54例慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者呼吸机相关性肺炎的临床分析

目的：分析呼吸重症监护病房中慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）病原学分布特点及相关危险因素。方法：回顾性分析54例行机械通气的COPD患者的临床资料。结果：29例（53．7％）患者发生了VAP,VAP的治愈率为20．7％;好转率为34．5％;死亡13例,病死率为44．8％。未发生VAP的患者为25例,死亡3例,病死率为12%。VAP组的病死率明显高于未发生VAP组（P〈0．05）。其中应用广谱抗菌素合用糖皮质激素（≥7d）患者的VAP发生率高达72％明显高于未合用糖皮质激素或合用糖皮质激素≤7d的患者;VAP中最常见的致病菌是G^-杆菌（82％）,其中铜绿假单胞菌（41％）、肺炎克雷伯氏菌（23％）最常见,其次为大肠埃希氏菌（7％）,G^＋菌以金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌为主。结论：COPD患者行机械通气VAP的发生率较高,病死率也较高,必须采取综合性的预防措施才能有效控制。明确病原学对经验性治疗有良好的指导意义。     

不同切换时机的序贯机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭临床效果的网状Meta分析

背景 序贯机械通气是治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并呼吸衰竭的强有力手段,其治疗关键是选择恰当的切换时机,但目前切换时机的界定标准尚未统一.目的 采用网状Meta分析方法比较不同切换时机的序贯机械通气治疗COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者的临床效果,旨在为序贯机械通气切换时机的选择提供参考.方法 计算机检索PubMed、We...     

有创与无创序贯机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病重症呼吸衰竭

目的探讨有创与无创序贯机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）重症呼吸衰竭的方法与疗效。方法对40例COPD重症呼吸衰竭患者进行气管插管机械通气治疗，达到肺部感染控制窗（PIG窗）后，随机分为序贯治疗组和对照组，每组20例。序贯组治疗方法：立即拔出气管插管，改用口鼻面罩双水平气道正压通气（BiPAP）。对照组治疗方法：继续按常规有创机械通气方法治疗，以目前临床常用压力支持通气（PSV）模式脱机、2组同时进行监护，观察2组患者有创通气时间、呼吸机相关肺炎（VAP）发生例数、总机械通气时间、住院时间、监护时间、病死率等。结果2组患者发生VAP的例数分别为1例（5％）和8例（40％）（P〈0．05），总机械通气时间分别为（10．4±2．5）d和（15．3±3．2）d（P〈0．05），住院时间分别为（16．2±2．8）d和（25．8±4．2）d（P〈0．01）。结论在PIC窗指导下的有创与无创序贯性通气治疗方法，可以明显缩短机械通气时间，降低VAP发生率，缩短重症监护（ICU）和总住院时间，改进治疗效果，降低治疗费用，提高抢救成功率。     

无创正压通气治疗COPD并呼吸衰竭的研究概况

近年来元创正压通气（NPPV）的临床应用日益广泛,尤其在慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）并呼吸衰竭治疗中的价值得到越来越多的肯定。NPPV能改善COPD并呼吸衰竭患者的肺功能,提高生活质量,减少有创一无创序贯机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）发生,降低再插管率和病死率。该文就NPPV在COPD并呼吸衰竭患者中的应用进展作一综述。     

有创-无创序贯机械通气治疗AECOPD合并严重呼吸衰竭临床观察

目的观察有创-无创序贯机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病（AECOPD）合并严重呼吸衰竭的临床效果，探讨其优越性。方法随机选取21例AECOPD合并严重呼吸衰竭患者予有创后脱机拔除气管插管序贯无创机械通气治疗，19例采用传统有创机械通气治疗，记录并分析比较两组间患者治疗初基础情况和在有创机械通气时间、住呼吸重症监护病房时间、总的机械通气时间、总住院时间，及呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）发生率、再插管率等。结果有创-无创序贯机械通气治疗AECOPD合并严重呼吸衰竭疗效显著，有创通气时间、住呼吸重症监护病房时间、总住院时间序贯组较传统组均缩短P〈0.05，VAP发生率、再插管率均低于传统组P〈0．05。结论在患者支气管-肺部感染控制好转，痰液性状改善情况下停有创，序贯无创治疗具有优越性。     

