轴流桨搅拌槽内完全湍流的研究

为研究轴流桨搅拌槽内完全湍流状况,采用相位多普勒粒子分析仪(PDPA)对MK和ZHX搅拌器进行流场测试,得到不同工况下的时均速度场分布.应用渐近不变性方法,选取适当的特征尺度,给出挡板处壁面射流的轴向速度相似剖面,确定用于评定槽内完全湍流界限的轴向速度分布曲线,建立了搅拌雷诺数与搅拌槽内完全湍流流动达到的高度之间的线性关系.结果表明,非全槽完全湍流状态下,槽上部会出现过渡流区;随雷诺数的增大,搅拌槽内完全湍流流动达到的高度增大;不同型式搅拌器的完全湍流流场所需的雷诺数不同,单层桨搅拌槽内达到全槽完全湍流需要很大的搅拌功率.     

螺旋桨搅拌槽内湍流参数

在直径494和1600mm的平底有机玻璃槽内,利用一维恒温热膜风速仪测量了7种不同搅拌桨-槽体系中流体的时均速度、脉动速度、能谱函数、微分尺度以及湍流耗散等,对螺旋桨搅拌槽内湍流参数分布进行了详细的描述,研究了叶轮叶端安放角及离底距离对流动场的影响,并分析了放大过程对流动场的影响。     

非标准挡板搅拌槽内湍流流场的数值模拟

采用分离涡模型研究了非标准挡板搅拌槽内的流体力学特性,利用滑移网格法模拟了搅拌桨与挡板之间的相对运动。在验证了模拟方法有效性的基础上,分析了挡板布置方式对搅拌槽内的流场、速度与湍动能分布以及功率消耗的影响。结果表明,挡板布置方式对搅拌槽内的流场结构影响较小,但会改变桨叶射流的方向;对速度大小有一定的影响,完全非对称布置时的速度分布最均匀;搅拌功率随挡板非对称程度的增大略有提高,标准挡板的功率消耗与夹角为20°时的功率消耗非常接近,而且标准挡板时的湍动能最大,优于非标准挡板布置方式。     

轴流桨搅拌槽内轴向流动速度的研究

为研究轴流桨搅拌槽内轴向速度的分布,在直径为300 mm的平底圆筒搅拌槽内,采用相位多普勒粒子分析仪(PDPA)对轴流式搅拌器主流区的流场进行测量。在不同转速和离底间隙条件下,对挡板前轴向时均速度在径向和轴向的分布进行分析和研究,采用壁面射流理论,建立搅拌槽内壁面射流流动模型,揭示轴向流动特性。结果表明:轴向速度沿径向的分布具有相似性;轴向最大速度沿轴向衰减;轴向流边界沿轴向线性扩展。研究结果有助于进一步了解搅拌槽内部流动特性,为固-液悬浮操作、过程放大和搅拌设备的优化设计提供理论依据。     

各向异性k-ε湍流模型在Rushton桨搅拌槽三维流场整体数值模拟中的应用

根据搅拌槽内的流动呈各向异性的特点,引入适用于强旋转流场的各向异性k-ε湍流模型,用改进的内外迭代法对有挡板的Rushton桨搅拌槽进行了整体数值模拟.利用文献中对搅拌槽内流场测定结果,给出了适用于Rushton 桨搅拌槽的各向异性湍流黏度系数值.模拟计算得到了搅拌槽内的流场分布和脉动速度分布,并同标准k-e湍流模型计算结果及文献数据进行比较.结果表明,各向异性k-ε湍流模型能成功反映Reynolds应力、湍流动能等湍流特征量,明显优于标准k-ε湍流模型.     

各向异性k-ε湍流模型在Rushton桨搅拌槽三维流场整体数值模拟中的应用

根据搅拌槽内的流动呈各向异性的特点 ,引入适用于强旋转流场的各向异性k -ε湍流模型 ,用改进的内外迭代法对有挡板的Rushton桨搅拌槽进行了整体数值模拟 .利用文献中对搅拌槽内流场测定结果 ,给出了适用于Rushton桨搅拌槽的各向异性湍流黏度系数值 .模拟计算得到了搅拌槽内的流场分布和脉动速度分布 ,并同标准k -ε湍流模型计算结果及文献数据进行比较 .结果表明 ,各向异性k -ε湍流模型能成功反映Reynolds应力、湍流动能等湍流特征量 ,明显优于标准k -ε湍流模型 .     

