电头针对痉挛型脑瘫患儿运动功能的影响

目的：探讨电头针治疗痉挛型脑瘫(CP)患儿的疗效,为临床治疗该病提供新的方案。方法：将近两年我院收治的痉挛型脑瘫患儿88例随机分为两组,每组44例,对照组采用常规康复训练,观察组在对照组基础上采用电头针治疗,2组均治疗8周,观察对比两组脑瘫患儿治疗前后粗大运动功能量表(GMFM-88)评分、双下肢主要肌肉肌张力评分及生活质量水平变化。结果：①治疗8周后,2组患者的粗大运动功能评分均较治疗前明显增加(P<0.01),与对照组相比,观察组的评分均显著增加(P<0.01);②治疗结束后,两组患者下肢内收肌群、腓肠肌、腘绳肌肌张力均较治疗前明显降低(P<0.01),与对照组相比,观察组内收肌肌张力差异无统计学意义,腓肠肌、腘绳肌肌张力显著降低(P<0.01);③治疗后两组患者生活质量水平均较治疗前升高(P<0.05),观察组更高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论：电头针能显著改善痉挛型脑瘫患儿的临床症状,降低肌肉张力,促进粗大运动功能的恢复,提高患儿的生活质量,值得应用及推广。     

膝踝足矫形器对痉挛型脑瘫儿童下肢运动功能的影响

目的：观察膝踝足矫形器对痉挛型脑瘫患儿下肢运动功能的影响。方法：将24例痉挛型脑瘫息儿随机分为2组各12例,对照组采用常规运动治疗,观察组加用膝踝足矫形器进行治疗性步行训练。治疗前后采用粗大运动功能测试量表和改良Ashworth痉挛评价量表（MAS）给予评定。结果：治疗12周后,2组GMFM-88的D、E区分值均高于治疗前,且观察组更高于对照组（均P〈0．05）;2组MAS分值均低于治疗前,且观察组更低于对照组（均P％0．05）。结论：对于胭绳肌和腓肠肌张力增高的痉挛型脑瘫患儿,应用膝踝足矫形器进行治疗性步行训练配合常规运动治疗,能降低胴绳肌、腓肠肌的肌张力,提高下肢运动功能。     

步态诱发功能性电刺激对痉挛型脑瘫足下垂患儿的疗效

目的:观察应用功能性电刺激(FES)治疗痉挛型脑瘫偏瘫患儿足下垂的疗效.方法:痉挛型脑瘫偏瘫患儿24例分为观察组和对照组各12例,2组均进行运动训练、物理因子等治疗.观察组在此基础上应用FES对偏瘫侧腓总神经进行神经肌肉电刺激治疗(NMES),同时进行步行训练.治疗前后分别用改良的Ashworth量表测定患儿腓肠肌肌张力的变化、关节量角器法测量下肢踝关节主动背屈角度和粗大运动功能量表(GMFM-88)之D区(站立)、E区(走跑跳)分值.结果:治疗12周后,2组患儿患侧腓肠肌肌张力评分均较治疗前显著降低(P＜0.01),且观察组更低于对照组(P＜0.05);2组GMFM-88之D、E区评分及踝关节主动背屈角度均高于治疗前(P＜0.01),且观察组更高于对照组(P＜0.05).结论:FES配合康复功能训练能改善痉挛型脑瘫偏瘫患儿的踝关节活动范围,提高下肢运动功能.     

头针配合康复训练对脑瘫患儿运动功能的影响

目的:探讨头针配合康复训练治疗脑瘫(CP)患儿的疗效,为小儿CP的治疗探索新的有效方法。方法:将CP患儿106例随机分为2组,每组53例,对照组给予肢体康复训练,治疗组在肢体康复训练基础上进行头针治疗,2组均治疗12周,比较治疗前后粗大运动功能量表(GMFM-88)评分、下肢肌群肌张力评分、大脑中动脉收缩期血流速度和搏动指数、血清胰岛素样生长因子(IGF-1)、脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)水平。结果:治疗后,2组粗大运动功能B、C、E区评分均较治疗前显著增加(P0.01),与对照组比较,治疗组各区评分均显著增加(P0.01);治疗后,2组内收肌、腘绳肌、腓肠肌肌张力均较治疗前明显降低(P0.01),治疗后治疗组与对照组比较,腘绳肌、腓肠肌张力显著降低(P0.01),内收肌张力差异无统计学意义;治疗后2组大脑中动脉血流速度升高(P0.05,0.01),搏动指数降低(P0.01),治疗组变化较对照组更为明显(P0.05,0.01);治疗后2组血清IGF-1、BDNF水平均较治疗前显著升高(P0.05,0.01),治疗组更高于对照组(P0.01)。结论:头针配合康复训练可增加脑组织血液灌注,促进损伤后脑组织修复,降低肌肉张力,改善CP患儿运动功能,治疗小儿CP效果显著。     

