液滴图像处理与特征提取

液体的物理化学性质直接影响到其液滴生长的变化,采用自主搭建的液滴图像检测系统监测液滴生长过程中的轮廓变化情况,并对液滴图像进行预处理和特征提取。用主成分分析(PCA)法对提取的面积、周长、液滴长度、宽度、矩形度、伸长度和圆形度等液滴轮廓特征参数进行了分析,得到了液滴长度、宽度、周长和面积四个有效特征参数。结果表明该方法用于液体分析和鉴别是可行性的。     

光电式多波长传感器在液滴分析技术中的应用

光电式多波长传感器（Photoelectric Multiple-wavelength Sensor，PMWS）是一种新型传感器。将PMWS运用于液滴分析技术中构成多波长液滴分析仪，可获得有关液滴体积及基于不同波长的光信号随液滴生长变化的信息，从而得到包含被测液体特性信息的液滴指纹图。利用该传感器，还可采用CCD摄像装置实时获取液滴的轮廓信息，而多波长光源的运用又可以更深入地了解液体的光学特性。     

光纤、电容液滴分析仪(一):原理与实验

介绍一种用于液体特性研究的新型仪器——光纤、电容液滴分析仪(FCDA：Fiber—Capacitive Drop Analyzer)。该仪器利用光纤液滴分析技术和电容液滴分析技术制成特殊的液滴传感器，获取经过液滴的光强信号随液滴生长变化的规律，得到反映液体综合特性的“液滴指纹图”。通过对部分样品进行测试实验，证明液滴指纹图可以作为鉴别液体的依据，同时具有测量液体物理、化学特性参数的潜力。     

液滴指纹图的归一化处理和特征提取

液滴指纹图被认为是反映液体特性的综合数据库 ,介绍了对液滴指纹图进行归一化处理的方法和步骤 ,以及通过建立特征函数计算被测液体的指纹图相对于参照液体指纹图的相关系数 ,从而提取液滴指纹图的特征值的方法。文中给出部分实验曲线及数据结果。     

圆管式压电喷头的液体分配

针对用于喷墨打印的圆管式压电喷头建立了计算模型,并且根据它的驱动特点选择了合适的边界条件。介绍了仿真软件针对自由表面流动问题的计算原理。然后,以乙二醇水溶液为例,计算了压电喷头分配该溶液的分配过程;利用液滴成像系统获取了不同时刻的液滴图像,验证了建立的模型和数值算法的正确性。最后,计算了压电喷头在不同输入位移、不同黏度以及不同表面张力下的液体分配过程。仿真结果显示:液体分配性能与激励位移密切相关,在72.5mN/m的表面张力作用下,10nm的输入位移很难分配黏度为4.0mPa·s的液体,而15nm的输入位移在分配黏度为4.0mPa·s液体时却能够产生卫星液滴。因此,对于某种液体寻找一个合适的激励条件非常重要,过小的激励产生不了液滴,过大的激励则会产生较大甚至多个卫星液滴;增大黏度会延缓或阻滞液滴形成过程,增大表面张力却能加快液滴形成过程。本文的计算方法对于研制新式喷头或者研究喷头的喷射能力均具有指导意义。     

光纤、电容液滴传感器的设计研究

光纤、电容液滴分析技术是利用光纤和电容测试技术制成特殊的液滴传感器，获取经过液滴的光强信号随液滴生长变化的规律以及有关液滴体积的信息。文中将具体介绍光纤、电容液滴传感器的工作原理、电容液滴传感器的数学模型和液滴滴头的结构设计，同时给出由传感器获取的与液滴生长过程相关的光纤信号和液滴体积信号。     

液滴半径与其侧向散射光通量关系的实验

为开发基于侧向散射光通量的喷雾液滴直径全场测量方法.搭建了均匀液滴射流发生器和侧向散射光通量测试装置.基于微粒几何散射理论,利用均匀液滴射流发生器实验研究了液滴半径与其侧向散射光通量之间的关系.在不同的侧向散射角下,用数字相机测量了水和0#柴油的单粒径液滴射流在不同粒径下的侧向散射光通量,并分析了它们之间的关系.实验结果表明:液滴半径与其侧向散射光通量之间存在明显的二次函数关系,拟合的相关系数大于0.98;侧向散射角的大小以及液体的种类均不会改变两者之间的二次函数关系,仅影响该关系式系数的大小.结果为基于侧向散射光通量实现喷雾雾滴直径的全场测量提供了重要依据.     

