节能降耗，石油和化工行业大有可为——写在第十八个全国节能宣传周

6月15日，一年一度的全国节能宣传周活动拉开了帷幕，今年节能宣传周的主题是“依法节能，全民行动”。在这场节能攻坚战中，作为节能重点的石油和化工行业不但不能缺席，而且还应有所作为。     

加大节能减排力度 建设资源节约型企业

2007年以来，东明石化以省节能条例、节能法和国家《节能中长期规划》为依据，强化能耗考核和目标责任管理，提高员工节能意识，持续不懈地抓好节能减排工作，努力创建资源节约型企业.     

煤炭行业节能统计培训和节能检测标准宣传贯彻会议召开

2006年12月22日，煤炭工业节约能源办公室会同煤炭工业节能技术服务中心在广西南宁联合召开了煤炭行业节能统计培训和节能检测标准宣传贯彻会议，来自全国煤炭行业负责节能工作的60余名代表参加了会议。会议主要是根据国家发改委和国家统计局《关于启动千家企业节能行动统计系统和开展统计培训的通知》的要求，以煤炭行业节能统计数据真实统一为原则，为企业做好节能审计报告和节能规划打基础。[第一段]     

建筑保温节能墙体的发展展望

分析建筑保温节能工作的重要性，明确建筑保温节能政策，从当前建筑保温节能墙体的发展情况入手，分析其未来发展趋势，对如何完善建筑保温节能墙体工作提出建议。     

辽轮向节能要效益

辽轮向节能要效益辽宁轮胎厂秦首先辽宁轮胎厂被列为朝阳市耗能大户，年消耗标准煤５万吨．该厂多年来坚持”以节能求增产，以节能求发展”的方针，向节能要＿效益，使节能管理和节能技改并举，收到了良好的效果。万元产值单耗逐年下降，电能利用率逐年提高。今年前９个月...     

到2010年上海新建节能建筑将达1．8亿平方米

开发商标榜的节能住宅货真价实吗？节能效果到底好不好？看看它有几颗“星”就知道了。上海正在酝酿实施一套建筑能效标识体系，今后，无论是新建节能建筑还是经过节能改造的老房子，都将像饭店宾馆一样进行星级评定，越节能的，“星”也越多。     

永东化工完成国家节能目标

最近，由国家发改委、财政部组织的国家节能领导小组一行3人．对山西永东化工公司炭黑生产线的950℃空气预热节能项目进行了实地调查与审核。该项目节能效果显著，每年可节约标煤2．86万吨，经济效益达2500余万元。在完成国家节能目标的同时，还可带动周边相关企业加快节能项目的开展，     

芜湖市开展节能和散装水泥宣传周活动

6月12日上午，2011年节能和散装水泥宣传周活动在中山路步行街拉开帷幕。以“节能我行动，低碳新生活”和“节能减排，发展散装水泥；绿色低碳，禁止现场搅拌”为主题的宣传活动得到广大市民的热情参与，学习节能知识受到追捧。“原来我家的房子是用这种节能材料建造的，既环保义节能!”活动现场，李先生一边听取工作人员介绍，一边拿起育传材料，饶有兴趣地翻看着。     

新汶矿业集团矿井生产系统节能优化项目通过国家有关委部专项督查

2008年以来，山东新汶矿业集团公司狠抓节能减排目标责任制落实，节能减排工作取得显著成效。1—8月完成万元产值综合能耗0．8828t标煤，原煤生产综合能耗11．21kg标彬t，均优于上年同期水平。其中，《绿色开采节能技术》被评为山东省重大节能成果，公司连续两年获得省政府节能大奖，协庄矿被选定为能源管理体系认证试点单位，华丰矿获得山东省节能先进企业，     

蒸汽节能——橡胶企业提高效益的必由之路

本文就当前国内橡胶企业蒸汽管网存在的问题，蒸汽节能的潜力，节能效果和开展节能工作的可行性进行了论述，作者认为当前各橡胶企业蒸汽能耗大，潜力大，开展节展工作效果会很好，根据现在的客观条件大力开展节能工作是可行的。     

Changes in the Properties of Synthetic Fibres in Thermal Aging

Thermal aging of complex lavsan, nitron, and anid fibres and lavsan and nitron yarn was investigated in the temperature region above the glass transition temperature (120, 150, 180°C) in the free state and with shrinkage for up to 300 h. It was shown that thermal aging of chemical fibres in the general case includes periods of structural and thermochemical aging. The kinetic characteristics of thermal shrinkage of chemical fibres and yarn in the first period of thermal aging were investigated. An exponential curve of shrinkage in time was obtained and can be used to predict the behavior of fibres and yarn in the first period of aging in the free state. The kinetics of the change in the strength and relative elongation at break was investigated in prolonged thermal aging of chemical fibres and yarn in the free (with shrinkage) and fixed (without shrinkage) states. The exponential dependence of the change in the fibre breaking characteristics on the duration of heat treatment was demonstrated. The change in the properties in prolonged thermal aging in the free and fixed states in the first stage of aging takes place differently. With shrinkage, the strength decreases and the deformability increases as a result of relaxation phenomena in the first stage, followed by a symbatic decrease in the strength and deformability as a result of thermal degradation processes in the second stage. In heat treatment in the fixed state, the change in the mechanical properties in the first stage is slight, while the strength and deformability simultaneously decrease in time as a result of thermal aging in the second stage. The quantitative characteristics found can be used to predict the change in the mechanical properties of chemical fibres and yarn in conditions of prolonged exposure to heat.     

