南水北调与黄河未来水量分配

未来南水北调工程的实施，将会置换出一部分黄河水量，这部分水量在流域上中游的再分配将会对整个黄河流域水资源的合理开发利用产生极为深刻的影响。根据黄河流域上中游各省（区）实际情况，在保证经济社会用水和必要的生态环境用水的前提下，运用层次分析和模糊决策理论相结合的方法，对南水北调东线、中线和西线工程不同水平年、不同调水规模情况下，黄河可置换水量在流域上中游的再分配问题进行了探讨。     

南水北调西线工程雅砻江可调水量分析

在充分分析南水北调西线工程引水河流之一——雅砻江流域社会经济发展现状的基础上，通过对流域各河段不同水平年水资源利用情况分析和预测，论证了南水北调西线工程从雅砻江调水入黄河的可行性及可调水量规模。分析认为从雅砻江调水４５亿ｍ３入黄河是可行的，对流域用水不会造成影响。     

南水北调西线工程雅砻江可调水量分析

在充分分析南水北调西线工程引水河流之一－－雅砻江流域社会经济发展现状的基础上，通过对流域各河段不同水平年水资源利用情况分析和预测，论证了南水北调西线工程从雅砻江调水入黄河的可行性及可调水量规模。分析认为从雅砻江调水４５亿ｍ＾３人黄河是可行的，对流域用水不会造成影响。     

对南水北调西线工程的认识与评价

南水北调西线工程地处青藏高原东南部,规划从长江上游的通天河及其支流雅砻江、大渡河年调水160亿～170亿m3,经输水隧洞穿越巴颜喀拉山分水岭人黄河上游.远期还可从澜沧江、怒江调水160亿～200亿m3.仅第一期工程输水到受水区的末端线路长达3 672 km.调水工程区海拔3 000～4 500 m,寒冷缺氧,地质条件复杂;受水区为我国西部六省区,一般黄河水低地高,配套工程建设任务极为繁重.南水北调西线工程具有规模宏大、建设难度大、效益显著等特点,与国内外其他跨流域调水工程相比,规划的南水北调西线工程可谓当今世界上规模最大的调水工程.南水北调西线工程将为西部大开发提供水资源保障,对改善西部地区生态环境,推进社会进步和经济发展,解决黄河下游断流问题,遏制河道不断抬高等将发挥巨大作用.     

南水北调西线工程主要问题研究

南水北调西线工程是从长江上游干支流调水入黄河上游的跨流域调水工程 .对该工程的研究始于 195 2年 ,调水规模约为 16 0～ 170亿m3 ,基本能解决黄河流域 2 0 5 0年左右的缺水问题 .通过对南水北调西线工程可调水量分析、方案总体布局、生态和社会影响分析等主要问题的研究 ,结合该工程建设难度巨大、涉及各方面关系复杂的特点 ,提出整个工程要分期建设 ,并建议将从大渡河和雅砻江支流自流调水 4 0亿m3 入黄河作为第一期工程 .     

南水北调西线工程进展情况

南水北调西线工程，简称西线调水，是从长江上游引水至黄河的跨流域调水工程，是补充黄河水资源的不足，解决我国西北地区和华北部分地区干旱缺水的重大战略措施。南水北调西线工程，是南水北调工程的一个组成部分。经多年研究，南水北调工程形成了从长江下游、中游和上游...     

南水北调西线工程与后续水源

编者按南水北调西线工程，是从长江上游调水至黄河上游的跨流域调水工程，是补充黄河水资源的不足、解决我国西北地区干旱缺水问题的重大战略措施。南水北调西线工程的研究由来已久，早在１９５２年，黄河水利委员会就组织查勘了通天河引水入黄河的线路，断断续续，迄今已...     

南水北调水资源规划基本确定——引来一条“黄河” 建成“T”字“动脉”

笔者从有关部门获悉，引人瞩目的南水北调及东线工程水资源规划基本敲定。 国家规定的南水北调工程分东、中、西３条调水路线，形成与长江、黄河、淮河和海河相互连接的“四横三纵” 总体格局。利用黄河贯穿东西的天然优势，通过对黄河水量的重新分配，协调流域地区经济和社会发展对水资源的需求，达到水资源的南北调配，东西互济的优化调配，东西互济的优化配置目标。３条线路年调水量约３８０至４８０亿立方米，接近于在黄淮海平原和西北地区增加一条黄河的水量，可基本改变北方地区水资源紧张的状况。流经山东省的东线工程，是在江苏省南…     

对南水北调西线工程的认识与评价

从２０世纪５０年代开始，我国水利工作者对南水北调工程进行研究，到目前为止，逐渐形成了东、中、西三条规划线路，并与长江、淮河、黄河、海河四大流域相互联结，构成我国水资源开发、配置、利用“四横三纵”的总体战略格局。．南水北调西线工程，是从位于青藏高原的大渡河、雅砻江、通天河甚或澜沧江和怒江向黄河流域上中游地区调水。这一调水工程具有规模宏大、技术复杂、效益显著的特点。 一、南水北调西线工程是当今世界上规模最大的调水工程 跨流域调水，是实现水资源在一个国家或一个特定区域内优化配置的重要手段，世界各国尤其是…     

跨流域向黄河调水措施综合研究

黄河水资源总量严重不足,供需矛盾突出,靠黄河自身水资源难以协调生活、生产、生态用水之间的矛盾,必须研究跨流域调水方案,缓解黄河水资源供需矛盾,为保障流域及邻近地区的供水安全、能源安全、粮食安全、生态安全提供条件。在分析黄河流域水资源形势的基础上,研究了南水北调东、中、西线,引汉济渭,小江调水等跨流域调水工程,综合比较了各方案向黄河补水的可能性,提出了必须加快南水北调西线工程前期工作,争取早日建成生效。考虑黄河水资源衰减变化和未来的刚性用水需求,还应寻求其他跨流域调水方案,以最大限度缓解黄河水资源供需矛盾。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。