COPD机械通气并发呼吸机相关肺炎45例临床分析

目的分析慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）有创机械通气并发呼吸机相关肺炎（VAP）的相关因素及致病菌。方法回顾性分析近年来本院ICU收治的45例COPD机械通气并发VAP患者的临床资料、发病原因和致病菌。结果VAP的发生率为73．7％，共培养出细菌73株，真菌3株；其中革兰氏阴性杆菌（GNB）50株（68．49％），革兰氏阳性球菌（GPC）20株（27．39％）。COPD并发VAP居首位的细菌是铜绿假单胞。结论VAP是COPD有创机械通气治疗中常见的严重并发症，应尽早停机拔管，改用无创通气，合理使用抗生素，谨慎使用抗酸药，注意无菌操作，是预防VAP的有效措施。     

COPD患者感染鲍曼不动杆菌的临床特征及预后分析

目的探索慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者感染鲍曼不动杆菌的临床特征,分析感染相关危险因子及预后相关因素。方法收集COPD患者标本,采用常规方法进行细菌培养、菌株鉴定及药敏试验,收集感染患者临床资料分析感染相关危险因子及预后因子。结果药敏试验显示鲍曼不动杆菌对美罗培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感性稍高。COPD患者感染鲍曼不动杆菌的临床表现缺乏特异性,多因素分析显示脏器功能不全、机械通气、联合使用≥2种抗生素及使用时间≥14天是独立危险因素,有创导管和机械通气是独立预后因子。结论 COPD患者合并鲍曼不动杆菌感染与机械通气治疗及使用广谱抗生素以及脏器功能不全有关。机械通气及有创导管是感染的独立预后因子。避免不合理使用抗生素、避免长时间机械通气及不适当有创导管治疗是控制感染改善预后的主要途径。     

Clinical analysis of patients requiring long-term mechanical ventilation of over three months: ventilator-associated pneumonia as a primary complication

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical features, etiology, and prognosis of patients who required long-term mechanical ventilation (LMV) of over three months for respiratory failure following underlying disease, and observation of their clinical course until death. PATIENTS: Thirty-seven patients (27 males, 10 females) treated in the internal and medical intensive care unit at Kawasaki Medical School Kawasaki Hospital over the 16-year period from April 1985 to March 2001 were retrospectively studied. RESULTS: Many of these patients were elderly males with respiratory disease such as pulmonary emphysema or old pulmonary tuberculosis, which had developed into acute respiratory failure resulting in respiratory tract infection and initiation of mechanical ventilation. The survival rates of one year, three years and five years after the start of mechanical ventilation were 60%, 30%, and 16%, retrospectively, and the prognoses were poor. Respiratory tract infection was the most common and serious complication. Specifically, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) was a complication in 21 patients and also the main-cause of death. VAP was observed 2.3 years after the initiation of mechanical ventilation with significant differences in the following risk factors being observed between VAP (+) and VAP (-) groups: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, duration of mechanical ventilation, prior antibiotics, aspiration of gastric contents and use of histamine-type II receptor antagonist. The causative pathogens of VAP were Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, which were frequently isolated from tracheal aspirates. All patients with VAP caused by MRSA died shortly after contracting the infection. CONCLUSIONS: This study has demonstrated that appropriate treatment for respiratory tract infections such as VAP and the prevention of nasocomial infection due to MRSA is of paramount importance for patients requiring long-term mechanical ventilation of over three months.     

沧州地区重症监护病房呼吸机相关性肺炎病原学分析及防治

目的 对沧州地区呼吸机相关性肺炎(ventilator-associated pneumonia,VAP)的病原菌分布、耐药情况及预后进行临床研究,以期指导临床治疗.方法 对2008年1～12月在沧州市3家三级甲等医院261例行机械通气治疗患者中发生VAP的106例患者进行临床病例的统计,对致病菌进行细菌鉴定,采用纸片扩散法检测其耐药性,采用单因素分析方法 进行预后分析.结果 VAP平均发病时间为机械通气后7 d,VAP发生率41.0%,病死率35.0%.106例VAP患者呼吸道分泌物中分离出病原菌共126株.其中革兰阴性细菌103株(81.7%),革兰阳性细菌18株(14.3%),真菌5株(4.0%).铜绿假单胞菌37株(29.3%),鲍曼不动杆菌26株(20.6%),肺炎克雷伯菌18株(14.3%),洋葱假单胞菌9株(7.2%),大肠埃希菌9株(7.2%).嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌6株(4.8%),阴沟肠杆菌2株(1.6%),脑膜脓毒性黄杆菌2株(1.6%),金黄色葡萄球菌9株(7.1%),凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌5株(3.9%),肠球菌3株(2.4%),依次为沧州地区VAP患者最常见的病原菌.致病菌仍以细菌尤其是革兰阴性杆菌为主,铜绿假单胞菌居首位.革兰阴性细菌对头孢菌素等各种常见抗菌药物耐药情况均十分严重.本研究中VAP大多数病例为迟发性VAP.机械通气时间>7 d的VAP发生率显著高于<7 d组.>60岁患者发生VAP明显高于≤60岁患者.应用H2受体阻滞剂组的VAP发生率较未用组高.气管插管VAP发生率显著低于气管切开.VAP总病死率为35%,其中严重低白蛋白血症,肾功能衰竭合并葡萄球菌感染和抗生素治疗不当为预后不良的危险因素.结论 沧州地区VAP病原菌耐药严重,病死率高,须加强预防及合理进行经验性抗生素治疗.     

