原发性腹膜后肿瘤累及下腔静脉13例外科治疗

目的探讨原发性腹膜后肿瘤累及下腔静脉（IVC）时的手术处理方法。方法回顾性分析和总结2000年9月至2005年4月的13例原发性腹膜后肿瘤累及IVC的患者均采用经腹切口径路肿瘤切除及IVC受累部分血管处理的经验。结果本组肿瘤患者中恶性11例，良性2例。11例恶性肿瘤完整切除，其中2例是复发再次手术。2例良性肿瘤完整切除，合并脏器切除12例。全组无手术死亡。IVC受累部分血管处理采用以下几种方法，2例单纯缝合术，4例端端吻合术，1例单纯结扎术，6例血管重建术。生存期〉1年者11例（84．6％），生存期〉2年7例（53．8％），随访过程中2例（15．4％）肿瘤复发再次切除。结论累及IVC的原发性腹膜后肿瘤的外科治疗要有充分的术前准备、仔细的手术操作和妥善的术后处理才能提高切除率、降低复发率，延长存活时间。     

术前放疗对非小细胞肺癌切除术预后的影响(附186例报告)

采用术前放疗加手术切除综合治疗42例非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC），采用单纯手术切除治疗144例NSCLC，比较两组的治疗效果。综合治疗组的手术切除率、术后并发症发生率及1、3、5a生存率与单纯手术组相当，淋巴结转移以综合治疗组低于单纯手术组（P＜0．05）。认为术前放疗能提高NSCLC的手术切除率和术后远期生存率，并能减少肿瘤外侵．对病期较晚而仍可考虑手术切的NSCLC患者，可常规进行术前放疗。     

肝细胞癌合并食道静脉曲张破裂出血的联合手术治疗

目的探讨肝细胞癌（hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC）合并食道静脉曲张破裂出血联合手术治疗的方法、病理生理基础和治疗效果。方法选取1999年12月-2007年12月采用肝部分切除联合脾切除、门奇断流术治疗HCC合并食道静脉曲张破裂出血患者共23例（联合手术组）,观察术前、术后外周血白细胞和血小板计数的变化、食管静脉曲张缓解情况、生存率和肿瘤复发率;并与同期行单纯肝切除术的39例HCC患者（单纯肝切除组）进行比较分析。结果联合手术组手术并发症和手术死亡率与单纯肝切除组相比差异无统计学意义;联合手术组术后白细胞及血小板计数回升明显,显著高于单纯肝切除组;已随访14例患者中,13例食道静脉曲张改善;随访期间无凶险感染发生;5年生存率和3年肿瘤复发率2组间比较,差异无统计学意义。结论对于HCC合并食道静脉曲张破裂出血,采用肝部分切除联合脾切除、门奇断流术进行治疗是安全有效的,联合脾切除、门奇断流术并不增加肝切除手术的风险,不影响远期生存率和肿瘤复发率。     

胃底成形重建HIS角抗返流术在贲门癌手术中的应用

1994年以来 ,我们应用胃底成形重建 HIS角抗返流术治疗贲门癌患者 1 1 0例 ,抗返流效果明显。现报告如下。1　资料与方法1 .1　临床资料　本组男 98例、女 1 2例 ,年龄41～ 77岁。术前均经 X线钡餐透视或内窥镜检查确诊为贲门癌 ,其中 5例累及食管下段 1～ 3cm;术后病理报告为腺癌 1 0 7例 ,粘液腺癌2例 ,不典型类癌 1例。1 .2　手术方法　 1常规左胸后外侧切口 ,于第 7肋间或肋床进胸 ,沿肝脾沟打开膈肌 ,探查肿瘤能够切除后 ,依次游离肿瘤及部分食管下段及近端胃。处理胃短及胃左血管 ,距肿瘤上下缘各 5 cm为切除线 ,将肿瘤切除 ,残端行…     

肺动脉成形重建术在支气管肺癌手术中的应用

手术治疗目前仍为非小细胞肺癌患者得以长期生存的最有效的治疗手段,但若肿瘤组织或转移淋巴结累及肺动脉主干时,给肺叶切除带来很大的困难,有时不得不采用全肺切除以保证切除的彻底性,或者仅行开胸探查。我院胸外科自2005年1月至2010年6月采用肺动脉成形重建术治疗非小细胞肺癌38例,扩大了肺癌手术适应症,提高了手术切除率,取得了满意的早期疗效,现报道如下。     

