制药工程专业药理学教学改革与实践

目的:为提高制药工程专业药理学教学水平提供参考。方法:针对药理学课程的特点,从药理学课程教学内容、教学方法与手段、实验教学及课程考核等方面进行了教学改革。结果与结论:通过优化教学内容、采用"一课多样"的教学方法、加强实践教学、改革考核方式等措施,激发了学生自主学习的积极性,培养了学生将知识运用于实践的能力,提高了教学质量。     

临床药理学教学模式改革探索与实践

临床药理学是临床医学与药学专业教学、科研与临床实践不可忽视的一门学科。对临床药理学课程进行改革,可以培养学生自主学习的能力,提高教学质量。本文根据临床药理学教学中存在的一些问题,并结合传统教学方法的优势,主要从改革教学模式、提高教师教学业务水平、革新教材内容等方面进行探索与实践。经过改革探索与实践,使学生真正的学有所用,可以对新药的有效性和安全性作出科学评价,指导临床合理用药。     

我校临床医学专业临床药理学课程教学的改革与实践

目的:提高我校临床医学专业临床药理学课程的教学质量。方法:从临床药理学的教学内容、教学方式、授课教材、考核体系等方面进行改革,并对教学效果进行问卷调查。结果:我校整合了临床药理学教学大纲与教学内容,课堂教学采用教师讲授和案例讨论相结合的方式,采用循证指南、《优良处方实践指南》和自编案例作为教材,并制定了与改革后的教学方式和教学内容相适应的新的课程评价体系。教学效果问卷调查结果显示,90.0%的学生认为学习本课程提高了药物治疗能力,95.0%的学生认为本课程教学生动。结论:我校对临床医学专业学生临床药理学的课程改革是可行的,且具有创新性,取得了较好的教学效果。     

基于专业发展的药理学实验教学体系的构建与探索

药理学实验教学是药理学教学中的重要组成部分,探索建立具有专业特点、有利于学生未来专业发展的新型药理学实验教学模式,对提高学生的综合能力和创新意识,培养高素质医药学人才具有重要意义。     

基于双创教育下药学专业的临床药理学课程改革探索

临床药理学是现代医学中一门重要学科,在新药开发和临床药物治疗中发挥重要作用。临床药理学是研究药物与人体相互作用规律的一门学科,是高等院校药学专业的核心课程之一。笔者根据自己的教学过程,结合创新创业教育教育,对药学专业的临床药理学课程进行总结,通过教学时间和方式改革、增加实践教学和双创教育内容和考核方式改革等课程改革,在提高教师的创新意识的基础上,明显提高了学生的自主学习和创新能力,提高了临床药理学的教学效果。     

临床药理学教学中寓教于乐的几点体会

目的：为提高临床药理学的教学质量提供参考。方法：结合笔者的临床药理学的教学实践经验,列举实例,探讨提高该课程教学质量的方法和途径。结果与结论：采用多媒体教学、以问题为基础的教学、增加互动等多元化的教学形式,在教学中寓教于乐,激发学生的学习兴趣,并通过提高教师自身的专业素质与教学艺术,提高了临床药理学课程的教学质量。     

提高药理学教学质量的方法探索

根据药理学的学科特点,对提高药理学教学质量的方法进行探索,在专业教育中溶入德育教育,与社会热点相结合,让学生自主授课,课堂教学中灵活运用多媒体、比较教学法,注重病例讨论和实验教学等,从多角度激发学习兴趣,提高教学质量。     

提高医学影像技术专业药理学教学质量对策研究

药理学课程是医学影像技术专业的一门重要的必修课。加强影像技术专业药理学教学具有极其重要的意义。本文从重视药理学教学,有效激发学生的学习兴趣;明确专业培养目标;制定教学大纲;善于提问,在问答中解决难点与重点;联系教学实际,增加用药病例讨论等方面探讨了提高影像技术专业药理学教学质量的对策,以期为药理学课程教学提供有益的参考。     

浅论药理学教学改革实践

药理学课程是医药类专业的一门主要专业课程,专业性与技能性较强。如何针对医药类专业学生优化课程讲解内容,最大限度地利用课堂教学提高学生的专业理论水平和实践操作能力,是教学工作者面临的课题。该文对药理学的教学进行了探讨,旨在达到教学相长,提高教学效果,使学生学习掌握的药理学知识能够更贴近社会的需求。     

药学专业药理学课程的教学改革探讨

药理学是药学专业的一门重要的专业核心课程。药理学教学中,应根据药学专业人才培养目标,调整教学内容,灵活运用多种教学方法,有机结合,相互渗透,激发学生的学习积极性和主动性,提高教学质量。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Hyperkalaemia in patients in hospital

A survey of all laboratory blood specimens with a plasma potassium concentration greater than or equal to 5.5 mmol/L was conducted over a three month period. Of 331 specimens with hyperkalaemia, 71 were excluded because the specimens was haemolysed, old or contaminated. The laboratory served a population of 348,561 and during this time measured the plasma potassium on 25,016 occasions. Sixty-six outpatients and 20 neonates were not evaluated. The survey was undertaken on 86 of 102 inpatients (46 males), 48 of whom were over 66 years of age. Fifty-seven patients were admitted under a medical service and 29 under a surgical service. Fifty-nine had a single episode of hyperkalaemia. Thirty-two underwent a surgical procedure. The commonest contributing factor was impaired renal function which was present in 71 (83%) patients. Although a definitive causative role for drugs could be identified in only five patients, in 52 (60%) patients drugs were a contributing factor (potassium supplements 24, ACE inhibitors 16, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs 12). Thirty-five of the 86 (41%) patients died during their hospital admission. Nineteen of the 35 deaths occurred within three days of the hyperkalaemia being recorded. A normal plasma potassium was eventually documented in 50 of the 86 patients. Of the remaining 36 patients, 25 (69%) subsequently died. In general the treatment of patients with hyperkalaemia focused on identifying and treating the underlying cause. Hyperkalaemia must always be considered seriously and regard given to the overall clinical status of the patient, with particular attention to drug therapy, renal and cardiac function, acid base status and the possibility of sepsis.