晶圆显影过程中喷嘴液滴运动的数值计算

集成电路制造过程中对晶圆显影工艺的均匀性有很高的要求,重点在于保证显影喷嘴出口—毛细管出流液滴的体积和滴落频率稳定。采用有限体积法对液滴的形成及脱落过程的纳维斯托克斯方程进行了求解,并对轴对称毛细管模型进行了结构化网格的划分,通过VOF(volume of fluid)模型针对液滴变化过程中的气液两相界面进行了追踪。分析了毛细管中流量逐渐加大对液滴低落频率及液滴体积的影响,并研究了在液体流速低于和高于临界流速的不同情况时不同的滴落过程。该研究有助于显影喷嘴设计过程中确定出口毛细管管径的大小、间距以及额定工作流量。     

直写快速成型机中背压系统的设计

介绍了直写快速成型技术的工作原理、特点和应用.喷嘴背压系统是用来控制喷嘴喷出液滴,选用合适的背压对喷嘴产生均匀的液滴有着重要的影响.为此,设计一套稳定、可靠的喷嘴背压系统是必要的.作者根据直写快速成型机液体喷射的要求,设计了液体喷射背压系统.     

气动膜片式微滴喷射装置理论分析与实验研究

微滴喷射是通过产生微米级的液滴实现流体按需精确喷射沉积成形的技术。气动膜片式微滴按需喷射装置的原理是以膜片为驱动部件,以压缩气体脉冲为驱动源,通过膜片的弹性变形实现液体腔的体积变化从而产生微液滴。通过建立驱动气压与液体腔内工作压力的关系,分析腔体内液体的流动状态,从而建立气动膜片式喷射系统的数学模型,以此作为优化装置结构和控制参数的依据。此外,利用该装置完成了黏性液体的可控喷射。研究结果为喷射制造的实际应用提供了理论与实验依据。     

高速电弧喷涂3Cr13钢雾化粒子温度和飞行速度数值模拟

用二相流流体动力学和空气动力学理论建立了高速电弧喷涂雾化粒子温度和飞行速度的数学模型,通过引入高速电弧喷涂工艺过程的送丝速度、丝材直径、喷涂电流、电压和雾化气体压力等工艺参数,与雾化微滴温度、飞行速度和粒度分布建立联系,揭示了高速电弧喷涂工艺参数对雾化过程微滴物理特性的影响。数值分析结果表明,3Cr13钢微滴速度在实际喷涂距离范围内变化不大;粒度对微滴初始温度有较大影响;不同粒度微滴的过热度在1 320～2 090 K之间,电阻项对微滴过热度的贡献最大;微滴强烈过热是电弧喷涂材料损耗的主要原因之一。所建立的模型的数值模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好。模拟计算的高速电弧喷涂技术喷涂3Cr13钢的质均粒度和实测的相吻合,但粒度分布特征不同。     

Investigation of design parameters for droplet generators driven by piezoelectric actuators