Drying characteristics of porous material immersed in a bed of hygroscopic porous particles fluidized under reduced pressure

A relatively large wet material was immersed in a fluidized bed of hygroscopic porous particle (silica gel beads) under reduced pressure. And then the drying characteristics were compared with those in the case of inert particle (glass beads). The comparison of drying characteristics is performed experimentally and theoretically. In calculation, the water transfer from the sample to the fluidized bed was considered. The calculation results are in good agreement with the experimental data. The effects of the operational conditions (the pressure in the drying chamber and the temperature of the drying gas) on the drying characteristics were also examined in both fluidizing particles.The drying finishes earlier in the case of hygroscopic porous particle than in the case of inert particle regardless of pressure in the drying chamber, since the water transfer from the sample facilitates the drying in the case of hygroscopic porous particles. The temperature decrement in drying appears in the case of inert particle. This phenomenon is also observed in the case of hygroscopic porous particle, but the decrement degree of the temperature is much smaller than that in the case of inert particle. The difference of the minimum temperature in the sample in drying between the cases of hygroscopic porous particle and inert particle is very slight for different pressures in the drying chamber.     

Physiologie der alternden Haut (Stoffwechselsituation)

Physiology of the Ageing Skin (Metabolic State) Results of investigations on the enzymatic activity in epidermis, in the contents of cantharidin vessel and in the cutis of young and ageing skin are reported. Thereby a differentiation has been made between non-exposed skin and skin exposed to light. The decrease in enzymatic activity in the skin of grown-up persons, as compared to young subjects, is most pronounced in the epidermis and to a lesser extent in the contents of cantharidin vessel. In the cutis, however, an increase in activity is observed. A similar relationship is found in the case of aged skin by comparing unexposed skin to the one exposed to light. Whereas a reduction in enzymatic activity occurs in the epidermis of skin exposed to light, an increase (25–300%) in activity of all the enzymes is found in the cutis.     

Fire deaths in the United Kingdom 1976-82

A study of fire deaths in the Glasgow area has been extended to the rest of the United Kingdom in order to assess the applicability of the conclusions reached in the Glasgow study to the whole country. With assistance from pathologists in a number of other areas, 71 cases were included in the study, covering both pathology and toxicology of the deaths where possible. In both the Glasgow and UK studies, most of the fire deaths occurred in dwelling-house fires. These and other demographic characteristics were in agreement with national fire statistics. The principal features of pathology in this study were burns (79 per cent of cases), respiratory system injury (72 per cent of cases) and soot deposition in the respiratory tract (96 per cent of cases), and these reflected a similar incidence in Glasgow study. Carbon monoxide was considered to be the cause of death in 51 per cent of the deaths in this study and to be implicated in the death of 37 per cent of the other cases (54 per cent and 31 per cent respectively in Glasgow). Cyanide was estimated to be a significant factor in 33 per cent of the deaths in the UK study (24 per cent in Glasgow). Alcoholic intoxication was found to be a significant additional factor in Glasgow but was much less prominent in the other areas of the UK. It concluded that, with the exception of alcohol, the results of the Glasgow study are valid for the UK as a whole.     

Zeta-potential Studies in Cellulose Fibre–Aqueous Electrolyte Solution Systems

Zeta-potential studies of cotton and viscose rayon fibres in aqueous sodium and potassium chloride solutions of different concentrations have been carried out using the streaming-potential method. The Eversole and Boardman equation, which relates the measured zeta potential to the thickness of the electrical double layer, has been found to be valid in all cases. Using the surface-potential values calculated from this equation, the surface-charge densities in these fibres have been estimated. They are in good agreement with the theoretical surface-charge densities calculated from data on the carboxyl-group content of these fibres and the BET nitrogen surface areas for the water-swollen uncollapsed fibres. Two alternative explanations for the apparent increase in surface-charge density with decrease in the zeta potential have been given, without assuming that the anions are absorbed. The variation in zeta potential with increasing carboxyl-group content in samples of oxycellulose has been explained in terms of changes in the degree of dissociation of carboxyl groups with increasing carboxyl content, and an increase in the surface area of the cellulose fibre on oxidation. Studies of the zeta potentials in Form-W and Form-D formaldehyde-crosslinked cotton fibres have indicated that the zeta potential increases with increase in formaldehyde content with Form-D fibres. This result can be explained in terms of the decrease in the surface area of Form-D cottons with increase in the content of bound formaldehyde.     