虚拟情景循环踏车训练对痉挛型脑瘫患儿下肢肌张力及运动功能的影响

目的观察虚拟情景循环踏车训练对痉挛型脑瘫患儿下肢肌张力及运动功能的影响。 方法选取痉挛型脑瘫患儿67例,按随机数字表法将其分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组34例,对照组33例,2组均给予神经发育促进技术、推拿及物理因子治疗等常规康复治疗,治疗组在此基础上采用虚拟情景循环踏车训练,每次20min,每天1次,每周5天,共治疗3个月。分别于治疗前和治疗3个月后（治疗后）,采用改良Ashworth量表（MAS）评定患儿下肢内收肌、腘绳肌及腓肠肌的肌张力,利用关节量角器对其内收肌角、腘窝角及足背屈角进行测量,并采用粗大运动功能测试量表（GMFM）-88评定患儿粗大运动功能,对患儿运动功能进行综合评定和观察。 结果治疗后,治疗组和对照组内收肌、腘绳肌及腓肠肌的肌张力均显著低于组内治疗前（P<0.05）;治疗组患儿治疗后的内收肌、腘绳肌及腓肠肌的肌张力评分［(1.79±0.54)、(1.00±0.60)和(2.29±1.77)分］均明显低于对照组治疗后［(1.82±0.53)、(1.15±0.44)和(2.52±1.89)分］,且组间差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。2组治疗后的内收肌角、腘窝角及足背屈的角度均大于组内治疗前（P<0.05）;治疗组治疗后的内收肌角、腘窝角及足背屈角的角度［(97.06±19.03)°、(53.38±12.54)°、(8.38±9.11)°］均大于对照组治疗后［(98.94±21.42 )°、(56.52±12.90 )°、( 5.30±14.30)°］,且组间差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。2组患儿治疗后的GMFM总分均大于组内治疗前（P<0.05）,治疗组治疗后的GMFM总分（138.18±54.86）大于对照组治疗后（112.21±62.44）,且组间差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论虚拟情景循环踏车训练可以有效地降低痉挛型脑瘫患儿的肌张力,增加脑瘫患儿的运动功能。     

MOTOmed虚拟情景训练对痉挛型脑瘫患儿肌张力及关节活动度的影响

目的 观察MOTOmed虚拟情景训练对痉挛型脑瘫患儿肌张力及关节活动度的影响.方法 选取痉挛型脑瘫患儿54例,按随机数字表法将其分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组28例,对照组26例,2组均给予常规康复治疗,治疗组在此基础上采用MOTOmed虚拟情景训练.治疗前及治疗后,采用改良Ashworth量表(MAS)评定患儿下肢内收肌、胭绳肌及腓肠肌的肌张力,并利用关节量角器对其内收肌角、腘窝角及足背屈角进行测量.结果 治疗后,治疗组和对照组内收肌、腘绳肌及腓肠肌的肌张力均显著低于组内治疗前(均P＜0.05),与对照组比较,治疗组内收肌、胭绳肌及腓肠肌的肌张力评分[(2.75±0.52)分、(1.93±0.47)分、(2.89±1.32)分]低于对照组[(3.04±0.34)分、(2.31 ±0.55)分、(3.58±1.63)分](均P ＜0.05).2组内收肌角、腘窝角及足背屈角的角度均大于组内治疗前(均P＜0.05),治疗组内收肌角、胭窝角及足背屈角的角度[(99.82±20.30)°、(131.07±12.05)°、(79.46±6.57)°]均大于对照组[(90.96±17.83)°、(123.46±14.41)°、(83.85±10.13)°](均P＜0.05).结论 MOTOmed虚拟情景训练可有效降低痉挛型脑瘫患儿的肌张力,增加其关节活动度.     