序贯性机械通气治疗肺心病合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的分析

目的探讨有创与无创序贯性机械通气治疗肺心病合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的方法与疗效。方法对60例肺心病合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者进行气管插管后机械通气,待有更换机械通气方式指征时,随机分为两组,每组30例。治疗组给予拔除气管插管改无创机械通气,对照组继续有创机械通气。观察患者病情变化、血气分析、死亡率、呼吸机相关肺炎发生率、机械通气时间及住院时间。结果两组患者治疗效果无差异性(P>0.05),但两组患者发生呼吸机相关肺炎率、死亡率、机械通气时间、住院时间均有差异性(P<0.05)。结论序贯性机械通气可降低肺心病合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者呼吸机相关肺炎发生率及死亡率,缩短机械通气时间和住院时问。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性呼吸衰竭患者从有创过渡到无创机械通气的时机探讨

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)急性呼吸衰竭从有创过渡到无创机械通气的适宜时机。方法24例COPD急性呼吸衰竭患者有创机械通气3天后随机分成两组,每组12例。A组予拔除气管导管改面罩机械通气,B组继续有创机械通气。观察两组呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)例数、死亡例数、机械通气时间、住院时间。结果A、B两组发生VAP的例数分别为0和7例(P=0.027);死亡例数为0和3例(P=0.217);有创机械通气3天后尚需机械通气时间为（7±5）天和（15±12）天(P<0.05);住院时间为（16±6）天和（25±12）天(P<0.05)。结论COPD急性呼吸衰竭有创机械通气3天后拔除气管导管改面罩机械通气能降低VAP发生率,缩短机械通气时间和住院时间。     

Ventilator-associated pneumonia complicating the acute respiratory distress syndrome

Pulmonary infections span a wide spectrum, ranging from self-limited processes (e.g., tracheobronchitis) to life-threatening infections including both community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP). Together, pneumonia and influenza rank as the sixth leading cause of death in the United States and lead all other infectious diseases in this respect. Pneumonia is the second-most-common hospital-acquired infection in the United States, accounting for 17.8% of all hospital-acquired infections and 40,000 to 70,000 deaths per year. HAP is the most common nosocomial infection occurring in patients requiring mechanical ventilation, developing in 6.5% of patients after 10 days and in 28% of patients after 30 days of ventilatory support. Patients acquiring HAP have a greater risk of mortality than comparably ill ventilated patients who do not develop pneumonia. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) specifically refers to a bacterial pneumonia developing in patients with acute respiratory failure who have been receiving mechanical ventilation for at least 48 hours. The etiologic bacteriologic agents associated with VAP typically differ based on the timing of the occurrence of the infection relative to the start of mechanical ventilation. VAP occurring within 96 hours of the onset of mechanical ventilation is usually due to antibiotic-sensitive bacteria that colonize the patient prior to hospital admission (e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza, oxacillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus). VAP developing after 96 hours of ventilatory support is more often associated with antibiotic-resistant bacteria including oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, more recent data suggest that hospitalization and exposure to antibiotics prior to the start of mechanical ventilation are important risk factors for the occurrence of VAP attributed to antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Therefore, these risk factors should be considered when deciding on an appropriate empiric antibiotic regimen regardless of the onset of VAP. VAP and catheter-associated bloodstream infections are the leading causes of infection acquired in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. Patients in the ICU have rates of HAP that are as much as five to ten times higher than the rates in general hospital wards. Additionally, like nosocomial bloodstream infections, VAP is associated with an attributable mortality beyond that accounted for by patients' severity of illness. The attributable mortality associated with VAP appears to be greatest for "high-risk' antibiotic-resistant bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The greater hospital mortality associated with these "high-risk' pathogens has been attributed to the virulence of these bacteria and the increased occurrence of inadequate initial antibiotic treatment of VAP due to the presence of antibiotic resistance. This review provides an overview of the clinical importance of VAP. We then describe how this nosocomial infection influences the management and outcomes of patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).     