内镜下黏膜切除术在治疗食管黏膜肌层肿瘤中的应用

食管黏膜肌层肿瘤属于食管黏膜下肿瘤的一部分，而对于食管黏膜下肿瘤的治疗，传统的方法主要以手术治疗为主，随着超声内镜和内镜介入技术的发展，选择具有一定适应证的食管黏膜下肿瘤进行内镜下切除，已可替代部分外科手术治疗。我们对2年来在我院行内镜下黏膜切除术（endoscopic mucosal resection，EMR）治疗的食管黏膜下肿瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析，以探讨其治疗效果。     

经口双镜联合切除来源于固有肌层的胃黏膜下肿瘤的临床初探

目的 探讨经口双镜联合切除来源于固有肌层的胃黏膜下肿瘤的疗效和可行性.方法 对2013年3月经辅助检查明确诊断为起源于固有肌层的胃黏膜下肿瘤患者2例,在静脉麻醉下行经口双镜联合切除治疗,辅助镜提拉肿瘤和固有肌层,主镜完整切除病变和牢固夹闭固有肌层创面,观察治疗效果.结果 2例胃黏膜下肿瘤,经口双镜联合成功完整切除.术后病理1例为胃间质瘤,1例为平滑肌瘤;病变直径2 cm.手术时间分别为48 min和66 min.术后无一例出现感染、穿孔及出血等并发症.住院时间为8d和6d.结论 经口双镜联合切除来源于固有肌层的胃黏膜下肿瘤是可行的,具有一定的优势.     

34例局部晚期非小细胞肺癌的外科治疗经验

目的探讨局部晚期非小细胞肺癌的外科治疗效果。方法外科治疗局部晚期非小细胞肺癌34例,其中肺切除加部分胸壁切除9例,右全肺切除加隆凸成形6例、左全肺切除加隆凸成形4例、右上肺叶切除加上腔静脉部分置换1例,右全肺切除加上腔静脉部分切除＋成形5例,左全肺切除加主动脉部分切除成形3例、左全肺切除加部分左心房切除6例。结果全组病例围手术期无死亡,鳞癌21、腺癌13例,术后并发乳糜胸2例,肺不张2例,心率失常4例,喉返神经损伤3例。术后随访时间6—62个月,平均27．3个月,其中1、3、5年生存率分别为82．4％、38．2％、8．8％。结论扩大手术治疗局部晚期非小细胞肺癌可以达到肿瘤的根治切除,并能延长患者的生存时间,但是要严格把握手术指征。     

同期施行心内直视手术及部分肺切除术

对1例风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄伴关闭不全、三尖瓣关闭不全及右下肺癌患者和1例先天性心脏病房间隔缺损、三尖瓣关闭不全、二尖瓣少量反流及右上肺癌患者行同期体外循环下心内直视手术及部分肺切除术。2例患者术后恢复顺利，术后3个月复查均无肺癌复发，心肺功能恢复良好。提示同期手术可以避免单行肿瘤切除带来的术后心血管并发症，或单行心脏手术导致术后肿瘤扩散及拖延治疗。     

33例脑干胶质瘤的临床特点与手术治疗

目的探讨脑干胶质瘤的临床特点和手术的治疗效果。方法回顾性地分析33例脑干胶质瘤患者的临床特点及采用显微神经外科手术治疗方法,临床效果通过KPS评分进行评价。所有患者进行术前及术后的神经系统影像学检查。结果 33例肿瘤均行显微神经外科手术,其中28例全切除,3例大部分切除,2例部分切除。术中无死亡。术后神经系统的功能障碍改善和恢复者32例,1例因术后急性肺梗塞死亡。术后随访显示除死亡病例外,肿瘤全切者无肿瘤复发,KPS评分均有所提高。术后并发症主要为早期出现呼吸障碍,本组2例患者及时行气管切开并呼吸机辅助呼吸治疗1周后脱机。结论外生型或有较大囊变、相对局限的脑干胶质瘤可行积极手术治疗,术后积极控制并发症,疗效满意。     

Salvage esophagectomy through a transhiatal approach for cancer of the thoracic esophagus after left pneumonectomy for lung cancer

