浅析环境心理学在室内设计中的应用

过去的一段时间里,人们在研究探讨室内环境设计问题时,经常会把人和物、人和环境割裂开来,孤立的对待,而环境意识日益充斥着生活每一个角落的今天,建筑的室内环境设计已成为体现生活质量需求的基本条件之一.人们开始越来越密切地关注自己周围生存空间的环境品质,室内设计作为一个与人们生活、个性密不可分的设计领域也获得了大家的广泛关注.本文就如何运用环境心理学进行室内环境设计做了具体的分析和讲解,阐述了如何运用环境心理学来创造安全、舒适、宜人和富有美感的室内环境.     

谈装饰雕塑在室内环境中的应用

翻开人类文化史,我们可以看到装饰雕塑艺术始终伴随着人类社会文明的发展而不断开阔新的发展空间。在现代社会,装饰雕塑也随着时代的发展,人们审美观念的更新而不断以新的面貌出现。它不再仅仅依附于建筑,对建筑进行装饰和美化,而是更加注重配合环境的设计应用在室内环境中,起着装饰、美化室内环境和提高艺术品位的作用。     

遮阳系统在建筑中的灵活应用

世界建筑科学技术突飞猛进,房屋建筑快速发展,建筑围护结构的保温隔热和气密性能大有提高,采暖、空调和照明的设备与技术日益进步,使人们能够在更为优裕和舒适的室内环境中生活与工作,人类建筑文明取得了前所未有的成就.在此同时,人们也不得不面对着资源枯竭、环境恶化、生态破坏、气候变暖等一系列严峻问题.强调节能、低污染、低耗能的绿色建筑顺应时代的要求而生.     

不同植物组合对中小河道水体及底泥重金属与营养盐净化评估

为探究乡村旅游业及其周边生活废水对水体及底泥中重金属和营养盐影响，以及不同植物能否缓解产生的污染，以黄龙岘村为研究对象，分析了当地6条河流水体及底泥中重金属和营养盐含量，利用健康风险评价和潜在生态风险指数法分别评估了当地水体和底泥对人体的潜在危害，采用冗余分析和相关性热图揭露水体中重金属和营养盐之间的内在关系，利用不同植物组合的河流探究污染缓解情况。结果显示，研究区内6条河流的上、中及下游总体符合国家地表水环境Ⅴ类标准(GB 3838—2002)。健康风险评价表明，除对照河流外，其它河流均处于可接受范围内，重金属暴露的致癌风险值为儿童大于成人，且饮水途径是引起风险的主要原因。沉积物中重金属潜在生态风险值依次为上游、中游和下游。沉积物中Cd的单项污染物风险值最高，且Cu可能会与水体中营养盐协同作用，进而诱导水质环境恶化。应加强对水体中Cd和Cu的治理及修复，并及时排查周边可能造成高重金属污染的源头。水杉、构树和小蜡可优先作为研究区河流中生态修复重金属的先行植物。     

钢铁材料环境腐蚀野外台站试验技术与监测评估

介绍了国内外钢铁材料环境腐蚀试验技术发展的现状,总结了新型耐蚀钢铁材料研发中所需的各类试验方法,分析了室外暴露试验、室内模拟加速试验、在线腐蚀监检测与大数据评估技术的研究重点和发展趋势。鉴于钢铁材料自然环境腐蚀试验对保障其服役过程中的安全性和可靠性至关重要,构建规范化、标准化的环境腐蚀试验技术体系是提升我国钢铁材料品质的重要工作。     

各种高功能不锈钢及用途

不锈钢因铬的钝化膜保护了金属表面，在一般的使用环境下发挥了优良的耐蚀性，长期保持了金属光泽，因此广泛地应用于厨房设备、建筑物内外装饰材料和铁道车辆等方面。这种不锈钢的钝化膜一旦破坏，暴露在严酷的环境下就会发生腐蚀，有时会导致使用上的重大事故。     

