CMT能量输入特点与熔滴过渡行为

为分析CMT焊接方法的工艺特点,采用高速CCD摄像机建立了电弧形态和熔滴过渡视觉传感系统并且通过电流、电压传感器建立了波形采集系统,以此分析其能量输入特点和熔滴过渡行为.结果显示,CMT焊接波形控制呈现典型的直流脉冲特征,焊接时热输入较低;在CMT短路过渡过程中,熔滴尺寸随焊接电流的增加幅度不大,将熔滴尺寸控制在一定范围内可实现稳定的短路过渡.CMT短路过渡通过焊丝回抽,避免了大的电磁力,有效地消除了飞溅.当电流增大到一定值时,其过渡形式将转变为射滴过渡和短路过渡的混合过渡.     

CO2气体保护焊短路过渡控制技术的研究现状与展望

CO2气体保护焊因成本低、生产率高等特点,广泛应用于制造业。随着制造业节能减排的需求日益增加及汽车轻量化概念的推广,制造业对薄板焊接的要求不断提高,传统的焊接方式已不能满足其要求。CO2短路过渡焊相对于传统的焊接方式(钨极氩弧焊、熔化极氩弧焊、激光焊等),具有高热稳定性、低热输入、低熔深等特点,但其焊接飞溅大、焊缝成形差,从而限制了其广泛应用。CO2短路过渡焊接过程是由燃弧阶段与短路阶段组成的复杂的非线性时变系统,熔滴过渡过程决定了焊接过程的稳定性与焊缝成形的优劣。燃弧阶段熔滴在电磁收缩力、表面张力、等离子流力、金属蒸发反作用力等多种力的共同作用下长大并与熔池接触短路,同时形成稳定液桥。短路阶段,液桥在表面张力、电磁收缩力和粘滞力的作用下形成缩颈并断开。燃弧阶段的熔滴尺寸、振荡特性,短路阶段熔池的振荡特性、峰值电流都对熔滴过渡稳定性有十分重要的影响。针对短路过渡焊飞溅产生机制的研究表明,熔滴、熔池的氧化还原反应、短路前期产生的瞬时短路和短路末期液桥电爆炸是导致焊接过程不稳定及产生飞溅的主要因素。国内外众多焊接研究者针对CO2短路过渡焊熔滴过渡过程及控制技术进行了大量的研究与探索,研究工作主要分为四个方向:焊接材料成分的优化,基于焊接电源输出电信号的熔滴过渡建模及控制,基于视觉传感技术的熔滴过渡控制和基于磁控技术的CO2短路过渡焊接技术。活性焊丝和药性焊丝的推广可有效降低焊接飞溅;波控技术及衍生的CMT技术在使用小电流参数焊接时取得了优异的焊接效果;中、小电流参数条件下,磁控焊接技术可有效解决焊接飞溅和成形差问题。本文从焊丝、电源、外加磁场形式和工艺四个方面综述了国内外CO2气体保护焊短路过渡控制技术的研究现状,首先分析了CO2短路过渡焊焊接飞溅的产生机理,其次介绍了典型的CO2气体保护焊短路过渡控制技术的原理、特点和局限性,分析了不同短路过渡控制技术的特点,最后阐述了目前短路过渡控制技术在研究和应用过程中存在的问题及解决办法,并对该领域下一步发展趋势进行了展望。     

粉煤灰复合活性剂在A-TIG焊中增加熔深的机理研究

为实现对工业废弃物粉煤灰的剩余价值利用,尝试以粉煤灰作为主要原料制备焊接复合活性剂,并在AZ91镁合金板上进行A-TIG焊.利用焊缝的电特性实时采集、焊接温度场采集、电弧力测试等手段研究活性剂对电弧影响,通过熔池Bi粒子示踪实验探究活性剂对表面张力温度梯度影响.结果 表明:与常规TIG焊相比,粉煤灰复合活性剂可以使焊缝熔深增深1.4倍,熔宽减小,深宽比是常规TIG焊的1.43倍.粉煤灰复合活性剂中氟化物的解离和电离吸热过程、带电粒子的电子扩散和复合过程可以促进电弧收缩,使焊接电压升高,热输入量提高.而活性剂中的氧化物既可以通过对电弧的机械压缩作用强迫电弧收缩,又可以通过电离产生的氧元素实现对熔池液态金属表面张力温度梯度系数的改变,提高熔池中心热输入.A-TIG焊AZ91镁合金熔深增加是电弧收缩理论和表面张力温度梯度改变理论共同作用的结果.     