呼吸机相关性肺炎的临床新进展

呼吸机相关性肺炎是机械通气治疗最常见的并发症之一,抗生素治疗不当及多重耐药病例病死率极高.为减少呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率、降低病死率,正确诊断、合理应用抗生素、实行防治结合尤其重要.     

Clinical importance of delays in the initiation of appropriate antibiotic treatment for ventilator-associated pneumonia

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To determine the influence of initially delayed appropriate antibiotic treatment (IDAAT) on the outcomes of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). SETTING: Medical ICU of Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, a university-affiliated urban teaching hospital. PATIENTS: One hundred seven consecutive patients receiving mechanical ventilation and antibiotic treatment for VAP. INTERVENTIONS: Prospective patient surveillance and data collection. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: All 107 patients eventually received treatment with an antibiotic regimen that was shown in vitro to be active against the bacterial pathogens isolated from their respiratory secretions. Thirty-three patients (30.8%) received antibiotic treatment that was delayed for >or= 24 h after initially meeting diagnostic criteria for VAP. These patients were classified as receiving IDAAT. The most common reason for the administration of IDAAT was a delay in writing the antibiotic orders (n = 25; 75.8%). The mean time (+/- SD) interval from initially meeting the diagnostic criteria for VAP until the administration of antibiotic treatment was 28.6 +/- 5.8 h among patients classified as receiving IDAAT, compared to 12.5 +/- 4.2 h for all other patients (p < 0.001). Forty-four patients (41.1%) with VAP died during their hospitalization. Increasing APACHE (acute physiology and chronic health evaluation) II scores (adjusted odds ratio, 1.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.09 to 1.18; p < 0.001), presence of malignancy (adjusted odds ratio, 3.20; 95% confidence interval, 1.79 to 5.71; p = 0.044), and the administration of IDAAT (adjusted odds ratio, 7.68; 95% confidence interval, 4.50 to 13.09; p < 0.001) were identified as risk factors independently associated with hospital mortality by logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that patients classified as receiving IDAAT are at greater risk for hospital mortality. Clinicians should avoid delaying the administration of appropriate antibiotic treatment to patients with VAP in order to minimize their risk of mortality.     

有创后序贯无创机械通气治疗重度COPD呼吸衰竭患者疗效观察

目的探讨有刨与无创序贯机械通气在治疗COPD重症呼吸衰竭的效果。方法选择40例COPD呼吸衰竭患者，随机分为两组，20例为有刨与无创序贯治疗组，20例为对照组，常规有创通气，以PSV方式至撤机。观察有创通气时间、总机械通气时间，医院获得性肺炎，住院时间、治疗费用等的差异；结果序贯治疗组与对照组，有创通气时间分别是（8．03±1．68）d和（15．02±2．96）d，总机械通气时间分别是（11．38±3．25）d和（19．29±4．11）d，VAP发生例数分别是3例和17例，住院时间分别是（15．89±2．01）d和（26．21±1．57）d，治疗费用分别是（1．09±0．01）万元和（1．92±0．06）万元，两组间比较差异有显著差异性（P〈0．05）。结论对COPD重症呼吸衰竭病例，采用有创与无刨序贯机械通气治疗可降低有刨机械通气时间、减少VAP的发生，减少住院时间及住院费用。     

呼吸机相关肺炎的研究进展

呼吸机相关肺炎（VAP）是机械通气患者常见且较特殊的医院内获得性肺炎，发病率及病死率较高。临床预防、早期诊断、病原学诊断和临床抗菌药物治疗仍然是VAP重症患者救治领域的难点，现将近年来VAP的研究进展做一综述。     

