膝关节软骨损伤修复重建指南（2021）

<正>一、背景及目的关节软骨是一种无血管、无神经及淋巴的组织,损伤后自身难以修复。膝关节软骨损伤是运动员和普通人群的多发、难治性关节伤病。一项流行病学调查显示,在膝关节镜手术中,软骨损伤占比高达63%[1]。严重的软骨损伤影响关节功能,运动员甚至因此丧失运动生命。软骨损伤的治疗已经困扰医生患者200余年,至今仍是骨科及运动医学领域的重点课题和重大挑战。     

关节软骨的损伤与修复

<正> 关节软骨损伤是创伤中常见的难题,在运动创伤中尤为如此。关节软骨组织结构特殊,没有淋巴管、血管和神经。幼年关节软骨虽可由软骨下通路获得部分营养,而成年关节软骨没有软骨下营养通路,主要由滑膜液提供营养。     

2011年国际关节软骨、韧带、半月板损伤修复与重建学术大会暨第十四届全国关节镜技术学习班通知

<正>[本刊讯]由国际关节软骨修复协会(ICRS)、中华医学会骨科分会、中华医学会运动医疗分会主办,北京大学运动医学研究所与全国关节镜外科学组、全国运动创伤学组承办的2011年国际关节软骨、韧带、半月板损伤修复与重建学术大会将于2011年9月16日至18日在北京召开。大会将重点讲授关节软骨修复、韧带重建、肩关节不稳的治疗、足踝损伤     

运动损伤后的康复训练问题(第二讲——下)

<正> 九关节软骨损伤的康复训练问题关节软骨损伤是较常见的运动外伤,或急性或慢性,或独立存在或与他伤同时存在,对运动训练影响很大。其治疗(或保守或手术)、恢复的好坏与康复手段以及方法的正确与否,     

跑台运动对兔前交叉韧带断裂后膝关节软骨的影响

目的:建立一种可有效用于研究兔前交叉韧带(ACL)断裂后运动对软骨影响的实验运动模型,进而研究早期运动对兔ACL断裂后关节软骨的影响。方法:45只成年新西兰大白兔(4~5月龄,体重2.5~3kg),随机平均分为:I组,假手术自由活动组(Sham组);II组,前交叉韧带切断(ACL transection)自由活动组(ACLT组);III组,前交叉韧带切断跑台运动组(ACLT with exercise,ACLT+Ex组)。运动组在实验跑台上定期运动,运动始于术后第5天,运动强度为5天/周,10分钟/天,跑台速度为0.3英里/小时(约8米/分钟)。分别于术后第2、3、4周每组处死5只兔子,对兔膝关节股骨髁软骨进行印度墨汁染色大体观评分、组织学和二型胶原免疫组化染色并使用国际骨关节炎研究会(OARSI)软骨损伤评分系统进行软骨损伤评估。结果:术后2周,Sham组、ACLT组和ACLT+Ex组未见明显软骨损伤;术后3周、4周,Sham组软骨未见明显损伤退变;ACLT组和ACLT+Ex组均出现软骨损伤,在大体观评分和OARSI分级、分期、总分上分别与Sham组存在显著统计学差异;ACLT组与ACLT+Ex组在大体观评分和OARSI软骨损伤评分上无统计学差异。结论:跑台运动是可用于研究兔ACL断裂后对关节软骨损伤研究的有效实验运动模型;兔ACL断裂后早期出现关节软骨损伤,但与笼养自由活动相比,实验跑台运动对关节软骨损伤进程无影响,表明ACL断裂后早期进行合理运动与康复不会加重膝关节软骨损害。     

关节软骨损伤修复研究新进展

关节软骨损伤及其修复，长期以来是困扰骨科基础研究与临床治疗的棘手问题。随着高能、高速创伤的不断增多及人口老龄化进程，导致和加速关节软骨损伤和退变的疾患将显著增加。日益突出的关节软骨损伤已成为创伤外科、骨科、老年学科以及运动医学等多学科面临的严峻挑战。因此，系统探讨关节软骨损伤及其修复具有十分重要的意义。     