肌电生物反馈联合悬吊运动训练在痉挛型脑瘫患儿中的应用效果

目的：探究肌电生物反馈联合悬吊运动训练在痉挛型脑瘫患儿中的应用效果。方法：根据随机数字表法将2020年10月至2022年8月收治的106例痉挛型脑瘫患儿分为对照组和观察组各53例。对照组采用悬吊运动训练干预,观察组在对照组的基础上加用肌电生物反馈干预。对比两组患儿粗大运动功能[粗大运动功能评估量表（CMFM-88）评分]、精细运动功能[精细运动功能评估量表（FMFM）评分]、肌张力[改良Ashworth痉挛评定量表（MAS）评分]、平衡功能[Berg平衡量表（BBS）评分]和生活质量[生活质量测定量表简表（QOL-BREF）评分]。结果：干预后,观察组CMFM-88评分高于对照组（P<0.05）;观察组FMFM评分高于对照组（P<0.05）;观察组BBS评分高于对照组,肘屈肌张力、腕屈肌张力评分低于对照组（P<0.05）;观察组QOL-BREF评分高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：肌电生物反馈联合悬吊运动训练干预痉挛型脑瘫患儿利于改善其粗大运动功能和精细运动功能,降低肌张力,提升平衡能力和生活质量。     

自制踝足矫形带对痉挛型偏瘫脑性瘫痪足下垂患儿下肢运动功能的疗效

目的观察自制自制踝足矫形带对痉挛型偏瘫脑瘫足下垂患儿下肢运动功能的疗效。方法 24例痉挛型偏瘫脑瘫足下垂患儿随机分为观察组和对照组各12例。两组患儿均行常规康复训练,对照组行步态训练,观察组佩戴自制踝足矫形带行步态训练,共12周。治疗前后分别采用腓肠肌改良Ashworth量表(MAS)、踝关节主动背屈活动度(ROM)和粗大运动功能测量(GMFM-88)D区(站立)、E区(走跑跳)进行评定。结果治疗后,两组MAS评分明显降低(P0.01),观察组低于对照组(P0.05);两组ROM、GMFM-88的D区和E区评分均明显高于治疗前(P0.01),观察组高于对照组(P0.05)。结论佩戴自制踝足矫形带行步态训练能进一步降低痉挛型偏瘫脑瘫患儿患侧的腓肠肌张力,增加踝关节活动度,提高下肢运动功能。     

BTX-A辅助常规康复功能锻炼对合并腓肠肌痉挛脑瘫患儿痉挛程度、肌张力及粗大神经功能的影响

目的探讨A型肉毒毒素(BTX-A)辅助常规康复功能锻炼对合并腓肠肌痉挛脑瘫患儿痉挛程度、肌张力及粗大神经功能的影响。方法选择2014年1月至2015年12月在该院接受治疗的104例痉挛型脑瘫患儿。用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组52例,对照组患儿进行常规康复功能训练,观察组患儿在对照组的基础上注射BTX-A。比较两组患儿的痉挛程度、肌张力及粗大神经功能。结果治疗前两组患儿的肌张力、跟腱反射、踝痉挛和综合痉挛量表(CSS)总分差异无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗后两组患儿的痉挛状况明显改善,观察组患儿的肌张力、跟腱反射、踝痉挛和CSS总分低于对照组(P0.05)。治疗1个月、治疗3个月和治疗6个月后,两组患儿的修订Ashworth量表(MAS)评分明显改善,观察组患儿各时间点的MAS评分均低于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后两组患儿的粗大运动功能测试量表(GMFM)评分明显提高,观察组患儿D区和E区的GMFM评分高于对照组(P0.05)。结论 BTX-A辅助常规康复功能锻炼可以明显改善合并腓肠肌痉挛脑瘫患儿的痉挛程度,降低肌张力,提高运动功能,值得在临床推广应用。     

体外冲击波用于改善痉挛型脑性瘫痪患儿蹲伏步态的临床研究

目的:应用体外冲击波治疗痉挛型脑瘫患儿蹲伏步态的疗效分析。方法:30例痉挛性双瘫患儿随机分为治疗组和对照组(每组15例),治疗组加用冲击波治疗,治疗前和治疗后3个月对2组患儿的膝、踝关节的最大角度和关节活动度、肌张力、步长、步速和粗大运动功能评分(GMFM)进行评定。结果:治疗3个月后,两组患儿踝关节的关节活动度、膝关节和踝关节屈曲最大角度和最小角度都明显改善(P0.05);腘绳肌群和小腿三头肌群的肌张力明显下降(P0.05),但治疗组改善更明显;两组患儿GMFM评分、步速、步长均有改善(P0.05),但治疗组效果更明显。结论:体外冲击波可以降低脑瘫患儿腘绳肌、小腿三头肌肌张力,能够改善患儿的蹲伏步态。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.