肝腺瘤病的重新评估、诊断和手术治疗

肝腺瘤多见于年轻妇女,可能与雌激素/孕激素治疗有关,肿瘤常是孤立的,多发的一般为2～3个,多发播散的称之为腺瘤病,其病因不明。1985年Flejou报道了5例肝腺瘤病,并复习有关腺瘤病的文献,建议在正常肝组织中存有≥10个腺瘤者可定名为腺瘤病,排除伴糖原累积病或摄取类固醇者,在肝腺瘤病男女发病率相等,与口服避孕药无关。Caen大学医院于1980～1998年共收治肝腺瘤10例,至1998年重新复查诊断,肯定诊断8例,1例经影像学、穿刺活检和7例经手术证实。男女之比为1∶7,确诊时平均年龄32岁(14～45岁),其中3例曾分别用雌激素/孕激素治疗1、6和15年。4例…     

肝细胞腺瘤10例诊治分析

目的 探讨肝细胞腺瘤(HCA)的准确诊断及合理治疗方法.方法 对10例HCA病人进行回顾性分析并做文献综述.结果 多数HCA病人无明显症状,血清学检查正常.病理显示11个病灶中有2个存在局部恶变,3个存在不典型增生.多数病灶影像检查有特征性表现.手术切除疗效确切.结论 HCA无特异性的临床表现,影像检查对HCA有较高的诊断价值;怀疑HCA者不建议穿刺活检,积极的手术切除是较好选择.     

肝细胞腺瘤的诊治

目的 探讨肝细胞腺瘤(hepatocellular adenoma,HCA)的诊断和治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析我院1990年1月至2007年4月收治的18例HCA患者的临床、病理和影像学资料.结果 男女比例为11:7,1例女性患者有口服避孕药史.33%(6/18)的患者表现为右上腹不适或右上腹痛.CT和MRI增强扫描显示不规则出血或脂肪变性,多数病灶动脉期均匀强化,门脉期及延迟期造影剂退出.全部患者均经手术完整切除肿瘤.10例病灶内有出血表现,2例病理检查发现癌前病变.术后随访至2007年12月均存活无复发.结论 国内HCA多为自发性,且与口服避孕药无关,增强扫描有一定特异表现.手术完整切除肿瘤是首选的治疗方法,且预后良好.     

肝脏孤立性坏死结节十例

目的 探讨肝脏孤立性坏死结节的临床表现、治疗方法和预后.方法 回顾性分析经手术治疗的10例肝脏孤立性坏死结节患者的临床资料.结果 该病好发于男性(7/10),中位年龄47岁.患者多无临床症状(8/10);多不合并肝炎病毒感染,肿瘤标记物CA199,AFP,CEA等正常.本组9例患者为单发病灶,l例为2个病灶,其中7个病灶位于肝左叶,4个病灶位于肝右叶.结节大小为(2.9±1.1) cm.MRI检查T1WI扫描肿瘤呈低信号或中信号,T2WI扫描肿瘤呈低或稍高信号,增强扫描无强化或有周边强化,MRI有较高的诊断准确率,达66.7％ (4/6).术前穿刺活检较难定性.术后病理检查提示病灶结节中心由坏死的肝细胞组成,周边为增生的纤维细胞、炎性细胞及多核巨细胞,5例患者存在肝组织脂肪变性.10例患者病灶均经手术切除,经随访6～67个月,无复发.结论 该病病因尚未达成共识,由于临床少见,临床医师认识不足,容易误诊,如能诊断准确,可随访观察,本病预后良好.     

肝细胞腺瘤36例临床分析

目的 探讨肝细胞腺瘤(HCA)的准确诊断及合理治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析近3年来收治的36例HCA患者的临床、病理、影像学资料及治疗效果.结果 大多数HCA患者无明显症状,血清学检查正常.病理显示局部癌变1例,瘤内出血坏死19例,其中1例肿瘤破裂出血至腹腔.大多数病灶CT、MRI增强扫描后动脉期病灶均匀强化,门静脉、延迟期造影剂退出.手术切除疗效确切.结论 HCA无特异性临床表现,CT、MRI增强扫描对HCA有较高的诊断价值;因其可发生破裂出血及癌变,故对怀疑HCA者手术切除是首选的治疗方法.     

