青海村镇砌体结构房屋抗震缺陷分析

青海玉树地震中砌体结构的严重震害表明,村镇砌体结构房屋存在着较大的抗震缺陷。依据《建筑抗震设计规范》(GB 50011-2010)的抗震设防标准,通过玉树地震中砌体结构房屋表现出的震害特征,从墙体、结构基础、结构体系及结构布置四方面对青海村镇砌体结构房屋存在的主要抗震缺陷进行了分析,并结合青海省现有村镇砌体结构房屋在抗震性能方面存在的主要问题,提出了相应的加固改造措施。     

Effect of building stiffness on tunnelling-induced ground movement

The progressive response of two–three storey masonry buildings to bored tunnelling on the Jubilee Line Extension in London is investigated in order to determine the effect of building stiffness on tunnelling-induced ground movement. The masonry buildings, at Moodkee Street and Keetons Estate, were affected by tunnelling with earth pressure balance machines on Contract 105 of the Jubilee Line Extension. Bending deformations and axial strain induced in these structures are compared to greenfield ground deformations and strain in order to infer the effect of building stiffness. The modifying influence of the stiffness of these buildings on ground movement is interpreted using the Potts and Addenbrooke [Potts D.M., Addenbrooke, T.I., 1997. A structure’s influence on tunnelling induced ground movements. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Geotech. Eng. 125 (2), 109–125] method, which is based on a series of finite element analyses. The inferred building stiffness that can be used for design purposes with the Potts and Addenbrooke method is compared to an estimation for a Class A [Lambe, T.W., 1973. Predictions in geotechnical engineering. Geotechnique 23 (2), 149–202] prediction exercise by Mair and Taylor [Mair, R.J., Taylor, R.N., 2001. Settlement predictions for Neptune, Murdoch and Clegg Houses and adjacent masonry walls. Building response to tunnelling – case studies from construction of the Jubilee Line Extension, London. In: Burland, J.B., Standing, J.R., Jardine, F.M. (Eds.), Projects and Methods, vol. 1. CIRIA SP200, pp. 217–228 (CIRIA and Thomas Telford, 2001). ISBN: 0 7277 30177] using the same method. As a result an alternative approach is proposed for estimating the relative bending stiffness of masonry structures for future use with the Potts and Addenbrooke method when making simple predictions.     

砌体结构的现状与发展建议

砌体结构具有辉煌的历史,随着建筑业的发展,砌体结构的处境十分艰难。文章分析了国家的“禁实限黏”政策的影响、传统砌体块材外观质量的局限、未经正常设计的砌体建筑抗震性能缺陷以及城市建筑向高层发展挤压了砌体结构的生存空间,厘清了砌体结构发展存在的问题。在国家“双碳”目标下,砌体结构建筑的可持续性能够很好地适应城镇绿色低碳建设及新农村低层建筑的建设需求,是砌体结构建筑发展的良好机遇;从高性能砌体材料、固体废弃物资源化、砌体结构适用范围与标准、抗震性能、村镇低层砌体建筑简化建造、复合墙体和配筋砌体、装配式建筑与智能建造等方面入手,分析了砌体结构的现状及所面临的机遇,提出了砌体结构的发展方向及其相应的技术措施。     

A frost decay exposure index for porous,mineral building materials

The disintegrative process of freezing and thawing of porous, mineral materials represents a significant challenge in the design and construction of building enclosures. In this paper, we present a simple method for assessing the relative potential of a climate to accelerate frost decay based on multi-year records of daily air temperatures and rainfall, with special emphasis on masonry. Distributions of 4-day rainfall prior to days with freezing events provide quantitative information on the geographically dependant frost decay risk in porous, mineral building materials in a given climate. Data from 168 weather stations in Norway are analysed, using weather data from the reference 30-year period 1961–1990.     

The application of building performance simulation in the writing of architectural history: Analysing climatic design in 1960s Israel

This article presents a methodology for the integration of building performance simulation (BPS) into the writing of architectural history. While BPS tools have been developed mainly for design purposes, their current maturity enables to reliably apply them in simulating the performance of past buildings, even when these buildings have been significantly modified or demolished. The possibility to virtually reconstruct the performance of past buildings can help us to overcome the existing knowledge gap in the understanding of the role played by building performance and building performance research through the history of architecture and can therefore promote the intelligent and successful application of environmental features in contemporary architecture. The potential of the proposed methodology is presented here using a historical case study from 1960s Israel (a university building in Tel Aviv), in which climatic considerations were anexplicit part of the entire design process. The original thermal performance of the building was analysed by employing the EnergyPlus simulation engine, and the simulation results were used for evaluating the climatic impact of certain design decisions, comparing them with the proclaimed design goals and the original intentions of the architects.     