双层圆盘涡轮式搅拌器的CFX流场模拟

利用最新流体力学软件ANSYS-CFX12.0对双层六直叶圆盘涡轮搅拌槽内流场进行了数值模拟。采用湍流模型成功的模拟了搅拌槽内的流动,并与对应实验结果进行了对比;考察了同转速,不同搅拌层间距、底搅拌层离底高度下的流场分布,给出了湍流动能分布图,对其搅拌效果的影响进行分析,为该领域研究者提供了借鉴。     

基于颗粒动力学理论的搅拌器中固液流动的数值模拟

在欧拉双流体模型基础上引入颗粒动力学理论(KTGF)，对带挡板圆盘涡桨式搅拌器内的固液两相流动进行数值模拟。结果表明，搅拌器底部颗粒温度分布与固相浓度分布趋势吻合，转速低于600 r/min时，槽底会形成明显的颗粒沉积，转速从600 r/min增至1500 r/min，堆积区向轴中心收缩，基于颗粒动力学理论可以合理解释挡板及叶轮转速对固相浓度分布的影响。随叶轮转速增大，搅拌器内固液两相湍流运动加剧，颗粒温度、湍动能及轴向速度增加，颗粒分布更均匀，但达到完全悬浮状态后颗粒温度趋于稳定。搅拌器底部和挡板处颗粒堆积导致了局部颗粒浓度增加及颗粒平均自由行程减少，颗粒温度反而降低；同时挡板布置使搅拌器内形成了双循环回路，加强了流体的湍流程度，增强了湍动能，但导致颗粒在挡板处积聚，不利于固相在挡板处均匀分布。     

采用大涡PIV方法研究搅拌槽内湍流动能耗散率

在槽径为0.476 m的六直叶涡轮桨搅拌槽内,采用粒子图像测速仪(PIV)对桨叶区的流场进行了实验研究,得到了桨叶区的平均流速和湍流动能(k)分布,采用大涡PIV方法对湍流动能耗散率(e)分布进行了估算,计算了e与k的相关系数. 结果表明大涡PIV方法能有效地估算e分布;桨叶区的射流向上倾斜,两尾涡分布于射流两侧,射流的倾角和两尾涡中心间距随射流向壁面运动而变化,射流倾角先增大再减小,相位角q=40o时达到最大值13.2o,两尾涡中心间距先减小再增大,q=20o时达到最小值0.0387(用槽径T无因次化);湍流动能和湍流动能耗散率峰值均位于尾涡靠近射流的区域;湍流动能和湍流动能耗散率的平均相关系数为0.363,射流核心区相关系数小于周边区域.     

异型挡板絮凝反应器流场特性的分析研究

利用LDA对异型挡板(正弦挡板)和普通挡板絮凝反应器内的流场进行了测量,搅拌装置采用斜叶式搅拌桨(PBT搅拌桨),测试液采用甘油与去离子水的混合液。通过实验,获得了搅拌轴转速在600r/min时反应器内的时均速度场、脉动速度场和湍流强度场,通过对比分析可知异型挡板絮凝反应器流场内平均速度产生了渐变的速度梯度和更大的均方根脉动速度,均化了湍动能的分布,解决了传统机械搅拌式絮凝器存在的混合区域不均匀性问题,理论上提高了颗粒的碰撞几率。而挡板本身的结构特点,解决了流场内的“死区”问题,对反应器絮凝效果起到了强化作用。     