Here we report on a 54-year-old man who had undergone left pneumonectomy for a primary lung cancer 25 years earlier and who underwent salvage blunt esophagectomy for a recurrent esophageal cancer after definitive chemoradiotherapy. The patient received chemoradiotherapy for a cancer in the upper thoracic esophagus at the clinical stage IA (T1bN0M0) because of a past history of left pneumonectomy for lung cancer, and the esophageal cancer showed complete response. At 1 year after chemoradiotherapy, local recurrence was found in the upper thoracic esophagus. Although chemotherapy using docetaxel was administered, this was not effective. Transhiatal esophagectomy as salvage surgery was successfully done by a combination of laparo-mediastinoscopy assisted blunt dissection with the eversion stripping method. The postoperative course was uneventful. The patient died of lung and brain metastasis at 23 months after the salvage surgery. Transhiatal esophagectomy may be an option as a salvage esophagectomy in cases with a history of major lung surgery.     

Outcomes of endoscopic and surgical resection for a second primary cancer in the residual cervical esophagus after thoracic esophagectomy

Patients who have received subtotal esophagectomy for thoracic esophageal cancer must be closely monitored for second primary malignancies. The purpose of this study is to review and assess patients who developed a second primary esophageal cancer in the residual cervical esophagus. Between 1996 and 2010, 10 patients were diagnosed in our hospital with esophageal squamous cell cancer in the residual cervical esophagus after undergoing thoracic esophagectomy and were treated with endoscopic or surgical resection. Data from these patients were reviewed retrospectively. Seven of the 10 patients (70%) had multiple primary carcinoma lesions at the time of their esophagectomy. A second primary cancer in the residual cervical esophagus was detected in eight patients during follow-up endoscopic examinations while the patients were still asymptomatic. Seven of the patients underwent endoscopic resection for a superficial cancer. None of those patients experienced any complications, and all are currently alive and cancer-free. The remaining three patients underwent resection of the cervical esophagus with regional lymph node dissection. Two of those patients experienced severe complications; one subsequently died (hospital death) from pneumonia, 12 months after surgery, while the other died from recurrence of his cancer. The third patient is alive and cancer-free. Early detection of a second primary malignancy in the residual cervical esophagus followed by endoscopic resection is the best treatment strategy for patients who previously received subtotal esophagectomy for thoracic esophageal cancer. Surgical resection puts patients at high risk of mortality or morbidity.     

Therapeutic effectiveness of chemoradiotherapy for carcinosarcoma of the esophagus: two case reports and a review of the literature

Esophageal carcinosarcoma is an extremely rare tumor, and surgery is the mainstay of treatment. We report two patients with carcinosarcoma of the esophagus who received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and underwent curative resection. Patient 1 was a 50-year-old man with a type 2 lesion in the upper thoracic esophagus; clinical stage was T3 or partial T4N1M0. After chemoradiotherapy the tumor and the lymph nodes become smaller, and subtotal esophagectomy was performed. Patient 2 was a 66-year-old man with a protruding lesion in the lower thoracic esophagus. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy was administered, and he had a partial response. However, surgery was postponed because of pneumonia; 11 months later, tumor enlargement was confirmed and we then performed subtotal esophagectomy. The therapeutic role and effectiveness of both chemotherapy and radiotherapy remain unclear. We reviewed 26 previously reported cases of esophageal carcinosarcoma treated by chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or both. These findings suggest that preoperative chemoradiotherapy may be effective for downstaging the primary tumor in patients with advanced esophageal carcinosarcoma.     

Diagnosis and multi-modality treatment of adult pulmonary plastoma:Analysis of 18 cases and review of literature

The clinical data of 18 patients with PB from April 1989 to April 2013 was analyzed retrospectively,including 11 men and 7 women,aged 45 and 76 years old(mean 53 years).There were 12 eases of PB occurrlng in right lung and other cases in left lung,AraBng them,3 patients had no symptoms,and 15 patients displayed symptoms of cough,chest pain,asthenia or minor hacmoptysis.Overall,11 patients had a preoperative diagnosis of lung cancer,7 patients were preoperatively diagnosed as the other disease,which included lung benign tumor(n=5)and mediastinal mass(n=2).All patients received a radical resection.Six patients received postoperative cisplalinbascd chemothcrapy,and two paticnts received postoperative irradiation with the dose of 55 Gy.Histologically.14 eases of 18 patients had biphasie pulmonary blastema and four cases had well differentiated fetal adenocarcinoma.A total of 12 patients died in a period of 6-36 months after operation,and 1 ease was lost after 2 years of follow up.The median survival time was 19 months,PB is a rare primary lung malignant embryonal neoplasm.Despite its assumed embyonal origin,the tumor has a predileetion for adults.A preoperative correct diagnosis is very difficult in spite of modern diagnostic imaging and biopsy techniques,Surgical resection is the main method for diagnosis and treatment.Postoperative chemotherapy or irradiation can help eliminate tumor remnants.Its prognosis is very poor,especially for the biphasie type.     