既有多层砌体住宅增设电梯与抗震加固综合改造技术振动台试验研究

我国现有大量建于20世纪七、八十年代的老旧砌体结构住宅,这类住宅材料强度较低,抗震性能较差,大都有抗震加固、增设电梯等结构安全性与建筑功能提升的需求。为避免两项需求单独实施引起的资源浪费,减少入室施工等对房屋正常使用与周边环境的影响,提出了既有多层砌体住宅增设电梯与抗震加固综合改造技术,并制作了一组多层砌体结构缩尺(1∶4)模型,即模型A(未加固的五层无筋砌体结构模型)和模型B(增设电梯、抗震加固综合改造模型),进行了振动台模型对比试验验证。试验结果表明：砌体住宅采用综合改造技术加固后,刚度、基底剪力均有较大幅度提高,结构整体抗震能力明显提高,其脆性破坏的特征亦有显著改善;此外,由于增设的电梯井剪力墙显著增强了结构横向的抗震能力,使得房屋纵、横两个方向的抗震性能趋于均衡,有效地改善了多层砌体结构住宅存在明显抗震强、弱向的自身缺陷。     

Reliability analysis in building physics design

The idea of reliability analysis in building physics design is presented. Reliability of building performance is described in terms of the probability of exceeding the critical values by the physical measures as a result of the changes of physical state of a building due to variations of climatic, structural or serviceability parameters.     

底部大空间房屋结构抗震方案的比较

底部大空间房屋由于其平面和空间布置灵活而深受人们青睐。文章通过对某底部大空间建筑在7度抗震设防烈度下采用框架结构、框架一异型柱结构和底部框架-上部砖混结构进行了大量的计算和优化设计，进而给出了该房屋的结构方案的选择建议。     

Ancient vernacular architecture: characteristics categorization and energy performance evaluation

Building has significant impacts on the environment and natural resources. The emerging world energy and environment challenges demand a substantial revolution of building design philosophies, strategies, technologies, and construction methods. Vernacular architectures, built by people whose design decisions are influenced by traditions in their culture, have been gleaned through a long period of trial and error and the ingenuity of local builders who possess specific knowledge about their place on the planet, and thus are valuable in promoting climate-specific passive building technologies to modern buildings. This study introduced an approach to categorizing distinct vernacular regions and evaluating energy performance of ancient vernacular homes as well as identifying optimal constructions using vernacular building techniques. The research conducted an extensive computer energy modeling for a number of representative ancient vernacular architectural characteristics observed for different climatic regions. The vernacular test subjects were compared against those established according to the International Energy Conservation Code and those generated by the optimization software. The simulation results of the energy models suggest that considering traditions seen in ancient vernacular architecture as an approach to improving building energy performance is a worthwhile endeavor and a scientific guidance can help enhance the performance. The study indicates that, although many vernacular dwells exist in the world, it is challenging (but desired) to package vernacular architecture traditions and quantitative design knowledge to modern building designers. This project is the first part of a much larger project that intends to create a knowledge base of vernacular building traditions that will include information about not only the energy performance of traditional building techniques, but also address areas of cost, material availability and cultural traditions.     

Improving ecological performance of industrialized building systems in Malaysia

For construction stakeholders to fully embrace sustainability, its long-term benefits and associated risks need to be identified through holistic approaches. Consensus among key stakeholders is very important to the improvement of the ecological performance of industrialized building systems (IBS), a building construction method gaining momentum in Malaysia. A questionnaire survey examines the relative significance of 16 potentially important sustainability factors for IBS applications. To present possible solutions, semi-structured interviews solicit views from experienced IBS practitioners, representing the professions involved. Three most critical factors agreed by key stakeholders are material consumption, waste generation and waste disposal. Using SWOT analysis, the positive and negative aspects of these factors are investigated, with action plans formulated for IBS design practitioners. The SWOT analysis based guidelines have the potential to become part of IBS design briefing documents against which sustainability solutions are contemplated, selected and implemented. Existing knowledge on ecological performance issues is extended by considering the unique characteristics of IBS and identifying not only the benefits, but also the potential risks and challenges of pursuing sustainability. This is largely missing in previous research efforts. Findings to date focus on providing much-needed assistance to IBS designers, who are at the forefront of decision-making with a significant level of project influence. Ongoing work will be directed towards other project development phases and consider the inherent linkage between design decisions and subsequent sustainability deliverables in the project life cycle.     

某砌体房屋底层大空间改造设计

已有砖砌体房屋底层常因功能改变而需要更大的使用空间,部分承重墙体的抽除必将导致传力途径的改变,故需对原有结构进行加固。阐述了托换技术在房屋改造加固中的应用,同时对托换技术的各设计阶段,包括基础设计、结构设计等作了分析。     

美国砌体规范的容许应力与强度设计方法——梁的抗弯设计

美国《砌体结构建筑规范》(ACI 530-02/ASCE 5-02/TMS 402-02),2002年规范修订版在容许应力设计原理的基础上,首次给出了砌体结构强度设计准则规定。就该砌体规范的容许应力法和强度设计法进行比较介绍,目的在于了解美国砌体结构建筑规范,为我国砌体结构设计规范的编制提供参考。     