焊剂片约束电弧焊接三明治板熔滴过渡与熔池波动研究

针对焊剂片约束电弧(FBCA)焊接高强钢三明治板熔池研究难点,采用侧边贴敷耐高温石英玻璃片方法,采集焊接动态过程信息,实现熔池边缘曲线的提取与特征参数的计算,研究不同参数下熔滴过渡模式及熔池边缘曲线波动情况,分析熔池振荡角与焊接稳定性及焊缝成形之间的关系。结果表明：不同参数下FBCA焊接存在短路过渡、粗滴过渡、排斥过渡、细滴过渡、射滴过渡、弧桥并存过渡六种过渡方式,对芯板内熔池边缘波动的影响依次减弱;随着熔池振荡角变化,熔池边缘曲线形状存在混合U形、深U形及浅U形,电弧燃烧稳定性依次增强;当焊接处于弧桥并存过渡模式、熔池边缘曲线为浅U形时,电弧稳定燃烧,电弧力作用均匀,焊接过程稳定,焊缝质量最好。     

压铸AZ91D镁合金TIG焊接气孔研究

对压铸AZ91D镁合金进行TIG自熔焊接,研究焊接电流对压铸镁合金气孔的影响,探讨焊缝中不同区域的气孔形貌特点及形成机理。结果表明:焊接气孔主要集中在焊缝近表面和熔合线附近;焊接接头的凸起面积、熔化区面积以及气孔率均随着焊接电流的增大而增加。在焊缝近表面主要是氢致气孔,其H主要来自母材;在焊缝中心,气泡受向上的流体力和浮力作用,气孔问题并不严重;在半熔化区,气泡受阻碍其上浮运动的流体力作用,且液态金属黏度较大,气泡很难上浮逸出到熔池表面,从而滞留在半熔化区成为大气孔。     

功率密度对DP590钢激光焊缝熔深及组织的影响

目的研究相同热输入(功率/速度)下激光功率密度(功率/光斑面积)变化对焊缝熔深及组织的影响。方法在保持热输入不变的条件下,对不同功率下1.8 mm厚的DP590钢板进行光纤激光焊接试验,在光学显微镜下检测不同条件下的熔深,在扫描电镜下观察不同条件下的焊缝组织。然后,采用FLOW-3D软件对不同条件下焊接熔池/小孔行为与激光能量吸收进行了计算研究。结果随着功率密度的增加,焊缝熔深总体不断递增,但在速度为0.055 m/s和0.065 m/s时突变。结论通过模拟发现,匙孔吸收的能量影响了焊缝熔深变化。同时,焊缝冷却速率随着焊缝吸收能量的增加而降低,使得焊缝区马氏体组织大小出现差异。     

焊管CO2气体保护焊单面焊双面成形焊接工艺

焊管的单面焊双面成形焊接工艺是在接缝间隙处依靠控制熔池金属的操作技术来实现单面焊接,正、反双面成形。焊接时随着电弧热源的稳定,液态金属熔池沿前线熔化,沿后端线结晶,高温液态熔池处于悬空状态。选用100％C02气体保护焊,熔深好,焊缝成形美观,便于单面焊双面成形。焊管的单面焊双面成形焊接工艺焊缝质量好、焊接速度快、节省了焊接材料而且焊缝内部的质量容易达到探伤质量的求。     

等离子+缆式焊丝脉冲GMAW复合焊熔池流体行为研究

目的 研究等离子+缆式焊丝脉冲GMAW复合焊过程的熔池流体行为.方法 综合考虑传热学以及流体动力学,建立Fluent数值分析模型.使用双椭球–锥体热源模型代表等离子弧焊传热模型,用双椭球热源表征GMAW电弧传热并考虑熔滴传热,同时考虑熔池受到的电磁力、浮力、表面张力、等离子流力等作用力.基于Fluent软件,对复合焊过...     

CO气体保护焊单面焊双面成形工艺与应用

引言 焊管的单面焊双面成形焊接工艺是在接缝间隙处依靠控制熔池金属的操作技术来实现单面焊接,正、反双面成形。焊接时随着电弧热源的稳定,液态金属熔池沿前线熔化,沿后端线结晶,高温液态熔池处于悬空状态。选用100％CO2气体保护焊,熔深好,焊缝成形美观,便于单面焊双面成形。焊管的单面焊双面成形焊接工艺焊缝质量好、焊接速度快、节省了焊接材料而且焊缝内部的质量容易达到探伤质量的要求。     