有创与无创序贯性机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病所致严重 …

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the feasibility and the efficacy of early extubation and sequential non-invasive mechanical ventilation(MV) in COPD with exacerbated hypercapnic respiratory failure. METHODS: 22 intubated COPD cases with severe hypercapnic respiratory failure due to pulmonary infection (pneumonia or purulent bronchitis) were involved in the study. At the time pulmonary infection had been significantly controlled (resolution of fever and decrease in purulent sputum, radiographic infiltrations, and leukocytosis. We call the time as "Pulmonary Infection Control Window", PIC window) after the antibiotic and the comprehensive therapy, the early extubation was conducted and followed by non-invasive MV via facial mask immediately in 11 cases (study group). Other 11 COPD cases with similar clinical characteristics who continuously received invasive MV after PIC window were used as control group. RESULTS: The groups had similar clinical characteristics and gas exchange, initially and at the time of PIC window. For study group and control group, the duration of invasive MV was (7.1 +/- 2.9) vs (23.0 +/- 14.0) days, P < 0.01; the total duration of ventilatory support was (13 +/- 7) vs (23 +/- 14) days, P < 0.05; the incidence of VAP were 0/11 vs 6/11, P < 0.01; the duration of ICU stay was (13 +/- 7) vs (26 +/- 14) days, P < 0.05, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In COPD patients requiring intubation and MV for pulmonary infection and hypercapnic respiratory failure, early extubation followed by non-invasive MV initiated at the point of PIC window may significantly decrease the invasive and total durations of ventilatory support, the risk of VAP, and the duration of ICU stay.     

重症肺结核合并COPD患者机械通气死亡预后因素分析

目的探讨重症肺结核合并COPD患者机械通气死亡预后因素。方法分析河北省胸科医院结核监护病房2009年1月～2011年12月间收治的189例重症肺结核合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病病人,得出死亡密切相关的危险因素。结果共有189例病人入选,死亡68例。死亡组的多耐药结核菌感染,APACHEⅡ评分,呼吸机相关性肺炎等多项指标与生存组差异有统计学意义。与死亡相关的独立危险因素有：耐多药结核菌感染,APACHE评分〉25分,呼吸机相关性肺炎,低蛋白血症。结论重症肺结核合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者机械通气有较高的死亡率,较多因素影响其预后。     

有创-无创序贯机械通气治疗AECOPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床研究

目的 探讨有创-无创序贯机械通气在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者治疗中的疗效.方法 将符合条件的48例AECOPD患者随机分为两组.在“肺部感染控制窗(PIC窗)”出现后,序贯治疗组拔除气管插管,应用口鼻面罩双水平正压通气直至脱机;对照组继续给予有创机械通气,以压力支持方式脱机.观察两组患者有创通气时间、总机械通气时间、重症监护病房(ICU)住院时间、呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生率、气管插管复插率及院内死亡例数.结果 序贯治疗组和对照组有创通气时间分别为(5.34 ±0.48)h和(12.6±1.21)d、气管插管复插率分别为8.33％和33.3％.VAP发生率分别为8.3％和41.7％,两组患者的VAP发生率、再插管率、有创通气时间和住ICU时间均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组患者死亡率无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论 在肺部感染控制窗指导下的有创-无创序贯机械通气治疗方法,可缩短机械通气时间,降低VAP发生率及气管插管复插率,具有临床实用价值的比较有效脱机方案.     

Invasive oder nicht-invasive Diagnostik der Ventilator-assoziierten Pneumonie

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the most frequent nosocomial infection on intensive care units (ICU). VAP has consequences on mortality, duration of stay on the ICU and in the hospital and increases costs of treatment. Clinical studies indicated that an early and calculated treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics is highly important for the success of treatment on the ICU. To minimize formation of resistance, early deescalation or termination of this chosen therapy is necessary and may be based on clinical criteria and especially microbiological examination. The latter case needs extraction of secretions in the upper respiratory tract. Invasive techniques (bronchoalveolar lavage, BAL) and non-invasive techniques (endotracheal aspiration, ETA) can be used. There is no agreement between studies about which method leads most frequently to correct results and results in improving outcome of patients. The study performed by the Canadian critical care trials group (December 21, 2006, NEJM) examined 740 patients on intensive care units. Patients were randomized both depending on the diagnostic method (ETA vs BAL) and the antibiotic treatment (mono- vs combined antibiotic therapy). The 28-day mortality was chosen as the primary outcome parameter, while duration of mechanical ventilation and duration of stay on the ICU were chosen among other things as secondary parameters. The results indicated no significant differences between the groups for these parameters. Patients undergoing BAL were treated significantly later by study antibiotics. This difference had no effect on patients' outcome. The special selection of the study population, which excluded pre-colonized and chronically ill patients, reduces the possibility to rate these results. Furthermore, based on the results of this study, recommendation for one of the used techniques in diagnosing VAP can not be given.