铬渣堆场周边土壤中重金属污染及风险评估

以铬渣堆场周边土壤为研究对象,分层分区采集土壤样品,采用地累积指数、潜在生态风险指数法和人体健康风险评价模型,对土壤中Cr(VI)、Cr、Pb、As等重金属进行风险评估。结果表明,土壤中Cr(VI)、Cr、Pb、As含量的平均值分别为567.19、9 055.61、457.19、66.80mg/kg。研究区土壤均处于中度偏强的生态风险等级,且铬污染受人为污染影响严重。研究区土壤中的Cr(VI)和As存在致癌风险,主要是经手—口摄入途径暴露所致。研究区土壤的非致癌风险非常严重,且主要贡献来源于铬元素。     

水泥窑协同处置铅锌尾矿过程中排放重金属的健康风险评估

为了研究水泥厂在协同处置铅锌尾矿过程中原料部分、生料部分、煤粉准备部分、熟料制成部分、成品部分等个工艺部分中由重金属引起的人体健康风险情况,对原料、生料、煤料和制造水泥的各种设备排放出的粉尘进行采集,对各个样品中的重金属含量进行分析,采用US EPA的RAGS模型与《中国人群暴露参数手册(成人卷)》的结合在前掺铅锌尾矿的情况下估算厂内工人可能会面临的健康风险。     

试析中国传统文化和室内设计

室内设计是根据建筑物的使用性质、所处环境和相应标准,运用物质技术手段和建筑美学原理,创造功能合理、舒适优美、满足人们物质和精神生活需要的室内环境.作为一名中国的设计师应立足于现实,深刻审视华夏民族的历史和文化,责无旁贷地发扬与传承中国传统文化,将其与现代艺术设计紧密联系起来,形成现代与传统结合的室内设计风格.     

浅析室内空间设计对居住者心理的影响

室内居住空间设计的本质是为人创造安全、舒适,宜人和富有美感的室内环境.随着室内设计学科的不断完善,环境心理学在室内设计中的重要作用日益显现并且成为现代室内设计的指导理论.了解人在不同室内环境下的心理和行为,科学而艺术地把握室内环境设计中各要素关系,创造符合需要的室内环境.     

Identification of proteins that are abnormally regulated in differentiated cultured human keratinocytes

The inhabitants living in the neighbourhood of a deserted mercury-contaminated industrial site are subjected to an age-group differentiated mercury exposure assessment based on a scenario-linked calculation. Analytical input data for the calculation procedure are provided for from soil, air and plants in a large number. The most sensitive group are small children being mainly exposed by soil ingestion which makes up nearly 80% of the ADI, followed by inhalation of mercury contaminated indoor air. On the other hand, inhalation of indoor air has a predominant impact on youth and adults.     

Assessment of the indoor environment in respiratory allergy

Many types of allergens may be present in the indoor environment and may lead to sensitization and respiratory allergy. Common indoor allergens include dust mites, animal dander, cockroach exposure and molds. Exposure to indoor pollutants, such as tobacco smoke, wood-burning stoves or fireplaces and chemical sprays, can precipitate and exacerbate symptoms. An allergic reaction in the airways caused by natural exposure to allergens has been shown to lead to an increase in inflammatory reaction, increased airway hyperresponsiveness and increased eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage. Other research has demonstrated that asthma symptoms correlate with levels of domestic dust mite and cockroach exposure. In the case of dust mites, ending exposure results in symptomatic relief.     