关节软骨MRI研究进展

关节软骨是覆盖于关节表面的一层特殊结缔组织,在维持关节承重及运动功能方面发挥重要作用。一项31516例膝关节镜手术的回顾研究证实,不同程度的关节软骨损伤占膝关节病损的60.2%[1];并且关节软骨全层剥脱占膝关节急性损伤的5～10%。由于关节软骨损伤发病率高,人们越来越重视其早期诊断与治疗。磁共振成像(mag-netic resonancei maging,MRI)在诊断关节软骨及周围组织病损时具有良好的分辨率和对比度,是目前评价关节软骨损伤最有效的无创技术。本文对关节软骨的MRI特征、成像最新进展及MRI在关节软骨病变诊断与疗效评估中的价值进行综述…     

膝关节软骨损伤及修复术后的MRI研究进展

膝关节软骨损伤影像学检查的重要性及研究现状 膝关节是人体最大最复杂的关节,其表面覆盖着一层关节软骨。关节软骨是无血管、淋巴管和神经的组织,因此损伤后自身的修复能力有限;并且修复组织的组成、结构和力学特性均明显区别于正常关节软骨。因此关节软骨损伤后常导致关节功能障碍．严重影响关节的正常功能。应用影像学方法正确评价关节软骨损伤的程度是临床治疗的基础。     

关节软骨细胞体外培养时生物学性状的变化

<正> 在运动医学领域中,由于运动员的关节软骨伤病发生率远高于普通人,同时又缺乏有效的治疗方法,影响训练和运动成绩的提高,因此对关节软骨伤病的研究一直是重点科研项目之一。对关节软骨进行研究的手段近20年来有了巨大进步,其标志是关节软骨细胞在体外分离培养取得成功。它作为探索软骨细胞性状的先进手段正越来越广泛地被应用到关节软骨损伤和疾患的研究工作中。我所1982年在体外分离培养关节软骨细胞获得成功。近年来,对关节软骨细胞在体外培养过程中所     

2011年国际关节软骨、韧带、半月板损伤修复与重建学术大会暨第十四届全国关节镜技术学习班通知

<正>[本刊讯]由国际关节软骨修复协会(ICRS)、中华医学会骨科分会、中华医学会运动医疗分会主办,北京大学运动医学研究所与全国关节镜外科学组、全国运动创伤学组承办的2011年国际关节软骨、韧带、半月板损伤修复与重建学术大会将于2011年9月16日至18日在北京召开。     

组织工程软骨移植物修复兔关节软骨缺损

目的　观察组织工程软骨移植物修复兔关节软骨缺损的效果。　方法　经软骨起源诱导后的兔骨髓间质干细胞(mesenchymalstemcells,MSCs),与牛Ⅰ型胶原及人纤维蛋白相混合制成组织工程软骨移植物。60只5个月龄的日本大耳白兔均分为软骨移植物组、单纯载体对照组和空白对照组,观察各组修复兔股骨髁关节软骨全层缺损的效果。　结果　软骨移植物组12周时已形成正常厚度的软骨层及完整的软骨下骨板,O'drilscoll组织学评分18.22±2.45,Ⅱ型胶原含量97.9%,甲苯胺蓝变色反应表明其与周围正常软骨无明显区别,为透明软骨组织修复。而对照组12周时为纤维软骨修复,后期为纤维组织和板层骨修复。　结论　该组织工程软骨移植物作为软骨移植的替代物是可行的。     