等离子弧焊接熔池和小孔形成过程数值分析

目的 研究等离子弧焊接穿孔过程中熔池内部的金属流动情况和小孔动态变化过程。方法 通过“传热-熔池流动-小孔”之间的相互耦合关系,建立了等离子弧焊接穿孔过程的数值分析模型,通过VOF方法追踪了小孔界面,采用FLOW-3D软件模拟了等离子弧焊接熔池和小孔的形成过程,定量计算了等离子弧焊接温度场、熔池流场及小孔形状;分析了等离子弧焊接熔池和小孔行为;并通过等离子弧焊接实验数据验证了模拟结果。结果 当焊接时间为0~1.0 s时,小孔深度曲线与熔深曲线几乎相同,小孔底部紧贴熔池底部;在2.8 s以后,小孔深度曲线与熔深曲线有一定距离,小孔深度曲线在一定范围内波动,等离子弧焊接电弧挖掘作用到达极限,电弧压力与其他力达到平衡状态。模拟的焊缝熔深为8.04 mm、熔宽为13.20 mm,实验测得的焊缝熔深为8.00 mm、熔宽为13.42 mm。结论 构建的随小孔动态变化的曲面热源模型和电弧压力模型可以描述等离子弧焊接过程中的电弧热-力分布;模拟出了等离子弧焊接熔池和小孔动态演变过程;模拟得到的等离子弧焊接焊缝形貌与实验测得的焊缝形貌基本吻合。     

单束与双束串行激光填丝焊特性对比

以铝合金为研究对象,研究了双束串行激光填丝焊不同能量比对焊缝成形及焊缝气孔率的影响,并与单束激光填丝焊工艺进行对比。进一步借助高速摄像机对双束串行激光填丝焊能量比R为20/80以及单束激光填丝焊的熔池、匙孔以及等离子体的变化进行对比分析,获得了双束串行激光填丝焊能量比R为20/80时焊缝气孔率降低的原因。结果表明,对于双束串行激光填丝焊,当能量比R为20/80时焊缝气孔率较低。与单束激光填丝焊相比,双束激光填丝焊能量比R为20/80的焊缝气孔率降低了38%,而且焊接过程中焊丝熔化后沿熔池边缘流入,可大幅降低对匙孔的冲击作用,匙孔始终处于张开状态,焊接过程中等离子体的形态波动相对较小,表明焊接过程的稳定性较好。     

Effects of CO2 shielding gas additions and welding speed on GTA weld shape

Gas tungsten arc (GTA) welding with deep penetration for high efficiency has long been of concern in industry. Experimental results showed that the small addition of carbon dioxide to the argon shielding gas produces an increase in the weld metal oxygen content, which is one of the compositional variables that strongly influence the Marangoni convection on the pool surface and ultimately change the weld pool shape. An inward Marangoni convection on the weld pool occurs, and hence a narrow and deep weld pool forms when the weld metal oxygen content is over the critical value of 100 ppm. When lower than this value, the weld shape becomes wide and shallow. A heavy oxide layer forms in the periphery area on the pool surface when the CO₂ concentration in the shielding gas is over 0.6%. This continuous heavy oxide layer becomes a barrier for oxygen absorption into the molten pool, and also changes the convection mode on the pool surface. A higher welding speed decreases the heat input and temperature gradient on the pool surface, which weakens the Marangoni convection on the liquid surface.     

电子束焊接熔池周期性波动的数值模拟

为了更深入地探究电子束焊接过程中的机理问题,利用数值软件Fluent,对10mm厚的2219铝合金电子束焊接熔池进行三维瞬态模拟。分析电子束焊接进入准稳态后熔池中涡流的变化规律和产生原因,并结合电子束与匙孔壁面相互作用进行讨论。结果表明:电子束焊接进入准稳态后熔池呈周期性波动;根据液态金属流动情况可将焊接熔池分为3个区域,区域Ⅰ中的液态金属维持了熔池体积的稳定,区域Ⅱ中的涡流起到扩大熔池表面的作用,区域Ⅲ中的涡流促使匙孔坍塌;通过对电子束与匙孔壁面的耦合分析可知,电子束在匙孔壁面上并不是均匀分布的,这造成了匙孔底部具有一定的滞后性。     

激光熔丝增材过程传热流动行为数值模拟

目的 研究激光熔丝增材制造过程的熔池流动特性,探究工艺参数对熔池流动与传热行为的影响.方法 建立了考虑运动丝材持续送进过程的激光熔丝增材熔池传热和流动行为数学模型.针对316L不锈钢的激光熔丝增材制造,开展了成形过程中丝材送进、熔化和凝固行为的实验和数值模拟研究.结果 模拟结果 显示在成形过程中,准稳态阶段激光辐照中心的最高温度约为2500 K.金属液主要由丝材端部向熔池尾部流去,并在熔池尾部凝固形成堆积体.同时,熔池表面最大速度可达0.8 m/s,并具有速度振荡特征.结论 基于激光熔丝增材制造过程数学模型的模拟结果 与实验吻合良好,结果 表明,减小送丝速度会增大熔池表面高温区面积,并导致熔池的速度振荡程度增加.     