Airborne Particles in New Museum Facilities

Over the period July 1996–April 1998, airborne particle concentrations and chemical composition were measured both inside and outside the new J. Paul Getty Museum outside Los Angeles. The purpose of these experiments was to determine the relationship between the stages of construction and operation of the building and the soiling hazard to the collections. Particular attention was paid to tracking the concentrations of fine black soot particles and mineral dust particles. The time needed to “air out” the building following construction can be seen from the data collected, as well as the inherent particle removal efficiency of the filters within the building ventilation system, and the effect of entry of the general public into the building. During the period of observation when the building was under construction, weekday coarse dust particle concentrations on occasion reached very high levels (600–1,100?μg?m?3; 24 h average), falling to relatively low values averaging 26?μg?m?3 over weekend periods when construction activity subsided. In March, 1997, with construction largely completed and with the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system in full operation, indoor coarse dust concentrations fell to 1.7% of those outdoors. Beginning at this time, indoor fine particle concentrations relative to those outdoors declined steadily over a period of about one to two months, reaching levels of 3.9% of those outdoors during the period June 3–December 6, 1997 when construction was completed but before entry of the general public into the building. Thus, the coarse and fine particle removal efficiencies of the building HVAC system absent major indoor sources are at least 98 and 96%, respectively. Following the opening of the museum to the public, indoor particle concentrations increased by approximately 1?μg?m?3 in each of the coarse dust and fine smoke-size particle size ranges indicating that there is a small but measurable effect due to increased air infiltration as doors are opened and closed more frequently and due to particles shed by the visitors. Indoor particle concentrations inside the new Getty Museum in the presence of the general public are only 3.2?μg?m?3 of coarse dust and 1.8?μg?m?3 of fine particles on average over the period January–April, 1998.     

Exposure to Pesticides by Medium and Route: The 90th Percentile and Related Uncertainties

Multiple route, multiple media distributions of exposure to chlorpyrifos and diazinon and associated uncertainties are investigated using the database generated by the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey in Arizona (NHEXAS-AZ). Exposure to pesticides and associated uncertainties may be estimated using either deterministic or probabilistic methods. This paper employs probabilistic models to estimate the 90th percentile of inhalation, dietary ingestion, dermal, and nondietary ingestion exposures to chlorpyrifos and diazinon. Questions associated with the uncertainty of exposure estimates for the two pesticides are also investigated. Probabilistic models are used to formulate distributions of exposures to each of the two pesticides for several subpopulation groups. Parameter uncertainties associated with the 90th and other percentiles of population and subpopulation groups are addressed in this paper. Highly exposed subpopulations have been defined as those with route-specific 90th percentile exposure that is higher than the population 90th percentile. All subjects exposed to levels above the 90th percentile of inhalation exposure live in dwellings with carpeting covering over 50% of their floor areas. The relative uncertainty of the 90th percentile of dermal exposure is larger than corresponding uncertainties for inhalation, dietary ingestion, and nondietary exposure.     

A methodological approach for exposure assessment studies in residences using volatile organic compound-contaminated water

This paper presents a methodological approach for assessing total exposures to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in residences using contaminated water supplies. This approach is founded on assessment of ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposures; both long-term (i.e., 12 to 24 hr) low-level exposures and short-term (i.e., approximately 10 min) high-level exposures are considered. The methodology is based on the collection of water samples to establish the identity of the contaminants, maximum source terms, and possible dermal and ingestion exposures; integrated whole-air samples are collected to assess long- and short-term inhalation exposures; whole-air grab samples are used to confirm peak and typical inhalation exposures; and alveolar breath samples are used to confirm exposures and to estimate contaminant concentrations in the blood of the test subjects. While we do not suggest that this methodology should supersede any current investigative approach, this material is primarily offered as a consolidated reference to the many people or organizations who might contemplate a study of this type. Application of this investigative protocol should provide detailed exposure assessment information, while it supplies critical real world data for risk assessment specialists, toxicologists, and modeling experts. Data from a recent field study assessing exposures to trichloroethylene are presented to illustrate the utility and some of the limitations of this strategy.     