This paper presents a numerical analysis of a drop-on-demand (DOD) piezoelectric (PZT) actuated droplet generator. A finite difference numerical model was established to analyze the design parameters of droplet ejection. First, we discussed the influence of the driving conditions on the droplet ejection characteristics, such as the driving time and the driving volume change in the pressure chamber. The volume factor, an important design parameter, was proposed from the analysis. The ejected droplets can maintain the same ejection velocity at different nozzle diameters, as long as the volume factor remains the same. Two empirical formulas, based on the analysis data, are suitable for the design of PZT actuated droplet generator. The first empirical formula is a linear relationship between the droplet velocity and the volume factor with a slope of 0.3422 for different nozzle diameters. The second empirical formula defines the driving volume of PZT and nozzle diameter to eject the desired droplets. The geometrical design parameters of droplet generator, such as the nozzle thickness, the pressure chamber width and depth, as well as the driving conditions of the PZT actuator, are all included in the analysis. The sensitivity of geometrical design parameters which affect the droplet volume, the droplet velocity, and the lowest driving condition is established. The quantitative criterion for ejection of droplet, liquid jet, and no droplet is presented. The proposed empirical formula and figures provide easy-to-use tool for design of DOD PZT actuated droplet generators.     

基于MC68HC908JL3酒窖控制系统设计

温度和湿度是酒储藏的重要参数，针对酒窖的特点，提出了采用集成湿度传感器IH3605和电子液态温度测量方式来测量湿度和温度的方法，给出了以单片机Mc68HC908JL3为核心构成的酒窖控制器方案，同时绘出了硬件电路结构图和部分软件流程框图，最后讨论了系统的抗干扰问题。     

Energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis of aqueous biologic samples on bulk supports

The present investigation describes a modification of the liquid droplet technique that allows for the quantitative elemental analysis of small volumes (< 100 picoliters) of aqueous biologic samples using a scanning transmission electron microscope (Philips 400 HTG-STEM) equipped with an EDAX energy dispersive detector. Aliquots of samples and standards were micropipetted onto solid beryllium supports under paraffin oil. The oil was washed with organic solvents and the samples frozen and freeze-dried. The samples were excited in a Philips 400-HTG-STEM by scanning a 1-μm, 20-kV electron beam over the surface of the droplets, and the X-ray spectra were collected. Measured X-ray intensities in characteristic peaks were found to be linearly related to the concentration of various elements in the sample. This work demonstrates the feasibility of performing quantitative elemental analysis of minute samples and cells in a scanning transmission electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray detector.     

Wear behavior of natural diamond tool in cutting tungsten-based alloy

Natural diamond tool is quickly worn out while cutting a workpiece made of a tungsten-based alloy. This paper presents a new approach to reduce tool wear: ultrasonic vibration cutting of a workpiece made of a tungsten-based alloy based on gas–liquid atomization cooling. An atomizer is a device which mixes carbon dioxide gas with vegetable oil and changes the liquid into minute droplets, which are carried by a stream of gas. Atomizer is also a device that incorporates a venture device to translate liquid into a gas stream. The atomized minute droplets act as the cooling and lubricating medium to protect the tools. The system is designed to ensure that droplets can spread all over the surface of a work piece. At a constant spindle speed, feed rate, and cutting depth, the experiments were carried out for investigating the effects of the tool vibration parameters, carbon tetrachloride liquid flow rate, carbon dioxide gas flow, and gas–liquid mass ratio on the tool wear. The experiments showed that the technology of ultrasonic vibration with gas–liquid atomization cooling effectively prolongs the tool life in cutting tungsten-based alloy.     

Wetting behaviour during evaporation and condensation of water microdroplets on superhydrophobic patterned surfaces

Superhydrophobic surfaces have considerable technological potential for various applications due to their extreme water repellent properties. The superhydrophobic surfaces may be generated by the use of hydrophobic coating, roughness and air pockets between solid and liquid. The geometric effects and dynamic effects, such as surface waves, can destroy the composite solid–air–liquid interface. The relationship between the water droplet size and geometric parameters governs the creation of composite interface and affects transition from solid–liquid interface to composite interface. Therefore, it is necessary to study the effect of droplets of various sizes. We have studied the effect of droplet size on contact angle by evaporation using droplets with radii ranging from about 300 to 700 μm. Experimental and theoretical studies of the wetting properties of silicon surfaces patterned with pillars of two different diameters and heights with varying pitch values are presented. We propose a criterion where the transition from Cassie and Baxter regime to Wenzel regime occurs when the droop of the droplet sinking between two asperities is larger than the depth of the cavity. The trends are explained based on the experimental data and the proposed transition criteria. An environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) is used to form smaller droplets of about 20 μm radius and measure the contact angle on the patterned surfaces. The investigation has shown that ESEM provides a new approach to wetting studies on the microscale.     