扫描激光-热丝焊接过程焊丝熔入行为分析

采用Red lake高速摄影系统观察了扫描激光-热丝焊接过程中焊丝熔入行为,分析了光丝间距、扫描激光及焊丝加热等工艺因素对焊丝熔入行为的影响。研究结果表明,当光丝间距处于-1 mm~1 mm范围内时,填充焊丝可实现连续稳定的液桥过渡;加入扫描激光后,焊丝在熔入过程中会出现一定程度的摆动,且随着激光扫描幅度增加,焊丝摆动幅度先增后减;对焊丝进行加热后,焊丝熔入方式包括连续液桥过渡、熔滴过渡和电弧过渡3种,且焊丝摆动幅度较焊丝不预热时明显减小。     

Development of an advanced A-TIG (AA-TIG) welding method by control of Marangoni convection

A new type of tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding has been developed, in which an ultra-deep penetration is obtained. In order to control the Marangoni convection induced by the surface tension gradient on the molten pool, He gas containing a small amount of oxidizing gas was used. The effect of the concentration of O₂ and CO₂ in the shielding gas on the weld shape was studied for the bead-on-plate TIG welding of SUS304 stainless under He–O₂ and He–CO₂ mixed shielding gases. Because oxygen is a surface active element for stainless steel, the addition of oxygen to the molten pool can control the Marangoni convection from the outward to inward direction on the liquid pool surface. When the oxygen content in the liquid pool is over a critical value, around 70 ppm, the weld shape suddenly changes from a wide shallow shape to a deep narrow shape due to the change in the direction of the Marangoni convection. Also, for He-based shielding gas, a high welding current will strengthen both the inward Marangoni convection on the pool surface and the inward electromagnetic convection in the liquid pool. Accordingly, at a welding speed of 0.75 mm/s, the welding current of 160 A and the electrode gap of 1 mm under the He–0.4%O₂ shielding, the depth/width ratio reaches 1.8, which is much larger for Ar–O₂ shielding gas (0.7). The effects of the welding parameters, such as welding speed and welding current were also systematically investigated. In addition, a double shielding gas method has been developed to prevent any consumption of the tungsten electrode.     

Bubble flow and the formation of cavity defect in weld pool of vacuum electron beam welding

Seen from gas-liquid two-phase-flow system, the gas phase and liquid phase of bubble flow in weld pool are studied by means of isolated phase based on the conservation of mass and momentum. The two-dimensional fractional flow model of bubble flow in weld pool of vacuum electron beam welding is developed. And the gas distribution and the phenomenon of bubble flow in weld pool of AZ91D magnesium alloy are simulated to analyze the formation and distribution of cavity defects. The results show that the possibility of gas escape in fully penetrated weld pool is much greater than non-penetrated weld. It appears that the probability of cavity defects is lower than non-penetrated weld to some extent. The formation of typical cavity defects is closely related to the flow pattern and flow characteristics of the bubble flow in deep penetration weld pool of vacuum electron beam welding. Higher liquid flow rate is more conducive to the escape of gas in molten metal, so that the final porosity in weld is low.     

Bubble flow and the formation of cavity defect in weld pool of vacuum electron beam welding

Seen from gas-liquid two-phase-flow system, the gas phase and liquid phase of bubble flow in weld pool are studied by means of isolated phase based on the conservation of mass and momentum. The two-dimensional fractional flow model of bubble flow in weld pool of vacuum electron beam welding is developed. And the gas distribution and the phenomenon of bubble flow in weld pool of AZ91D magnesium alloy are simulated to analyze the formation and distribution of cavity defects. The results show that the possibility of gas escape in fully penetrated weld pool is much greater than non-penetrated weld. It appears that the probability of cavity defects is lower than non-penetrated weld to some extent. The formation of typical cavity defects is closely related to the flow pattern and flow characteristics of the bubble flow in deep penetration weld pool of vacuum electron beam welding. Higher liquid flow rate is more conducive to the escape of gas in molten metal, so that the final porosity in weld is low.