以磨玻璃样密度影为表现的早期肺癌并发肺结核患者的诊治分析

目的 分析以磨玻璃样密度影(ground-glass opacity,GGO)为表现的早期肺癌并发肺结核患者的临床特点,以达到早期识别及治疗的目的。方法 对山东大学附属山东省胸科医院自2013年1月至2018年2月确诊的14例以GGO为首要表现的肺癌并发肺结核患者的临床表现、CT扫描征象、手术方式、病理类型等进行回顾性分析。结果 以GGO为表现的早期肺癌并发肺结核以查体时发现多见(9/14),CT表现为陈旧性结核病灶并发混合密度GGO(mGGO) 12例;GGO与结核病灶位于同侧同叶4例。术前对患者进行规范抗结核药物治疗9例,术后继续行规范抗结核药物治疗6例。术前有3例患者行CT引导下肺穿刺活检确诊肺癌,其余11例为术中冰冻切片病理检查证实。行肺叶切除加纵隔淋巴结清扫10例,肺叶(GGO病灶所在处)切除加同侧异叶肺结核瘤局部切除2例,肺段切除1例,楔形切除1例。肺结核病灶标本经病理检查确诊10例,另4例依据病史及影像学表现符合陈旧性肺结核诊断;表现为GGO的早期肺癌病灶标本经病理检查确诊腺癌11例,鳞癌1例,腺鳞癌1例,大细胞癌1例。纵隔淋巴结病理检查均未见转移。本组患者术后均顺利康复,短期随访未见肿瘤复发、转移及结核复燃等。结论 GGO为表现的早期肺癌并发肺结核患者其临床表现无特异性,薄层CT扫描加动态观察有利于诊断。手术方式需在肺癌切除的基础上兼顾结核病灶的处理,规范的抗结核药物治疗加手术切除治疗效果满意。     

Salvage esophagectomy after definitive chemoradiotherapy for synchronous double cancers of the esophagus and head-and-neck

Head-and-neck cancer is frequently associated with esophageal cancer. Because the operative procedures for these synchronous double cancers are too invasive, definitive chemoradiotherapy tends to be applied as an initial treatment. A salvage esophagectomy for either recurrent or residual disease after definitive chemoradiotherapy in patients with such double cancer has never been reported. We reviewed 21 patients with esophageal cancer who underwent a salvage esophagectomy after definitive chemoradiotherapy. Among them, the treatment course of five patients who underwent a salvage esophagectomy for patients with synchronous double cancers of the esophagus and head-and-neck region was analyzed. Because head-and-neck cancer was well controlled after chemoradiotherapy in all five patients, a salvage esophagectomy was indicated for either recurrent or residual esophageal cancer after definitive chemoradiotherapy. Anastomotic leakage developed in four patients; however, no other complications including pulmonary complications were recognized. All of them were discharged to home and three of them are still alive without any recurrence for 20–43 months. A salvage esophagectomy should be considered as a treatment option for either recurrent or residual esophageal cancer with well-controlled head-and-neck cancer after definitive chemoradiotherapy when complete resection of the esophagus is expected.     

Significance of post-chemoradiation biopsy in predicting residual esophageal carcinoma in the surgical specimen