异种异体和同种异体半月板移植修复兔膝关节半月板缺失的预后研究

目的:研究同种异体半月板和异种异体半月板移植后,移植物在关节内的转归和移植物对关节软骨的保护作用.方法:切除30只成年新西兰白兔的内侧半月板造成内侧半月板缺失的模型,并将新西兰兔分为A组和B组.A组进行同种异体内侧半月板移植.B组从猪半月板取小块半月板组织,修剪成同兔内侧半月板形态和尺寸相同的异种异体半月板植入物,进行兔内侧半月板的异种异体移植.在术后第6周、第12周、第24周时宰杀动物,观察移植半月板、内侧胫骨平台软骨、股骨内髁负重区软骨和股骨滑车软骨的大体形态学改变和组织病理学改变.结果:同种异体半月板移植后,半月板在关节内的形态良好,与关节囊周围愈合良好,移植24周后,可见关节软骨损伤不明显.异种异体半月板移植后短期半月板和关节软骨情况良好,24周后移植物部分被吸收,关节软骨也出现退变和损伤.结论:用猪的半月板组织塑形后移植替代兔内侧半月板组织,术后24周移植物被溶解吸收,并开始出现关节软骨退变.同种异体内侧半月板移植后,半月板的结构和功能重建良好,而且对关节软骨起到了良好的保护作用.     

超声对兔关节软骨损伤的修复作用

目的 探讨低强度脉冲超声对兔膝关节软骨损伤的修复作用。方法 于33只新西兰兔股骨髁问窝软骨面处钻孔，伤后左后肢膝关节缺损处以低强度脉冲超声辐照，右后肢予以假照作为对照。分别于伤后2，4和8周处死，做大体及病理组织学观察。结果 超声辐照组修复组织成熟度较对照组高，修复时间明显提前，第8周辐照组修复组织已接近正常透明软骨组织；对照组修复组织较为幼稚，接近纤维软骨组织。结论 低强度脉冲超声能促进兔关节软骨损伤的修复     

Articular changes in experimentally induced patellar trauma

Only a few studies have described the microscopic pathology of the articular cartilage after trauma. In the present animal study, we demonstrate the effect of trauma on the articular cartilage of the patella and determine the histological changes. Traumatic injury of the patella was experimentally induced in 45 white New Zealand rabbits aged 4 to 6 months old. The articular cartilage of the patella was observed after the sacrifice of the animals immediately and at days 1, 2, 4, 8, and 15 as well as at months 1, 2 and 3 after the traumatic injury. Macroscopic, light and electron microscopic findings showed progressive articular cartilage changes with failed effort of cartilage repair. Osteoarthritic-like degeneration of the articular cartilage was found in all specimens. According to this experimental study, trauma to the articular cartilage may progress to arthritis. The reversibility of cartilage damage or the progression to arthritis seem to be associated with many factors such as the intensity and frequency of the trauma, the mechanism of injury, the intrinsic remodeling of the cartilage matrix and the capability of the articular cartilage to regenerate.     

Biomechanical and histological evaluation of osteochondral transplantation in a rabbit model

BACKGROUND: Biomechanical and histological properties of osteochondral transplantation have not been extensively examined. HYPOTHESIS: Osteochondral grafts have properties similar to native articular cartilage. STUDY DESIGN: Controlled laboratory study. METHODS: A 2.7 mm (diameter) x 4.0 mm (depth) osteochondral defect was created in 17 New Zealand white rabbit knees. An osteochondral graft, harvested from the contralateral knee, was transplanted into the defect. Eight rabbits were sacrificed each at 6 and 8 weeks. RESULTS: The 12-week grafts (1213.6 +/- 309.0 N/mm) had significantly higher stiffness than the 6-week grafts (483.1 +/- 229.1 N/mm; P <.001) and of normal cartilage (774.8 +/- 117.1 N/mm; P <.003). Stiffness of the 6-week grafts was significantly lower than normal cartilage (P <.036). At all time points, full-thickness defects had significantly lower stiffness than normal cartilage (P <.001). Histologically, transplanted grafts scored significantly higher than the full-thickness defects (P <.001). The defects showed inconsistent, fibrocartilage healing. The grafts demonstrated cartilage viability, yet with a persistent cleft between the graft and host. CONCLUSIONS: Osteochondral transplants undergo increased stiffness in the short term, with evidence of structurally intact grafts. Clinical Relevance: Osteochondral transplantation may be a viable treatment option; however, long-term investigation on graft function is necessary.     

