黄土丘陵区植被恢复中土壤团聚体演变及其与土壤性质的关系

在野外调查与室内分析的基础上,对黄土丘陵区典型草原带植被自然恢复过程中土壤水稳性团聚体及其主要影响因子的演变规律进行了研究,并用通径分析法对二者的相互关系进行了定量分析。结果表明:随着植被演替,土壤中大粒级水稳性团聚体含量逐步增加,>5mm粒级团聚体在土壤团粒结构中占主导地位,含量占50%~80%。其次是5~2mm含量,占到10%~15%左右。不同群落之间>5mm团聚体含量在2m深土层加权平均值比较结果为:大羽茅群落>长芒草群落>铁杆蒿群落>百里香群落>香茅草群落,其中大羽茅群落是香茅草群落>5mm团聚体含量的近5倍,长芒草群落也是香茅草群落的近4倍左右。主要影响因子对团聚体直接作用系数的大小为:物理性粘粒>有机质>全氮>全铁>阳离子交换量>全量铝>游离铁>全磷>pH值>粘粒>碳酸钙。物理性粘粒、有机质和全氮是影响水稳性团聚体含量的主要因子。     

长期不同施肥对黄泥土水稳性团聚体颗粒态有机碳的影响

研究了长期不同施肥处理(化肥与秸秆配施、化肥与猪粪配施、单施化肥和不施肥)下太湖地区黄泥土耕层水稳性团聚体颗粒态有机碳含量的变化。结果表明,供试土壤水稳性团聚体组成以>2mm和2~0.25mm粒径为主,施肥下>2mm水稳性团聚体显著增加,并伴随2~0.25mm水稳性团聚体明显减少。颗粒态有机碳主要存在于>2mm水稳性大团聚体中,并随着水稳性团聚体粒径的减小而明显减少。>2mm水稳性大团聚体中的POC对施肥的响应较为敏感,以化肥与秸秆配施下该粒径水稳性团聚体中POC的积累效果最为明显。而化肥与猪粪配施则显著增加了2~0.25mm和0.25~0.053mm水稳性团聚体中的POC含量。土壤不同层次水稳性团聚体中POC的来源不同,在0~5 cm表层可能主要来源于作物根茬生物量,而在5~15 cm土层则可能跟施入的外源有机物有关。     

长期培肥过程中塿土物理性质演变规律

通过对长期培肥试验田不同处理土壤的比重、容重、孔隙度、团聚体等物理性质的系统分析,企图揭示在长期培肥过程中土壤物理性质演变规律。研究结果表明:未进行培肥作用的土壤(对照)小区仍维持着原来土壤有机质含量水平,该试验小区土壤所具有的是最基础的物理性质,其它不同培肥处理的土壤比重和容重均随有机质积累而明显减小,孔隙度随土壤有机质含量增加而升高。不同培肥措施都明显地促进土壤大团聚体的形成,特别是增加了>0.25mm水稳性团聚体的含量,降低了团聚体破坏率,逐渐地改善了土壤物理性质。在常年休闲过程中土壤结构性能明显地被破坏。     

连续施肥20年后棕壤团聚体分布和碳储量变化

利用两种不同分离方法(干筛法与湿筛法)对耕作施肥20年后棕壤的团聚体组成、团聚体有机碳含量以及有机碳储量进行了研究.结果表明:棕壤团聚体以0.25～1mm团聚体为主.与长期不施肥比较,除0.25～1mm粒级外长期施用氮磷化肥使风干团聚体和水稳性团聚体巾较大团聚体和微团聚体数量下降,降低了各级风干团聚体中有机碳积累,增了了水稳性团聚体中有机碳积累;长期施用有机肥较大团聚体和微团聚体数量增加及其相连的有机碳含量和储量均增加;长期有机无机肥配施大团聚体数量下降,微团聚体数量增加,有机碳含量均增加,大团聚体碳库储量下降,微团聚体碳库储量增加.由此可见长期施有机肥土壤结构改善,固C潜力增加.长期高量有机肥与无机肥配施可能有利于土壤固碳,但不利于作物生长.     

沈阳市郊玉米连作土壤有机质组成及其对土壤结构的影响

通过对沈阳市郊玉米连作土壤的有机质、结构情况以及二者相互关系研究表明,土壤中有机质大致范围在16.31g kg-1～23.72g kg-1,腐殖质大致范围在15.17g kg-1～21.49g kg-1,非腐殖质大致范围在1.14g kg-1～2.59g kg-1;在腐殖质各组分中,胡敏素的含量最高,约占腐殖质总量的58.93%～66.34%,胡敏酸约占16.26%～22.87%,富里酸约占16.82%～18.20%瑚富比约在0.95～1.32之间;干筛处理后>0.25mm的土壤团聚体占到80%以上,其中以>2mm团聚体为主,湿筛处理后>0.25mm的土壤团聚体仅占20%左右,其中0.25～0.5mm团聚体为主,水稳性系数在17.33%～35.67%.对有机质及其各组分与土壤各级团聚体做的相关分析结果表明,有机质与0.25～5mm粒径组的团聚体呈显著相关,与>5mm团聚体不相关,且胡敏酸主要影响1～5mm大团聚体的形成.     