肝腺瘤6例报告

本文作者报道我院３年间诊治的６例肝腺瘤病例，全部均经病理诊断，６例在作病理诊断前均被误诊，５例出现不同程度的上腹部胀痛，２例ＡＦＰ增高，１例有口服避孕药史。并对其病因、临床表现、诊断和治疗进行了讨论。     

肝细胞腺瘤47例的诊断与外科治疗

目的 总结肝细胞腺瘤(hepatocellular adenoma,HCA)的诊断与外科治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析1989-2009年收治的47例HCA患者的临床资料.结果 本组47例肝细胞腺瘤均为单发病变,术前确诊7例(14.9％),误诊为其他性质的肝占位病变40例(85.1％),最后诊断经术中快速冰冻病理切片或术后病理证实,术前误诊率高达85.1％,其中误诊肝癌11例,肝血管瘤10例,局灶性结节增生14例,肝占位性质待查5例.术前经B超、CT、MRI、DSA等影像检查,只能提示肝占位病变,最后确诊仍需手术探查和病理检查.本组47例HCA均无明确诱因,均采取手术治疗,分别行局部切除、肝段、肝叶或半肝切除术.为预防复发或恶变,切缘距瘤体边缘1.0cm以上.本组术后随访45例,随访率达95.7％,随访6年患者均存活,未见肿瘤复发.结论 HCA临床少见,术前误诊率高,手术切除是HCA惟一有效的治疗方法,预后良好.     

肝腺瘤的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨肝腺瘤(hepatocellular adenoma,HA)的临床特点、诊断、外科治疗和预后.方法 回顾性分析1986年1月至2007年6月我院经病理证实的17例肝腺瘤患者的临床病理、影像学、实验室检查及随访资料.结果 本组17例肝腺瘤患者中男9例,女8例,中位年龄46岁.女性患者均无口服避孕药史.患者无特异性临床表现,仅5例有右上腹不适症状,肿瘤均为单发.血清学AFP检查正常,肝功能均为Child A级,影像学检查无特征性表现,绝大多数患者术前未获明确诊断.17例手术切除,无围手术期死亡及严重并发症病例,术后病理学检查2例有不典型增生,1例为腺瘤恶变.本组患者手术疗效确切,术后随访6～252个月,患者均存活.结论 肝腺瘤的诊断依赖于临床与实验室和影像学检查,术前很难做出明确诊断,肿瘤有恶性变倾向,应积极手术治疗并可取得满意疗效.     

肝细胞腺瘤诊断与外科治疗的体会

目的总结肝细胞腺瘤(HCA)诊断与外科治疗的经验与体会。方法回顾性分析2002年1月至2012年12月期间,我院手术治疗13例HCA患者的临床资料。结果术前确诊HCA 4例,误诊肝细胞肝癌3例、肝脏局灶性结节增生2例。全组均行手术治疗,采取半肝、肝叶、联合肝段和局部切除,术后病理均获确诊,其中单发病灶11例,多发病灶2例。术后11例获随访,时间1~5年,l例复发,l例恶变。结论 HCA临床少见,术前容易误诊。手术切除是HCA有效的治疗方式,预后良好。     

1例原发性肝脏鳞状细胞癌分析

目的总结原发性肝脏鳞状细胞癌(primary squamous cell carcinoma of liver,PSCCL)的临床表现、影像学表现并探讨其病因、组织来源、病理特点、诊断及鉴别诊断、治疗方法的选择及预后,以提高对该病的认识及合理诊治。方法回顾性分析四川大学华西医院诊治的1例PSCCL误诊为肝内胆管细胞癌患者的临床病理资料。结果该例患者以右肝占位收入院,术前影像学检查提示为肝内胆管细胞癌影像学特征,遂行右半肝切除术,术后病理检查结果诊断为PSCCL。结论 PSCCL术前诊断极为困难,与原发性肝癌难以鉴别,且容易忽略其他部位的鳞癌发生肝转移而导致肝转移瘤,往往经过术后病理诊断提示且经各项检查排除其他部位的原发灶后才得以明确诊断。PSCCL的治疗方式多种多样,但预后不佳,目前无统一的治疗原则,多以手术为主,术后辅以放化疗。目前,由于PSCCL的病因不明,机制不清,临床医生只能根据患者病情特点实施个体化治疗。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.