The kidneys in aging]

In this study, we investigated indoor air quality and symptoms of respiratory illness in 264 nursing workers at 28 day-care centers in Taipei. Geometric mean concentrations of indoor and outdoor bacteria were 735 colony-forming units in air (CFU/m3) and 384 CFU/m3, respectively. In addition, geometric mean concentrations of indoor and outdoor fungi were 1,212 CFU/m3 and 1,032 CFU/m3, respectively. Aspergillus, Cladosporium, and Penicillium-microfungi that occurred most commonly-were found indoors and outdoors. Geometric mean concentrations of house dust mite allergens, Der p I and Der p V, were 58 ng/g dust and 14 ng/g dust, respectively. In addition, the observed high prevalence of dampness or mold problems in the day-care centers indicated that dampness was very common in this subtropical region. We found a significant relationship between dampness and work-related sick building syndrome in the day-care-center workers. Furthermore, concentrations of fungi were lower in the day-care centers equipped with air conditioners/air cleaners than in centers that lacked such equipment. Also, Aspergillus was associated strongly with work-related sick building syndrome in the day-care-center workers.     

Risk in cleaning: chemical and physical exposure

Cleaning is a large enterprise involving a large fraction of the workforce worldwide. A broad spectrum of cleaning agents has been developed to facilitate dust and dirt removal, for disinfection and surface maintenance. The cleaning agents are used in large quantities throughout the world. Although a complex pattern of exposure to cleaning agents and resulting health problems, such as allergies and asthma, are reported among cleaners, only a few surveys of this type of product have been performed. This paper gives a broad introduction to cleaning agents and the impact of cleaning on cleaners, occupants of indoor environments, and the quality of cleaning. Cleaning agents are usually grouped into different product categories according to their technical functions and the purpose of their use (e.g. disinfectants and surface care products). The paper also indicates the adverse health and comfort effects associated with the use of these agents in connection with the cleaning process. The paper identifies disinfectants as the most hazardous group of cleaning agents. Cleaning agents contain evaporative and non-evaporative substances. The major toxicologically significant constituents of the former are volatile organic compounds (VOCs), defined as substances with boiling points in the range of 0 degree C to about 400 degrees C. Although laboratory emission testing has shown many VOCs with quite different time-concentration profiles, few field studies have been carried out measuring the exposure of cleaners. However, both field studies and emission testing indicate that the use of cleaning agents results in a temporal increase in the overall VOC level. This increase may occur during the cleaning process and thus it can enhance the probability of increased short-term exposure of the cleaners. However, the increased levels can also be present after the cleaning and result in an overall increased VOC level that can possibly affect the indoor air quality (IAQ) perceived by occupants. The variety and duration of the emissions depend inter alia on the use of fragrances and high boiling VOCs. Some building materials appear to increase their VOC emission through wet cleaning and thus may affect the IAQ. Particles and dirt contain a great variety of both volatile and non-volatile substances, including allergens. While the volatile fraction can consist of more than 200 different VOCs including formaldehyde, the non-volatile fraction can contain considerable amounts (> 0.5%) of fatty acid salts and tensides (e.g. linear alkyl benzene sulphonates). The level of these substances can be high immediately after the cleaning process, but few studies have been conducted concerning this problem. The substances partly originate from the use of cleaning agents. Both types are suspected to be airway irritants. Cleaning activities generate dust, mostly by resuspension, but other occupant activities may also resuspend dust over longer periods of time. Personal sampling of VOCs and airborne dust gives higher results than stationary sampling. International bodies have proposed air sampling strategies. A variety of field sampling techniques for VOC and surface particle sampling is listed.     