Predication and measurement of deflected trajectory and temperature history of uniform metal droplets in microstructures fabrication

The deposition of metal droplets has been attracted wide interests for potential applying in microstructures fabrication. A uniform droplet generator with image acquiring system and droplet temperature measuring system was established. A coupling analysis method on combination of droplets dynamic and thermal models was proposed. Effect of experimental parameters on deflected trajectory and the temperature history of the uniform droplets was investigated. The measured trajectory and temperature history agreed well with the predicted results, indicating the validity of the proposed analysis method. The predicted results with different experimental parameters showed that the deflected trajectories and thermal histories of the droplets with diameters close to 100???m or less were strongly dependent on their sizes. Small droplets had a narrow deposition length for obtaining parts with good metallurgical bonding. The predicted results also showed that it was effective in controlling the deflected trajectories and thermal histories of droplets by adjusting the pressure when it was low. At last, micro alloy tubes with good metallurgical bonding were obtained using 50???m diameter nozzle when the experimental parameters were chosen according to theoretical models. The deposited results show that proper parameters for microstructures deposition can be obtained according to the proposed analysis method.     

等离子射流与喷涂粒子微观交互作用研究现状

从微观角度看,等离子喷涂层实质上是由大量喷涂粒子在等离子射流中经过一系列复杂的理化变换之后,撞击基体并迅速铺展凝固所形成的,因而熔滴撞击基体前的理化特性对涂层的组织结构、缺陷密度、力学性能等指标具有重要影响。通过对喷涂粒子基本特征参数、射流中的传热机理、传质机理与粒子加速行为四个方面的总结,详细综述等离子射流与喷涂粒子的交互作用过程。总体来说,温度、速度是粒子的基本特征参数,而采用一些综合温度与速度的复合参数（如熔融指数、雷诺数、韦伯数等）对熔滴的理化特性具有更好的表征效果;粒子的加热过程由表及里,受到热导率、比表面积、热容量、飞行路径及射流特性等多种因素影响,部分熔滴容易由于温度过高而发生汽化现象;处于熔融状态的粒子具有较高的活性,因而容易在射流中与气体介质发生反应,包括O₂、N₂、H₂等,同时粉体内部也会发生一定的元素迁移或化学反应;粒子在射流中由于受到气流拖拽力、重力、热泳力及气压梯度力的综合作用而不断加速,同时会由于射流特性及熔化状态的差异而发生不同程度的破碎或细化现象。     

基于差压信号的湿气流量测量方法

通过理论分析和室内试验研究差压信号的基本特性及差压法测量原理的局限性。对湿气流过孔板和V锥的差压信号进行分析发现：两相流差压主要由气相流动产生,液相的影响很小;低含液率时液相以薄液膜的形式附着在管壁,对气相流动有“润滑”作用,液膜厚度增大到一定值后,气液界面摩擦压降显著增加,由此导致湿气流过节流元件的差压、压损及压损比随含液率增加先减小后增大;差压波动是一个随机过程,差压方根的标准差等特征参数具有稳定性和重复性都较差的特点,难以适用于工业中的湿气流量测量。以过读关联式为基础的测量方法,误差传递过程会缩小气相流量预测误差,但会放大液相流量预测误差,且含气率越高,放大效果越明显,由此造成液相流量预测误差远大于气相流量。建议对于高含气率的湿气流动,液相流量独立测量,避免与气相流量耦合求解;应用压损比作为特征参数时应关注其非单调特性;不建议将差压方根标准差等重复性差的差压信号特征参数用于流量测量。