Silicone rubber: an alternative for repair of articular cartilage defects

Silicone-rubber implants were used to fill full-thickness articular cartilage in the trochlea area of the knee joint in rabbits, for the purpose of studying the long-term influence of silicone-rubber implant on surrounding articular cartilage. Forty eight weeks after surgery, the silicone rubbers were still fitted tightly into the defects; surrounding cartilage showed mild degeneration, better than the control group. Our results showed silicone-rubber implantation for repairing local articular cartilage defects can effectively delay the pathogenetic progression of osteoarthritis.     

髓核内注射转化生长因子-β1对兔软骨终板Ⅱ型胶原表达影响的实验研究

目的 探讨髓核内注射转化生长因子-β1(transforming growth factor-β1,TGF-β1)对椎间失稳后软骨终板Ⅱ型胶原表达的影响作用.方法 选用6月龄日本大耳白兔36只,雌雄不限,体重为(2.5±0.2)kg,随机分对照组及预防组;对照组18只,预防组18只.所有实验动物均通过切开皮肤及皮下组织...     

The effect of angled osteochondral grafting on contact pressure: a biomechanical study

BACKGROUND: Flush osteochondral plugs can reduce contact pressure compared with an empty defect in the articular cartilage. However, incongruities such as graft angulation have an unknown effect. HYPOTHESIS: Incongruity of the articular cartilage after osteochondral transplantation affects articular surface contact pressure. STUDY DESIGN: Controlled laboratory study. METHODS: An 80-N load was applied with a material testing system for 120 seconds to the femoral condyles of 50 fresh swine knees. Contact pressures were measured using Prescale super low film. Five conditions were tested: (1) intact articular surface; (2) surface with 4.5-mm-diameter circular defect; (3) defect grafted with a flush 4.5-mm-diameter plug from the contralateral condyle; (4) defect grafted with a 30 degrees angled 4.5-mm-diameter plug, with lower edge flush (tip elevated with respect to the adjacent surface); and (5) defect grafted with a 30 degrees plug, with tip flush to the adjacent surface (lower edge sunk). Angled grafts were obtained using a rotational bearing vise aligned with a 30 degrees fixed-angle track. The film was digitally scanned and analyzed, and standard statistical tests were performed. RESULTS: Mean peak pressures of intact cartilage (8.57 kg/cm2), flush graft (9.81 kg/cm2), and sunk and angled graft (9.15 kg/cm2) were not significantly different (P < .5). The mean pressures for defects (12.01 kg/cm2) and the elevated angled graft (14.50 kg/cm2) were significantly (P < .05) higher than that of intact cartilage. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Slightly sunk grafts were still able to reduce elevated contact pressures to normal levels. However, elevated angled grafts increased contact pressure. These results suggest that it is preferable to leave an edge slightly sunk rather than elevated.     

Osteochondral allografts in the treatment of articular cartilage injuries of the knee

Osteochondral allografts have demonstrated encouraging clinical and scientific success in the treatment of full-thickness articular cartilage defects in multiple anatomic locations including the knee. The use of fresh grafts has shown the greatest potential for clinical success. There has been growing interest in cryopreservation techniques and the use of cryopreserved grafts owing to the delay in obtaining grafts secondary to regulatory testing, encouraging laboratory data surrounding their use, and the potential for more effective tissue banking. This article reviews the indications, operative technique, and clinical outcomes using osteochondral allografts for full-thickness articular cartilage defects in the knee.     

兔髌韧带延长引起髌骨软骨变性的实验研究

手术方法延长兔髌韧带3mm使髌股关节压力减低而造成髌骨软骨退变,用光镜、扫描电镜观察其主要病理变化为软骨细胞团簇样增生,细胞排列紊乱,软骨层变薄及软骨表面胶原纤维增粗、断裂等。作者认为关节软骨上压应力减低是其退变原因之一。