土地利用方式对红壤和黄壤颗粒有机碳和碳黑积累的影响

颗粒有机碳和碳黑是土壤中两类性质不同的碳库,它们的数量可反映土壤有机质的稳定性。结果表明,浙江省红壤和黄壤中这两类碳库有很大的变化,并与土地利用方式存在联系。颗粒有机碳的数量及其占总有机碳的比例:林地>茶园>旱地;而碳黑占总有机碳的比例一般是:旱地、茶园>次生林地>原生林地。颗粒有机碳是土壤碳库的易变组分,易受利用方式改变而变化,颗粒有机碳占总有机碳的比例随土壤有机质的积累而增加。相同土地利用方式土壤中碳黑数量与粘粒呈正比。土壤中>1 mm水稳定性团聚体与颗粒有机碳含量相关,而土壤<0.25 mm团聚体与碳黑含量相关。     

岩溶山区植被破坏前后土壤团聚体分形特征研究

土壤结构性是影响土壤肥力的一个重要因素。本文运用分形模型对不同植被类型土壤水稳性团聚体进行了研究,探讨了分形维数与土壤肥力的关系。结果表明:土壤团聚体粒径分布的分形维数与水稳性团聚体含量之间存在呈显著线性回归关系,林地和不同开垦年限农地土壤的物理性质随土壤团聚体的分形维数变化而变化,即分形维数越小,>0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量越高,土壤容重越小,总孔度大,毛管孔隙和通气孔隙占总孔隙的比例大,自然含水量和田间持水量相应较高;有机质、全N、碱解N与分形维数呈极显著的负相关,分形模型为土壤肥力研究提供新方法。上述结果在一定程度表明,植被遭到破坏、不合理的人为开垦,是土壤退化和生态环境恶化的主要原因。     

PAA-atta复合保水剂对土壤物理性质的影响

在合成以丙烯酸和凹凸棒土为原料的有机无机复合保水剂的基础上,本文对比考察了PAA-atta复合保水剂与单纯PAA保水剂对土壤物理性质的影响。结果发现,随着2种保水剂施用量的增加,土壤平均含水量、pH值、>0.25mm团聚体含量及阳离子交换量也逐渐增大。相同用量下,保水剂粒径越小,土壤含水量和>0.25mm团聚体含量也越大,但PAA-atta复合保水剂对土壤物理性质改善效果明显好于单纯PAA保水剂。     

缓释型保水剂对土壤物理性状作用及油菜增产效果的研究

田间小区试验对施用缓释型保水剂、保水剂、常规肥料下土壤物理性状及油菜生长进行了研究。结果表明,缓释型保水剂为植株提供适宜的水分条件,促进了作物生长,油菜产量增加;缓释型保水剂具有保水和持水性能,提高了土壤水分含量,同时改善了土壤物理性状,降低土壤容重,使土壤孔隙数量增加,提高了土壤总孔隙度,尤其增加了非毛管孔隙度,增强了土壤通气性能;缓释型保水剂增加了土壤中大于0.25mm团聚体的数量,从而提高了土壤通气性,同时也增加了土壤中2mm以上的团聚体数量,提高了土壤的抗蚀性。     

黑土土壤质量演变初探I：不同开垦年限黑土主要质量指标演变规律

根据土壤质量的定义和研究方法 ,对黑土的主要质量指标演变规律进行初步研究。结果表明 :黑土的颗粒组成受开垦历史影响的程度较小 ,其质地没有发生显著变化 ;黑土的有机质、全氮、全硫和全磷随着黑土开垦时间的增加而不断降低 ;速效磷随黑土开垦时间的增加有增高的趋势。经过统计分析 ,黑土中粉砂(0.05～0.002mm)含量与细砂(0.25～0.05mm)和粘粒(<0.002mm)含量具有相关性,黑土有机质含量与全氮、全硫、全磷和速效钾具有明显的正相关。因此 ,初步认为黑土中粉粒和有机质含量可以作为土壤物理和养分方面的质量指标     