CFD analysis of turbulence in a baffled stirred tank, a three-compartment model

Three-compartment model was used to study non-homogeneity of mixing in a fully baffled stirred tank. Multiple reference frame (MRF) technique was used for calculations. Calculations were performed to study the effects of agitator speed, impeller diameter, baffle width and distance of impeller from bottom of the tank on turbulent flow field. Three different zones of the vessel, that were a small zone near the impeller, another zone around the baffles, and a relatively large zone far from the impeller and baffles, named circulation zone, were investigated. Boundaries of these zones were determined using two different methods. The first method used gradient of energy dissipation rate while the other method used cumulative energy dissipation rate to determine the zone boundaries. Zone boundaries determined by both methods were comparable. The turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate gradient was the preferred method due to its simplicity. Turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate increased with agitator speed in all zones. Both turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate and turbulent kinetic energy showed considerable change with impeller diameter at impeller zone, while no remarkable change was observed at baffle and circulation zones. Three-compartment model parameters, impeller and baffle energy dissipation ratios λ_i, λ_b, impeller and baffle volume ratios μ_i, μ_b and impeller and baffle exchange flow rates Q_i, Q_b were obtained from CFD simulations. Impeller energy dissipation ratio, impeller exchange flow rate and baffle exchange flow rate increased while baffle volume ratio decreased with agitation rate and impeller diameter. Baffle energy dissipation ratio and impeller volume ratio showed no considerable change with agitation rate and impeller diameter.     

Flow structure and the effect of macro-instabilities in a pitched-blade stirred tank

Turbulent flow inside a dished bottom baffled stirred tank reactor (STR) with a 45° pitched blade impeller is studied numerically and experimentally. Three different impeller rotational speeds are studied corresponding to impeller Reynolds numbers of 44,000, 88,000 and 132,000, respectively. The numerical study is based on a large-eddy simulation (LES) technique with a fixed body-fitted curvilinear mesh. The moving impeller geometries are modeled using an immersed boundary method (IBM). The experiments consist of particle image velocimeter (PIV) measurements of the flow field. The instantaneous as well as the time-averaged flow field suggests the formation of trailing vortex structures which are associated with higher levels of turbulent kinetic energy relative to the remaining flow field. Instabilities occurring at a frequency lower than the frequency of impeller rotation are identified from the time signal of the velocity components. The role of these lower frequency macro-instabilities (MI) is explored by observing changes in the three-dimensional circulation pattern within the stirred tank. The growth and dissipation of trailing edge vortices are shown to be appreciably influenced by the macro-instability. A significant amount of kinetic energy (velocity fluctuations) is observed to be associated with the low frequency dynamics of the trailing edge vortices during an MI cycle.     

螺旋桨搅拌槽内湍流运动测量及数据处理

螺旋桨搅拌槽内湍流运动测量及数据处理侯拴弟，王英琛，施力田（北京化工大学化学工程系，北京１０００２９）关键词搅拌槽，湍流运动，螺旋桨１前言轴流式搅拌槽常用于物料混匀、结晶、悬浮及催化反应等过程，是化工生产中重要的单元设备之一。纵观以往文献［１～３］，...     

半椭圆管盘式涡轮桨搅拌槽内湍流结构的时间解析PIV研究(英文)

The turbulence structure in the stirred tank with a deep hollow blade (semi-ellispe) disc turbine (HEDT) was investigated by using time-resolved particle image velocimetry (TRPIV) and traditional PIV. In the stirred tank, the turbulence generated by blade passage includes the periodic components and the random turbulent ones. Traditional PIV with angle-resolved measurement and TRPIV with wavelet analysis were both used to obtain the random turbulent kinetic energy as a comparison. The wavelet analysis method was successfully used in this work to separate the random turbulent kinetic energy. The distributions of the periodic kinetic energy and the random turbulent kinetic energy were obtained. In the impeller region, the averaged random turbulent kinetic energy was about 2.6 times of the averaged periodic one. The kinetic energies at different wavelet scales from a6 to d1 were also calculated and compared. TRPIV was used to record the sequence of instantaneous velocity in the impeller stream. The evolution of the impeller stream was observed clearly and the sequence of the vorticity field was also obtained for the identification of vortices. The slope of the energy spectrum was approximately &;#61485;5/3 in high frequency representing the existence of inertial subrange and some isotropic properties in stirred tank. From the power spectral density (PSD), one peak existed evidently, which was located at f0 (blade passage frequency) generated by the blade passage.     