美国砌体规范的容许应力与强度设计方法——抗剪构件设计

美国砌体结构建筑规范(ACI 530~02/ASCE 5-02/TMS 402-02),2002年规范修订版在容许应力设计原理的基础上,首次给出了砌体结构强度设计准则规定。就该砌体规范的容许应力法和强度设计法进行比较介绍,目的在于了解美国砌体结构建筑规范,为我国砌体结构设计规范的编制提供参考。     

两层预制板砖砌体结构房屋模型双向拟动力试验研究

对一栋缩尺为1∶2的两层单开间预制板砖砌体结构房屋模型进行不同强度地震作用下的双向拟动力试验和非线性地震响应分析,研究该结构在地震作用下的破坏机制、变形、滞回特性及耗能能力等。结果表明：构造柱与圈梁的存在,使得预制板砌体结构具有较好的延性,地震破坏主要集中在底层,即使墙体严重开裂,也不至于整体结构垮塌;双向地震作用下一个方向的承载力与刚度退化会加剧另一个方向承载力与刚度的退化,从而导致砌体结构整体抗震能力的下降;滞回曲线由弓形最后发展到反S形,具有明显的捏缩和滑移效应;建立的砌体结构非线性空间有限元模型,能够反映预制板砌体结构的弹塑性地震响应,计算结果与实测结果基本吻合;两层砌体结构房屋能够满足设计规范的抗震要求。     

美国砌体规范的容许应力与强度设计方法——墙、柱构件设计

美国砌体结构建筑规范(ACI530-02/ASCE 5-02/TMS402-02),2002年规范修订版在容许应力设计原理的基础上,首次给出了砌体结构强度设计准则规定。就该砌体规范的容许应力法和强度设计法进行比较介绍,目的在于了解美国砌体结构建筑规范,为我国砌体结构设计规范的编制提供参考。     

哈工大动力楼巨型框架增层结构设计与测试

哈尔滨工业大学动力楼原为两层砌体结构房屋 ,建筑面积 3 90 0m2 。根据学校发展要求 ,决定在原建筑上续建 4层。经反复论证 ,决定采用套建预应力混凝土巨型框架增层的结构方案。着重论述了基础设计、上部结构设计、套建施工方案、测试方案与测试结果分析等内容 ,相关思路和方法可供同类房屋的套建增层设计与施工参考。     

建筑物整体移动几个关键技术的研究

对建筑物整体移动施工前的准备工作进行了具体分析 ,为提高建筑物移动后的安全系数提出了合理化建议 ,同时介绍了建筑物整体移动的方式 :移动过程中的旋转和移动到位后的旋转 ,以及移动后的修复工作。并指出了工程中急需解决的问题及相应的对策 ,为实施建筑物的整体移动提供了理论依据 ,为实际工程的应用提供了必要的条件。     

混凝土小型空心砌块结构基于性能的目标位移确定方法

基于性能/位移的混凝土小型空心砌块结构抗震设计需要确定不同性能水平下的目标位移。改进了混凝土小砌块结构的非线性计算方法,用等效框架模拟混凝土小砌块结构,适用于对混凝土小砌块结构的抗震性能进行评估。根据Chopra对能力谱方法所做的改进,给出了混凝土小砌块结构目标位移的确定方法。对某6层混凝土小砌块结构的分析结果表明,改进的能力谱方法可以得到和动力非线性分析方法比较接近的分析结果,为确定混凝土小砌块结构在不同性能水准下的目标位移提供了一种简便实用的分析方法。     

面向方案阶段能耗主导的建筑性能快速优化方法

依托机器学习和参数化技术建立了面向建筑方案设计阶段能耗主导的建筑性能快速优化方法,从而实现方案设计阶段以能耗为代表的建筑性能的直观呈现.本文通过实际案例证实了将建筑能耗快速计算技术与交互式性能优化框架相结合,可以让建筑师在进行方案推进与决策过程中直观而快速地获取以建筑能耗为代表的各项性能指标的反馈,从中选择最佳的设计方案,提升建筑师进行性能优化设计的能力.     

砌体结构地震破坏程度的估计研究

砌体结构房屋的设计表现为建筑布置决定结构墙体的数量及面积。在地震作用下,基底剪力由地震方向的墙体承担,墙体数量越多,墙体面积越大,房屋抗震能力就越强,墙体面积对砌体结构抗震研究有着至关重要的影响。研究这一问题的主要途径之一就是从地震震害中找出墙体面积与结构破坏之间的规律,通过对2008年汶川地震中大量震损房屋震害的分析,研究了墙体面积与结构破坏程度之间的关系,以及在现有砌体结构抗震性能评估理论的基础上,提出了一个基于墙体面积大小的指标来估计砌体结构的在地震下的破坏程度。将该指标应用于一幢多层砌体结构房屋的抗震性能评估中,并通过与现场震害的对比说明了该指标的合理性,结果表明,该评估指标可以用于估计砌体结构的破坏程度。