Influence of soil surface roughness on soil bidirectional reflectance

The non-Lambertian behaviour of soil surfaces depends on its roughness at micro-scale and larger scales, as well as on the incident angle of the direct solar beam on the surface. A geometrical model, taking into account the diffuse as well as the specular component of energy leaving soil surfaces in the visible and near-infrared, is used in the paper to describe the influence of soil surface roughness, caused by soil aggregates or soil clods, on the soil bidirectional reflectance distribution. A rough soil surface in the model is simulated by equalsized opaque spheroids lying on a horizontal surface. The model was tested in outdoor conditions on artificially formed soil surfaces made of two spectrally different soil materials: a mineral loam, and a loam with high organic matter content. The spectral data were measured by a field radiometer in the three SPOT (HRV) bands. The model predicts that at specific illumination conditions, soils surfaces with the highest roughness, expressed by the minimum distances between soil aggregates, can show lower variation of reflectance in the view zenith angle function than soil surfaces of a lower roughness.     

冻融交替对水稻土水溶性有机碳含量及有机碳矿化的影响

冻融交替影响土壤水分的有效性及土壤团聚体稳定性,进而影响土壤中微生物的活性及土壤有机碳的矿化。通过室内冻融模拟(即分别在-7℃和28℃下处理土壤)及培养实验,研究了不同冻融交替循环处理下土壤水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、微生物生物量及土壤有机碳矿化的变化规律。结果表明,1到3次冻融交替处理会增加土壤中水溶性有机碳的含量,其中经过1次冻融交替处理的2种土壤其WSOC含量分别增加了25%,20%;但在本实验条件下如果继续增加冻融交替次数则会使土壤水溶性有机碳含量减少。冻融交替处理降低土壤微生物生物量,因此也会影响土壤有机碳的矿化。冻融交替处理对培养第1天的土壤有机碳矿化具有激发效应,激发能力:1次冻融交替>3次冻融交替>6次冻融交替,经过1次冻融交替处理后的土壤其呼吸速率与对照相比增加了17%～40%;其后,冻融交替处理土壤呼吸速率迅速下降,在培养后期甚至低于对照处理。     

高聚物对土壤结构改良的研究Ⅲ.聚丙烯酰胺对赤红壤的改良研究

研究了不同离子类型 (中性、阴离子和两性 )聚丙烯酰胺对赤红壤的改良作用。实验结果显示 ,聚丙烯酰胺能够提高赤红壤 >0 .2 5mm水稳性团粒结构数量 ,降低土壤容重 ,增大土壤的毛管持水量和渗透系数 ,提高土壤的含水量 ;在施用量为 0 .0 0 5 %— 0 .2 0 0 %的范围内 ,改良剂对赤红壤的改良效果随其施用量的增大而增强 ;聚丙烯酰胺的离子类型和分子量及其施用方式和添加剂对土壤的改良效果有显著影响     

应用分形维数研究土壤团聚体与低吸力段持水性的关系

将土壤水动力参数和易测定的土壤物理特性联系起来一直是土壤物理学的重要研究内容,分形理论为这方面研究提供了新的途径。本文以贡嘎山亚高山林区11个土壤样品为例,研究了土壤团聚体分形维数和低吸力段持水曲线分形维数的关系。结果表明:分形维数能较好地描述土壤团聚体数量组成、土壤水分分配;干、湿团聚体分形维数(CFD、WFD)与低吸力段持水曲线分形维数(FDw)之间相关系数为0.891、0.759,呈极显著性直线正相关,线性回归方程式定量地描述了研究区森林土壤团聚体对土壤低吸力段持水性能的影响。     

Geometrical modelling of soil bidirectional reflectance incorporating specular effects

A geometrical model, taking into account the diffuse, as well as the specular component of energy leaving soil surfaces in the visible and near-infrared, is discussed here. The model computes the bidirectional, reflectance of soils illuminated by a single source. A rough soil surface is simulated by equal-sized spheroids regularly spaced on a horizontal surface. The model was tested using soil bidirectional reflectance data obtained in laboratory conditions by Jacquemoud et al in 1992. Two parameters describing soil surface geometry were used for modelling the soil relalive reflectance in laboratory conditions: the relative distance (d/ a) between spheroids (relative to their horizontal radii ( a )and the shape of spheroids (b/ a) ( as proportion of their vertical (b) to horizontal radii (a)) The simulation of reflectance for soil surfaces of pebbles and sand, containing simple dense particles with rounded edges, can be carried out using the d/ a and b/ a ratios which nearly described their aclual geometry. The reflectance of more geometrically complicated soil surfaces, such as clay and peat with irregular secondary porous aggregates, can be simulated by surfaces of effective geometry of vertically elongated spheroids.     

