管抗晶间腐蚀性能研究

采用GB/T15260—94B法(即铜-硫酸铜-16%硫酸测定镍基合金的晶间腐蚀敏感性的方法)对国产Incoloy800H传热管在不同条件下的晶间腐蚀试验结果进行研究,并与进口Incoloy800H合金管的抗晶间腐蚀性能进行对比。分析结果表明,影响合金抗晶间腐蚀能力的主要因素是C、Ti含量,其敏感性随C含量的增加而递增,加入Ti元素是降低晶间腐蚀敏感性和防止晶间腐蚀的有效措施。     

Design progress on ITER port plug test facility

To achieve the overall ITER machine availability target, the availability of diagnostics and heating port plugs shall be as high as 99.5%. To fulfill these requirements, it is mandatory to test the port plugs at operating temperature before installation on the machine and after refurbishment.The ITER port plug test facility (PPTF) provides the possibility to test upper and equatorial port plugs before installation on the machine. The port plug test facility is composed of several test stands. These test stands are first used in the domestic agencies and on the ITER Organization site to test the port plugs at the end of manufacturing. Two of these stands are installed later in the ITER hot cell facility to test the port plugs after refurbishment. The port plugs to be tested are the Ion Cyclotron (IC) heating and current drive antennas, Electron Cyclotron (EC) heating and current drive launchers, diagnostics and test blanket modules port plugs.Test stands shall be capable to perform environmental and functional tests. The test stands are composed of one vacuum tank (3.3 m in diameter, 5.6 m long) and the associated heating, vacuum and control systems. The vacuum tank shall achieve an ultimate pressure of 1 × 10^?5 Pa at 100 °C containing a port plug. The heating system shall provide water at 240 °C and 4.4 MPa to heat up the port plugs. Openings are provided on the back of the vacuum tank to insert probes for the functional tests.This paper describes the tests to be performed on the port plugs and the conceptual design of the port plug test facility. The configuration of the standalone test stands and the integration in the hot cell facility are presented.     

Overview of steam generator tube degradation and integrity issues

The degradation of steam generator tubes in pressurized water nuclear reactors, and, in particular, the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of Alloy 600 tubes, continues to be a serious problem. Primary water SCC is commonly observed at the roll transition zone (RTZ), at U-bends and tube denting locations, and occasionally in plugs and sleeves. Outer-diameter SCC (ODSCC) and intergranular attack (IGA) commonly occur near tube support plate (TSP) crevices, near the tube sheet in crevices, or under sludge piles, and occasionally in the free span. A particularly troubling recent trend has been the increasing occurrence of axial and circumferential cracking at the RTZ on both the primary and secondary sides. Outer-diameter stress corrosion cracking in TSP crevices, commonly consisting of segmented axial cracks with interspersed uncracked ligaments, is also becoming more common. Despite recent advances in inservice inspection (ISI) technology, a clear need still exists for quantifying and improving the reliability of ISI methods with respect to the probability of detection of the various types of flaws and their accurate sizing. These improvements are necessary to permit an accurate assessment of the consequences of leaving degraded tubes in service over the next reactor operating cycle. Degradation modes such as circumferential cracking, intergranular attack, and ODSCC at the TSP have affected a large number of tubes. New regulatory guidance is being developed that requires the development and implementation of a steam generator management program that monitors tube condition against accepted performance criteria to ensure that the tubes will perform the required safety function over the next operating cycle. In formulating new guidance for the implementation of alternate repair criteria, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission is also evaluating the contribution to overall plant risk from severe accidents. Preliminary analyses are being performed for a postulated severe-accident scenario that involves station blackout and loss of primary feedwater, in order to determine the probability of failure for degraded tubes.     

压水堆一回路颗粒性腐蚀产物沉积机理的实验研究

一回路腐蚀产物在传热管内表面的沉积对压水堆核电厂安全运行和放射性产物屏蔽有非常不利的影响。为研究一回路腐蚀产物在传热管中的沉积机理,搭建了一回路腐蚀产物沉积机理研究实验系统。实验研究了颗粒性腐蚀产物Fe_3O_4在传热管内的沉积分布,并对比分析了不同弯管半径、pH值和粒径对颗粒沉积的影响。实验得到了颗粒状腐蚀产物在管内分布的规律,给出了最大沉积量所对应的pH值和粒径范围,可为压水堆化学控制提供参考。     

Comprehensive investigation of the corrosion state of the heat exchanger tubes of steam generators. Part I. General corrosion state and morphology

The present work, constituting the first part of a series of two, deals with a systematic investigation of the general corrosion state of 22 heat exchanger tubes originating from different steam generators of the Paks NPP (Hungary). While the passivity of the inner surface of the stainless steel tube specimens was studied by voltammetry, the morphology and chemical composition of the oxide layer formed on the surfaces were analyzed by SEM–EDX method. Based on the measured corrosion characteristics (corrosion rate, thickness and chemical composition of the protective oxide layer) a strong dependence of these parameters on the decontamination history of the steam generators was revealed. It is well documented that the chemical decontamination carried out by a non-regenerative version of the AP-CITROX procedure does exert, on the long run, a detrimental effect on the corrosion resistance of steel surfaces. Therefore, process restrictions and modifications to minimize corrosion damages have be defined.     

IFMIF test cell design: Current status and key components

The IFMIF (International Fusion Material Irradiation Facility) test cell design has been further developed and optimized based on the existing modular test cell concept. Key features of the current test cell include actively cooled surrounding shielding walls with coverage of internal surfaces with stainless steel liner, independent two layer top shielding plugs for protecting the access cell from neutron and gamma radiation from the test cell, optimized piping and cabling plugs for accommodating pipe and cable penetrations and for minimizing neutron streaming, rearranged lithium quench tank to outside of the test cell, etc. According to preliminary neutronic calculation results, limited access to the quench tank area for maintenance after beam shut-off can be expected with the current arrangement. Maintenance of the lithium inlet and outlet pipes as well as the two beam ducts are also possible by introducing removable shielding plugs which can be removed and replaced in case of failure.     

Corrosion behavior of Mo–Re based alloys in liquid Li

The corrosion behavior was investigated in liquid Li at 1473 K for 1.8 Ms using a capsule test for two Mo–Re based alloys, Mo–15mol%Re–0.1mol%Zr and Mo–15mol%Re–0.1mol%Zr–0.1mol%Ti. They showed mass gains due to the corrosion. The amount of mass gains increased with increasing corrosion time. Two types of corrosion products were formed on the surface of them. One was Re₂Zr and the other was ZrN according to the analyses using X-ray diffraction method and Auger electron spectroscopy. A deposition mechanism of these compounds was proposed on the basis of the experimental results. However, despite the appearance of these compounds, there were not any cracks on the surface even after the corrosion test for 1.8 Ms. From these results, these alloys were found to exhibit superior corrosion resistance against liquid Li.