Investigation of high-density polyethylene film surface treated with chromic acid mixture by use of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine

High-density polyethylene films were treated with chromic acid mixture. 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine was reacted on the treated films. The changes in amounts of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones formed in the films were inferred by comparing the absorptions in the ultraviolet spectra. The changes in the film surfaces by chromic acid mixture treatment were investigated by comparing the changes in the amount of the hydrazones with changes in water wettability of the treated films. Scanning electron micrographs of the treated film surfaces were taken. Oxidation of the film surface zone, partial breakdown of polymer in the film surface zone, and oxidation of surface zone bared from the film inner zone seem to have occurred with increase in treatment time. When the treatment temperature was raised, the increase in carbonyl groups in the surface of the high-density polyethylene film with rise in treatment temperature seems to have been prevented by an increase in partial breakdown of polymer in the film surface.     

Stability boundaries for spinning of fibres based on poly-p-phenylene terephthalamide through an air gap

The restriction of the zone of stationary jet flow of LC sulfuric-acid solutions of PPTA and the conditions of stable spinning of fibres with small air gaps using spinnerets with small-diameter channels is explained with the well-known theory of resonance in drawing for viscoelastic, non-Newtonian media in continuation of the effect of shear flow in the channels on longitudinal flow in the jets. In spinning fibres from 19.5% LC sulfuric acid solutions of PPTA and copolyamide, drawing of the jet in the spinning bath supplements drawing of the jet in the air gap. The former is slight and is a function of the stress created in deformation of the LC solution in the air gap, area of the jet cross-section on the surface of the spinning bath, and type of polymer. The conditions of extreme spinning regimes with breaks in PPTA and polyamide monofilaments in the spinning bath medium in the absence of resonance in drawing of the jet in an air gap are presented. Terlon Co., Mytishchi. Translated fromKhimicheskie Volokna, No. 1, pp. 12–16, January–February, 1999.     

The lipid composition of erythrocytes in european cattle and buffalo steers

This study compared the lipid composition of the red blood cells of European cattle and of buffalo steers at the same level of feed intake in a thermoneutral evironment. The mean volumes of the erythrocytes and their lipid content were greater in buffalo than those in cattle. However, the amounts of phospholipid and cholesterol in cells of equal volume were higher in buffalo than in cattle. In contrast, the phospholipid level at a given cholesterol level was higher in cattle than in buffalo. The distribution of the different molecular species of phospholipids in the red cells of the two breeds were similar, but there were significant distinctions in their fatty acid patterns, notably in the levels of 24∶0 and 24∶1 in the sphingomyelin fractions. The proportion of total monounsaturated acids in the erythrocytes were similar from both breeds. However, there was a higher percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids with a corresponding lower content of total saturated fatty acids in the red cells from buffalo than in those from cattle. The breed differences in erythrocyte lipid composition are discussed in relation to breed differences in red cell characters and could lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms of environmental adaptation.     

Formation of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones in high-density polyethylene film irradiated with ultraviolet light

Polyethylene films were irradiated in air by ultraviolet light. 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine was reacted on the irradiated films. The changes in amounts of carbonyl groups and 2,4-dinitrophenynlhydrazones formed in the films were inferred by comparing their absorptions in the infrared and ultraviolet spectra, respectively. It seems that the contents of carbonyl groups formed in the amorphous regions in the high-density polyethylene films by the irradiation were larger than the contents of carbonyl groups formed in the amorphous regions in the low-density polyethylene films. The decreases in contact angles of water on the high-density polyethylene films by the irradiation were larger than the decreases in the contact angles on the low-density polyethylene films. The amounts of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones formed in the irradiated high-density polyethylene films were less than the amounts of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones formed in the irradiated low-density polyethylene films.     

Formation of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones and regeneration of carbonyl groups in polyethylene film irradiated with ultraviolet light

2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine was reacted on polyethylene films irradiated in air with ultraviolet light. The changes in amount of carbonyl groups and 2,4-dinitrophenyl-hydrazones formed in the films were inferred by comparing their absorptions in the infrared and ultraviolet spectra, respectively. The amount of hydrazones formed increased with increase in the reaction time, and rates of the increase gradually decreased with increase in the reaction time. A comparison of the change in amount of hydrazones formed in the irradiated films with the change in amount of carbonyl groups formed in the irradiated films and the change in wettability with H-bonding liquids of the irradiated films showed that the amount of hydrazones formed seemed to be affected by amount of carbonyl groups in the surface zone of the film. The carbonyl groups were regenerated from the hydrazones with increase in the regeneration times, and rates of the regenerations gradually decreased with increase in the regeneration times. The regeneration was facilitated by raising the temperature in the levulinic acid solution, by adding dilute hydrochloric acid to the levulinic acid, or by raising the temperature in the levulinic acid solution containing hydrochloric acid.