基于MOS和SAW传感器呼吸诊断肺癌的复合识别算法研究

目前国际上有关肺癌的呼吸检测诊断方法越来越受到关注,其具有简便、快速、无创伤、无标记以及非接触等显著特点。在前期大量肺癌呼出气体挥发性有机物(VOCs)标志物研究的基础上,采用基于MOS-SAW传感器联用的电子鼻技术,分析27例肺癌患者和27例健康人呼出气体样本,并对数据进行处理和识别,设计PCA、PLS、LDA以及ANN等多种诊断方法,比较不同算法的识别结果。实验结果表明,采用的人工神经网络复合模型对肺癌和健康人群的识别灵敏度和特异性分别达到92.59%和88.89%。所提出的复合识别方法对于电子鼻快速诊断肺癌患者是有效的。通过呼出气体中冷凝物标志物的检测和复合诊断算法,将进一步提高通过呼吸气体标志物诊断的新型电子鼻仪器在临床诊断中的广泛应用。     

电子鼻技术在医学中的应用

目的:探讨电子鼻技术方法及其在医学中的应用。方法:电子鼻是利用气体传感器阵列的响应图案来识别气味的电子系统,通常由气味取样器、气体传感器阵列和信号处理系统三部分组成。介绍了电子鼻的发展状况、论述了通用电子鼻的组成、原理及所用的传感器(金属氧化物传感器、导电型聚合物传感器、压电型传感器等)的特性及其医学检测中的应用。结果:电子鼻可用于检测肺部疾病(肺癌、肺结核)、糖尿病、尿毒症和细菌感染(厌氧菌、耳鼻喉感染细菌、不同类型的金黄葡萄球菌、伤口微生物感染)。结论:电子鼻作为一种无创的、快速诊断技术在疾病的早期诊断筛查及微生物感染的快速检测方面具有重要的临床应用价值。     

电子鼻(EN)及其在多领域中的应用

电子鼻传感器（EN）技术的的发展提高了气体和离子检测的分辨能力和检测精度．本文介绍了电子鼻的基本原理和组成．探讨了电子鼻在医学、农业、食品、环境保护、工业和军事等方面的应用．     

高凡 张希 陈辰星 邹莹畅 安超 郎朗 王平

为了更好地监测室内或室外常见的有害气体对人体或环境造成的危害及影响,研制一款基于金属氧化物半导体（MOS）型气体传感器阵列的穿戴式实时环境气体监测系统。设计MOS型气体传感器阵列和小型化硬件检测电路,以便长时间连续实时监测环境中某些有害气体的浓度。选取甲醛、苯和总挥发性有机化合物（TVOC）等典型的环境有害气体作为初步检测对象,通过检测标准浓度的气体确定系统检测范围（0.01～0.5 mg/m³）,分析稳态峰值与对应浓度的相关性,绘制拟合曲线并作为标定方程,考虑斜率和拟合程度（R²）同时较大为最优,选择检测使用的传感器。选取多场景进行环境监测实验,通风橱模拟小空间封闭环境,实验室模拟室内环境。系统可记录所在位置的甲醛、苯或TVOC的浓度值,实现多挥发源复杂环境中检测不同浓度的有害气体,并可进行声光报警。在校园室外场景中,随系统移动记录不同位置的TVOC浓度以绘制浓度空间图谱,可观测和分析大数据。传感器响应稳定时间为30 s,系统可任意设置大于30 s的数据发送间隔,把目标气体浓度通过蓝牙上传至手机,数据也可通过串口传输至上位机。该穿戴式系统有望应用于车内污染、室内装潢、室外环境等有害气体的实时和快速监测中。     

人工嗅觉——电子鼻的研究

本文对人工嗅觉－电子鼻进行了较全面的研究，包括人工嗅觉的神经生理学基础、新型嗅觉感受器的成膜技术、具有柔顺性的嗅觉感受器阵列的构造及人工神经网络在嗅觉的检测和识别中的应用。最后针对几种曲型的气味给出了有关实验结果。     

仿生嗅觉神经芯片的研究进展

嗅觉神经芯片是在电子鼻和细胞传感器研究的基础上，在芯片表面培养嗅觉感受神经元所构成的一种神经芯片。该技术是通过用微电极阵列等芯片技术记录气体分子作用于神经元膜表面嗅觉受体产生的动作电位而达到气体检测的一种更具仿生意义的生物电子鼻技术。在嗅觉生物学研究的基础上对嗅觉芯片的研究进行了综合论述，重点介绍了嗅觉细胞的培养和神经芯片技术等嗅觉芯片相关技术的研究进展。并对该领域的应用前景进行了展望。     

人工嗅觉───电子鼻的研究

本文对人工嗅觉电子鼻进行了较全面的研究，包括人工嗅觉的神经生理学基础、新型嗅觉感受器的成膜技术、具有柔顺性的嗅觉感受器阵列的构造及人工神经网络在嗅觉的检测和识别中的应用。最后针对几种典型的气味给出了有关实验结果。     

仿生嗅觉神经芯片的研究进展

嗅觉神经芯片是在电子鼻和细胞传感器研究的基础上,在芯片表面培养嗅觉感受神经元所构成的一种神经芯片。该技术是通过用微电极阵列等芯片技术记录气体分子作用于神经元膜表面嗅觉受体产生的动作电位而达到气体检测的一种更具仿生意义的生物电子鼻技术。在嗅觉生物学研究的基础上对嗅觉芯片的研究进行了综合论述,重点介绍了嗅觉细胞的培养和神经芯片技术等嗅觉芯片相关技术的研究进展。并对该领域的应用前景进行了展望。     

仿生光学人工鼻及其呼吸气体检测的实验研究

针对呼吸气体诊断的需要，介绍了一种新型的具有仿生特点的光学人工鼻实验系统，用于探索通过呼吸气味诊断疾病的可行性。该系统由气敏光纤传感器阵列和信号处理系统组成，利用光纤传感器易与多种聚合物敏感材料相结合和其对气味的响应快、精度高以及易获得嗅觉动态信息的特点，通过计算化学方法，实现了多种聚合物敏感材料与荧光试剂的定量配制，研究了具有不同选择性的气味光纤传感器阵列。此外，将生物嗅觉机理模型用于人工鼻系统的设计过程，采用模拟生物嗅觉的感受器-嗅球-线性延迟神经网络算法，实现了从光纤传感器阵列的响应数据中同时分离出混合气味的成分和浓度信息。实现结果表明，该光学人工鼻传感器实验系统具有一定的仿生特性和应用前景。     

运用电容传感器阵列进行心脏运动非接触检测的研究

本文发展了一种利用电容传感器阵列实现对心前区因心动而引起的体表微小运动的检测方法，并为此发展了一种适合于多电容探头进行快速扫描检测的电路。利用微机控制电子开关实现检测电路对阵列中各单元探头进行快速扫描检测，以得到有关胸壁不同部位的心动响应。该文对电路的各路一致性，线性及补偿等问题逐一加以解决，为利用电容传感器阵列实现对心前区心壁运动模式实时检测及模式再建提供了一种有效方法。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.