STUDY OF THE TURBULENT FLOW IN AN UNBAFFLED STIRRED TANK BY DETACHED EDDY SIMULATION

Detached eddy simulation (DES) of the liquid-phase turbulent flow in an unbaffled stirred tank agitated by a six-blade, 45°-pitched blade turbine was performed in this study. The tank wall is cylindrical with no baffle and the fluid flow problem was solved in a single reference frame (SRF) rotating with the impeller. For the purpose of comparison, computation based on large eddy simulation (LES) was also carried out. The commercial code Fluent was used for all simulations. Predictions of the phase-averaged turbulent flow quantities and power consumption were conducted. Results obtained by DES were compared with experimental laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) data from the literature and with the predictions obtained by LES. It was found that numerical results of mean velocity and turbulent kinetic energy profiles as well as the power consumption are in good agreement with the LDV data. When performed on the same computational grid, which is under-resolved in the sense of LES, DES allows better accuracy than LES in that it works better in the boundary layers on the surface of the impeller and the stirred tank walls. It can be concluded that DES has the potential to predict accurately the turbulent flow in stirred tanks and can be used as an effective tool to study the hydrodynamics in stirred tanks.     

几种单层桨搅拌槽内宏观混合特性的比较

为了丰富对向心桨的混合特性的认识,比较了向心桨、Rushton桨、三斜叶桨和穿流桨的单层桨搅拌槽内的宏观混合特性,考察了搅拌转速、桨叶离底高度对搅拌槽混合时间和功率特性的影响。结果表明,四种桨的宏观混合时间均随着搅拌转速的增加而减少,搅拌功率均随转速的增加逐渐增大。当转速相同时,四种桨型中Rushton桨的功率消耗最大,三斜叶桨功率消耗最小,向心桨的功率消耗仅仅比三斜叶桨高。桨叶离底高度的变化对四种桨型的混合时间和功率的影响不尽相同。混合效率的影响因素大小顺序为：搅拌转速>桨型>桨叶离底高度。在考察的四种桨型中,向心桨的混合效率最高。研究成果可为向心桨等新型搅拌桨的工业应用积累实验数据,为其优化设计和放大提供理论依据。     

无挡板搅拌槽中液－固体系的分散特性

在内径0.3 m、高0.45 m的无挡板搅拌槽内,采用直径0.15 m的三叶70o下推斜叶透平桨(PBTD, Pitched Blade Turbine Downflow)进行水-二氧化硅两相体系液固分散特性的研究. 应用PC-6A粉体浓度测量仪对体系中颗粒局部浓度进行测定. 考察了颗粒平均相含率为0.005的条件下,不同搅拌转速、搅拌桨离底高度对颗粒局部浓度分布的影响. 结果表明,采用较高搅拌转速、较低的搅拌桨离底高度有利于固体颗粒的悬浮. 本实验中,在搅拌转速为173 r/min、搅拌桨离底高度为0.08 m的操作条件下,颗粒悬浮效果最好.     

几种框式桨搅拌槽内流动特性的比较研究

用粒子成像测速（PIV）技术对传统框式桨、传统框式组合桨和新型框式组合桨的流动特性进行研究,对比了三种框式桨在相同工况下搅拌槽内的速度、流型和湍动能。结果表明：传统框式桨搅拌槽内流体流动以水平环流为主,在框式桨上方和框式桨中间区域流体流动不充分;传统框式组合桨搅拌槽内框式桨上方由于二折叶桨的作用使得框式桨上部流体流速变大,槽内流体上下部的流动得到加强,但在框式桨中心区域依旧存在流动死区;新型框式组合桨搅拌槽内两层桨叶间的连接流得到了加强,框式桨底部和中间区域物质和能量的交换更加充分。在考察的三种框式桨中,新型框式组合桨的混合效果更好。研究结果可为新型框式组合桨应用于化工合成工业中提供参考。