Pathologic complete response in the resected esophagus can be achieved in approximately 30% of patients with locally advanced esophageal or gastroesophageal junction carcinoma after preoperative chemoradiation therapy. These patients tend to have a longer survival than those who have less than pathologic complete response. Post-chemoradiation esophageal biopsy (PCEB) is used to check for the presence of residual tumor before a definitive resection is performed, but the clinical significance of PCEB findings is not clear due to the possibility of sampling bias and the superficial nature of the specimen obtained. We evaluated the use of PCEB (defined as biopsy taken within 30 days before esophagectomy) in predicting residual cancer in post-treatment esophagectomy specimens. PCEB was performed in 65 of 183 (36%) patients with locally advanced esophageal or gastroesophageal junction carcinoma, who received preoperative chemoradiation therapy. The cancer status in PCEB was correlated with the residual cancer in the esophagectomy specimens. PCEB had no cancer in 80% (52 of 65) of patients (Bx-negative) and cancer in 20% (13 of 65) of patients (Bx-positive). There was no difference in the presence of residual cancer (either in esophagus or lymph node) in esophagectomy specimens between Bx-negative patients (77%, 40 of 52) or Bx-positive patients (92%, 12 of 13), P = 0.44. The positive predictive value of biopsy was 92% (12 of 13), negative predictive value 23% (12 of 52), sensitivity 23% (12 of 52) and specificity 92% (12 of 13). There was no difference in the residual cancer staging in the esophagectomy specimen between Bx-positive and Bx-negative patients. In contrast, residual metastatic carcinoma in lymph nodes was more frequent in Bx-positive patients (69.2%, 9 of 13) than in Bx-negative patients (28.8%, 15 of 52), P = 0.01. Our data suggest that PCEB is a specific but not a sensitive predictor of residual cancer following esophagectomy. Bx-positive patients tend to have more frequent residual tumor in lymph nodes. The utility of PCEB in predicting residual cancer in the lymph nodes needs to be explored further along with molecular predictors of response to preoperative therapy.     

Role of surgery in the management and prognosis of limited‐stage small cell carcinoma of the esophagus

Small cell carcinoma of the esophagus (SCCE) is a rare, highly aggressive tumor characterized by early dissemination and a poor prognosis. Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy have been used alone or in combination for the treatment of this rare disease. The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze the role of surgery in the management of limited‐stage SCCE at a high‐volume center. We retrospectively evaluated 73 patients with limited‐stage SCCE who received an esophagectomy at our center from January 1994 to December 2011. The clinical characteristics, median survival times (MSTs), overall survival (OS), and relevant prognostic factors were analyzed. The overall MST was 23.0 months, and the 1‐, 2‐, 3‐, and 5‐year OS rates were 61.6%, 47.9%, 22.7%, and 10.6%, respectively. The MST for patients without lymph node involvement (33.0 months) was greater than the MST for patients with lymph node involvement (17.0 months) (P = 0.014). Similarly, patients who underwent radical resection had a greater MST (25.0 months) than patients who underwent palliative resection (7.0 months) (P = 0.004). Patients who received chemotherapy had a greater MST (27.0 months) than patients who did not receive chemotherapy (13.0 months) (P = 0.021). Survival analysis confirmed that a radical operation, chemotherapy, and lymph node involvement were independent prognostic factors. This study suggests that radical resection combined with chemotherapy should be recommended for patients with limited‐stage SCCE, especially patients with negative regional lymph nodes. A lack of lymph node metastasis was a good prognostic factor because patients without lymph node involvement had greater OS.     

Salvage esophagectomy after definitive chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer

Salvage esophagectomy is performed for esophageal cancer after definitive chemoradiotherapy. The clinical significance and safety of salvage surgery has not been well established. We reviewed 14 cases of salvage esophagectomy following definitive chemoradiotherapy from 1994 through 2005 and investigated complication rates and outcomes. Seven of 14 cases were completely resected with salvage surgery. Operation time and bleeding were greater in patients who experienced incomplete resection (R1/R2). Anastomosis leakage, pulmonary dysfunction and heart failure were recognized in four, two and one patients, respectively. The postoperative complications were more frequent (71.4%) in patients with incomplete resection (R1/R2) than in patients with complete resection (R0) (28.4%). Two patients with complete resection (R0) showed long-term survival. Salvage esophagectomy may be indicated when the tumor can be resected completely after definitive chemotherapy. However, all cases of T4 cancer cannot be resected completely, resulting in a high risk for complications and poor survival.     

Treatment of 100 patients with small cell lung cancer

100 patients with small cell lung cancer were treated in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from 1963 through 1987. The five year survival rate in patients received combined treatment (resection + chemotherapy+radiotherapy, resection+chemotherapy or resection+radiotherapy,) was 18.52% (5/27). It was better than patients received nonsurgical treatment (chemotherapy,radiotherapy or chemotherapy+radiotherapy, 58 patients). And also it was better than patients received surgical resection only (11 patients). This advantage was especially marked in patients with lesion of IIIa stage. The five year survival rate in this group was 26.31%(5/19). It was suggested that combined method (resection+chemotherapy+radiotherapy) is the first choice for the treatment of small cell lung cancer.