Modeling electrokinetically-enhanced aggregate remediation

Electrokinetic remediation is one of the fundamental approaches to remediating contaminated soil, but there is considerable confusion about when and how this approach offers competitive advantages over remediation alternatives. A model is presented that will help remediation engineers determine the potential value of using electromobility-enhanced aggregate remediation to accelerate the rate at which sequestered contamination is transferred to the liquid phase where it can be managed by some other mass transfer process. Simulations are presented to compare the rate of electromobility-enhanced remediation to diffusion-driven remediation of “old contamination” aggregates. Simulations demonstrate that when the contaminated aggregates are small, there is little advantage in electrokinetic acceleration, but when the aggregates are sufficiently large, electromobility-enhanced remediation can accomplish in a short time (days) what would otherwise take a very long time (possibly years) to complete.     

Semantics and complexity of recursive aggregates in answer set programming

The addition of aggregates has been one of the most relevant enhancements to the language of answer set programming (ASP). They strengthen the modelling power of ASP in terms of natural and concise problem representations. Previous semantic definitions typically agree in the case of non-recursive aggregates, but the picture is less clear for aggregates involved in recursion. Some proposals explicitly avoid recursive aggregates, most others differ, and many of them do not satisfy desirable criteria, such as minimality or coincidence with answer sets in the aggregate-free case.In this paper we define a semantics for programs with arbitrary aggregates (including monotone, antimonotone, and nonmonotone aggregates) in the full ASP language allowing also for disjunction in the head (disjunctive logic programming — DLP). This semantics is a genuine generalization of the answer set semantics for DLP, it is defined by a natural variant of the Gelfond–Lifschitz transformation, and treats aggregate and non-aggregate literals in a uniform way. This novel transformation is interesting per se also in the aggregate-free case, since it is simpler than the original transformation and does not need to differentiate between positive and negative literals. We prove that our semantics guarantees the minimality (and therefore the incomparability) of answer sets, and we demonstrate that it coincides with the standard answer set semantics on aggregate-free programs.Moreover, we carry out an in-depth study of the computational complexity of the language. The analysis pays particular attention to the impact of syntactical restrictions on programs in the form of limited use of aggregates, disjunction, and negation. While the addition of aggregates does not affect the complexity of the full DLP language, it turns out that their presence does increase the complexity of normal (i.e., non-disjunctive) ASP programs up to the second level of the polynomial hierarchy. However, we show that there are large classes of aggregates the addition of which does not cause any complexity gap even for normal programs, including the fragment allowing for arbitrary monotone, arbitrary antimonotone, and stratified (i.e., non-recursive) nonmonotone aggregates. The analysis provides some useful indications on the possibility to implement aggregates in existing reasoning engines.     

Wavelet-based detection of clods on a soil surface

One of the aims of the tillage operation is to produce a specific range of clod sizes, suitable for plant emergence. Due to its cloddy structure, a tilled soil surface has its own roughness, which is connected also with soil water content and erosion phenomena. The comprehension and modeling of surface runoff and erosion require that the micro-topography of the soil surface is well estimated. Therefore, the present paper focuses on the soil surface analysis and characterization. An original method consisting in detecting the individual clods or large aggregates on a 3D digital elevation model (DEM) of the soil surface is introduced. A multiresolution decomposition of the surface is performed by wavelet transform. Then a supervised local maxima extraction is performed on the different sub surfaces and a last process makes the validation of the extractions and the merging of the different scales. The method of detection was evaluated with the help of a soil scientist on a controlled surface made in the laboratory as well as on real seedbed and ploughed surfaces, made by tillage operations in an agricultural field. The identifications of the clods are in good agreement, with an overall sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 94%. The false positive or false negative detections may have several causes. Some very nearby clods may have been smoothed together in the approximation process. Other clods may be embedded into another peace of the surface relief such as another bigger clod or a part of the furrow. At last, the low levels of decomposition are dependent on the resolution and the measurement noise of the DEM. Therefore, some borders of clods may be difficult to determine. The wavelet-based detection method seems to be suitable for soil surfaces described by 2 or 3 levels of approximation such as seedbeds.     

On improving bandwidth assurance in AF-based DiffServ networks using a control theoretic approach

The assured forwarding (AF) based service in a differentiated services (DiffServ) network fails to provide bandwidth assurance among competing aggregates under certain conditions, for example, where there exists a large disparity in the round-trip times, packet sizes, or target rates of the aggregates, or there exist non-adaptive aggregates. Several mechanisms have been proposed in order to address the problem of providing bandwidth assurance for aggregates, using only the knowledge gathered at ingress routers. In this paper, we present a control theoretic approach to analyze these mechanisms and explore the reasons when they fail to achieve bandwidth assurance under some circumstances. Then we propose a simple but robust controller for this problem, namely, the variable-structure adaptive CIR threshold (VS-ACT) mechanism. We validate the analysis and demonstrate that VS-ACT outperforms several other mechanisms proposed in the literature over a wide range of network dynamics through extensive simulations.