废弃SCR催化剂回收利用项目建设格局的分析

阐述并分析了我国即将大量产生的烟气脱硝SCR废催化剂,及回收利用状况,列举出了适宜的SCR废催化剂回收利用项目建设格局模式。     

低温条件下烟气脱硫脱硝技术的研究与应用

摘 要:分析了我国工业锅炉、水泥玻璃窑炉、化工厂和酸洗设备面临的烟气脱硫脱硝难题,针对低温SCR催化剂开发情况和应用实例,介绍了我国低温SCR技术的发展;综述了活性焦法低温烟气脱硫脱硝工艺和湿法有机催化氧化烟气脱硫脱硝技术的工艺原理、流程和技术特点,并通过工程案例进行了运行经济评估。     

V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2催化剂在玻璃窑SCR脱硝中的应用

氨气选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝技术已成熟应用于玻璃窑炉脱硝工艺。文章介绍了SCR脱硝工艺的核心V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2蜂窝催化剂应用方案的设计要素,并列举了典型工程实例的设计方案,进行催化剂性能分析。设计要素包括催化剂节距的选择、体积用量及元件长度的计算、催化剂层数、模块布置和最低喷氨温度等。通过催化剂性能分析,得出结论:脱硝效率与烟气流量及入口NO_x浓度成反比,而与NH_3/NO_x摩尔比成正比,NH_3/NO_x摩尔比的增高会加大氨逃逸;在一定温度范围内,烟气温度与脱硝效率及SO_2/SO_3转化率均成正比;烟气流量的增大和催化剂化学使用时间的延长,导致了催化剂压降的升高。     

烟气脱硝催化剂现场再生与工厂化再生比较

随着大气污染治理越来越紧迫,国家对氮氧化物排放的控制也越来越严格,选择性催化还原(SCR)烟气脱硝技术在燃煤电厂的脱硝工程被广泛应用。文章介绍了国内的废烟气脱硝催化剂再生方式,并对现场再生与工厂化再生进行了比较,建议废烟气脱硝催化剂的再生应采用工厂化方式进行。     

燃煤机组SCR脱硝催化剂的研究进展

选择性催化还原(SCR)是目前控制氮氧化物排放的主要技术。本文介绍了锅炉炉后脱硝系统的布置位置及工艺条件、已经工业化的氨选择性高温还原钒催化剂的特点,以及近年来低温脱硝催化剂的研究现状。指出我国脱硝催化剂应提高还原剂的选择性,开发新型低温催化剂应重点考察烟气中的水、二氧化硫及硫酸氢铵等对催化剂的影响。     

SCR脱硝催化剂再生技术的发展及应用

催化剂是SCR烟气脱硝技术的核心,其成本占整个SCR烟气脱硝系统投资成本的40%甚至更多。催化剂的性能直接决定了SCR烟气脱硝系统的脱硝效率和氮氧化物排放量、氨逃逸量、SO2/SO3转化率、系统压力、电能消耗、还原剂消耗等,一般工业应用的SCR催化剂的使用寿命为2.4万小时,逾期需要及时更换或进行再生。文章介绍了SCR脱硝催化剂再生技术的发展现状,分析了国内SCR催化剂再生技术的发展前景,并列举了催化剂再生技术的应用案例。     

烟气换热装置在SCR脱硝工艺中的开发应用

文章介绍了高温锅炉烟气再加热低温空气换热装置在选择性催化还原法(SCR)脱硝工艺中的开发应用,该装置能利用高温锅炉烟气将低温空气加热成250℃～320℃的热空气。在氨水作为脱硝还原剂的SCR脱硝工艺中,可将此热空气通入氨水蒸发器内,作为氨水蒸发为氨气的热源,蒸发后的氨气混合气于SCR脱硝反应器与锅炉烟气中的NO_x发生反应,从而达到脱除锅炉烟气中NO_x的目的。     

氧含量和面速度变化对SCR脱硝催化剂性能影响的研究

文章对SCR脱硝催化剂性能进行了实验研究,得出随着烟气中氧含量的升高,脱硝催化剂的脱硝效率和活性K值也保持增长;一定烟气条件下,随着催化剂面速度(AV)的增大,脱硝效率下降,但活性K值则保持上升的规律。     

SCR脱硝技术在天然气浮法玻璃窑炉上的应用

分析了天然气浮法玻璃窑炉烟气、飞灰的特性,通过合理布置浮法玻璃窑炉的烟气除尘、脱硝工艺,引进高效、先进的SCR脱硝技术,合理选用催化剂,达到《平板玻璃工业污染物排放标准》（GB26453-2011）环保要求。     

“分风级燃烧＋SNCR”工艺在水泥脱硝工程中的应用——以青海盐湖海纳有限公司4600t／d熟料水泥生产线脱硝工程为例

本文以青海省盐湖海纳有限公司4600t／d熟料水泥生产线脱硝技术为例论述分风级燃烧技术和烟气脱硝工艺，并着重介绍新型干法水泥回转窑烟气脱硝的主导工艺——选择性非催化还原脱硝工艺（SNCR）及关于影响SNCR系统脱硝效率的因素。     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.