Toxicologic evaluation of pyrethroids in indoor air: demonstrated with the example of cyfluthrin and permethrin

Pyrethroids have varying activities depending on vehicle or route of administration (oral, dermal, inhalational). Specific features like the sensory irritation potential of the alpha-cyano-pyrethroids on the respiratory tract can only be quantified adequately by inhalation testing. Thus equitoxic dosages can vary between inhalative and oral application, especially for alpha-cyano-pyrethrolds. The no-effect values for chronic exposures derived for permethrin (type I pyrethroid) and cyfluthrin (type II pyrethroid) show clearly, that each pyrethroid has to be considered as an individual substance toxicologically, and that any extrapolation from the oral to the inhalative route should only be done after a thorough assessment of the specific toxicological profile. The study of simulated pest control measures on carpets pretreated with permethrin showed, that no significant enrichment of permethrin in total dust could be seen from a carpet additionally treated with pyrethroids. The missing correlation between absolute (mg pyrethroid/m3 air) and relative (mg pyrethroid/kg dust) concentrations in air-borne dust as well as the low degree of translocation of pyrethroids from carpets (only about 0.044% x m(-2) x h(-1) of the cyfluthrin applied to the carpet can be regarded as possibly respirable) prove, that analyses of pyrethroids in household sedimented dust ("vacuum cleaner bag analyses") without knowing the absolute surface concentration and respective air concentrations are of little value for risk assessment. The data allow the conclusion, that a scientific assessment of health risks is only possible based on absolute concentrations of pyrethroids in indoor air.     

A population-based exposure model for benzene

A model of daily-average inhalation exposures and total-absorbed doses of benzene to members of large populations was developed as part of a series of multimedia exposure and absorbed dose models. The benzene exposure and dose model is based upon probabilistic rather than sequential simulation of time-activity patterns, a simpler approach to modeling personal benzene exposures than other existing models. An important innovation of the benzene model is the incorporation of an anthropometric module for generating correlated exposure factors used to estimate absorbed doses occurring from inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption of benzene. A preliminary validation exercise indicates that the benzene model produces reasonable estimates of the distribution of benzene personal air concentrations expected for a large population. Uncertainty about specific percentiles of the predicted distributions of personal air concentrations was found to be dominated by uncertainty about microenvironmental benzene concentrations rather than time-activity patterns, and uncertainty about total absorbed doses was dominated by a lack of knowledge about the true absorption coefficient for benzene in the lung rather than knowledge gaps about microenvironmental concentrations or intake rates. The results of this modeling effort have implications for environmental control decisions, including evaluation of source control options, characterization of population and individual risk, and allocation of resources for future studies.     

Mechanical ventilation protects one-storey single-dwelling houses against increased air humidity, domestic mite allergens and indoor pollutants in a cold climatic region

BACKGROUND: Poor ventilation in modern, highly insulated housing is an important factor in promoting indoor humidity levels to exceed 7 g/kg in cold climatic regions. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the ventilation rate in houses with different ventilation systems in relation to indoor air humidity, domestic mite allergen levels and volatile organic compounds (VOC). METHODS: Measurements were performed regarding ventilation rate, indoor temperature, air humidity, mattress mite allergen concentrations using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and total indoor VOC in 59 similarly constructed one-storey single-dwelling houses. In 22 of the houses, a mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation were installed after construction. RESULTS: In only five of the houses with mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation the air exchange rate per hour (ACH) was below 0. 5 compared with 24 of the 29 houses with natural ventilation (OR = 0. 06, CI 95% 0.01-0.2). None of the 23 houses with an ACH >/= 0.5 had an absolute indoor humidity (AIH) of 7 g/kg air or more, compared with 10 of the 36 houses with an ACH < 0.5 (P = 0.01 ). In none of the 23 houses with an ACH >/= 0.5 were concentrations of mite allergen exceeding 2 microg/g of dust found, compared with six of the 36 houses (17%) with an ACH below 0.5 (P = 0.04). Further, 10 of the 34 houses with a total VOC exceeding 200 microg/m3 had mite allergen in mattress dust exceeding 0.5 microg/g, compared with one of the 22 houses with VOC < 200 microg/m3 (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: The study shows that in modern, highly insulated, one-storey single-dwelling houses in cold temperate regions, mechanical ventilation increases the possibility of reaching an ACH of >/= 5 which protects against indoor humidity levels contributing to mite survival as well as high levels of indoor air pollutants in winter.