糖尿病患者凝血状态及影响因素研究

目的观察糖尿病患者与非糖尿病患者的凝血状态差异及其影响因素,为临床治疗糖尿病合并凝血功能异常提供参考。方法选择糖尿病患者251例(糖尿病组),糖尿病组又根据是否有大血管病变分为大血管病变组163例,无大血管病变组88例,另选择健康体检者80例(对照组),观察其凝血酶时间(TT)、活化部分凝血酶原时间(APTT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、纤维蛋白原(Fib)的差异。结果糖尿病组TT[(16.28±1.44)s vs(17.80±0.97)s]、APTT[(35.57±3.73)s vs(37.46±4.17)s]、PT[(12.60±1.08)s vs(13.84±0.60)s]较对照组明显缩短,Fib[(3.21±0.87)g/L vs(2.91±0.55)g/L]较对照组明显增高(P<0.05,P<0.01)。大血管病变组Fib较无大血管病变组明显升高(P=0.03)。糖尿病组主要影响凝血指标的是糖化血红蛋白、TC、LDL-C。结论糖尿病患者存在凝血系统的异常,糖化血红蛋白、TC、LDL-C水平与凝血指标具有明显的相关性。     

血清前白蛋白、总胆汁酸、凝血指标、血小板参数检测在肝硬化中的临床意义

目的探讨血清前白蛋白(PA)、总胆汁酸(TBA)、凝血指标、血小板参数的检测对评估肝硬化患者病情的临床价值。方法 140例肝硬化患者按Child-Pugh分级分为Child-Pugh A级组(38例)、Child-Pugh B级组(60例)、Child-Pugh C级组(42例),另选择50例健康体检者为对照组,分别测定患者PA、TBA、凝血指标[凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)及纤维蛋白原(Fib)]、血小板参数[血小板(PLT)计数、血小板平均体积(MPV)、血小板分布宽度(PDW)及大血小板比率(P-LCR)],并进行对比分析。结果与对照组比较,肝硬化组PA降低,TBA升高,PT、APTT、TT延长,Fib降低,MPV、PDW、P-LCR升高,PLT降低(P均0.01)。随着患者Child-Pugh级别升高,PA逐渐降低,TBA逐渐升高(P均0.01);凝血功能PT、APTT、TT逐渐延长,Fib逐渐降低(P均0.01);血小板参数MPV、PDW、P-LCR逐渐增高,PLT逐渐降低(P均0.01)。结论 PA、TBA、凝血指标、血小板参数与肝硬化Child-Pugh分级密切相关,联合检测上述指标对评估肝硬化患者病情及预后有重要意义。     

肝硬化门静脉血栓凝血和抗凝指标变化的临床研究

目的 探讨肝硬化门静脉血栓(PVT)患者凝血和抗凝指标的变化.方法 选择北京朝阳医院消化内科2006-2007年诊断的肝硬化PVT患者,依据螺旋CT增强扫描诊断PVT,20例肝硬化PVT患者作为血栓组,匹配肝硬化非血栓患者40例作为对照组,对两组凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(Am)、纤维蛋白原(Fib)、蛋白S(PS)和抗凝血酶-Ⅲ(AT-Ⅲ)进行检测,采用SPSS软件对结果进行统计学分析.结果 经检测血栓组患者PS为(18.68±3.14)mg/L、AT-Ⅲ为(94.65±7.96)%,均显著低于对照组的(20.44±3.04)mg/L和(100.26±9.27)%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).血栓组与对照组的PT、APTT、Fib检测结果相似,差异无统计学意义.PT和APTT随着肝功能恶化而显著延长,Fib、AT-Ⅲ随肝功能恶化而减低,Child-Push分级比较差异有统计学意义.PS较正常值下降,但Child-Pugh分级比较差异无统计学意义.结论 肝硬化患者存在明显的凝血和抗凝指标的异常,肝硬化PVT患者的PS和AT-Ⅲ明显低于肝硬化无PVT患者,PS和AT-Ⅲ可能在肝硬化PVT形成起到重要作用.     

二氧化碳气腹时间对老年腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者凝血-纤溶和血管内皮细胞活性的影响

目的 观察二氧化碳(CO2)气腹时间对老年人腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)患者凝血-纤溶和血管内皮细胞活性的影响.方法 胆石症择期行LC患者45例,年龄＞60岁,术后根据气腹持续时间分组:气腹时间≤60 min组21例;气腹时间＞60 min组24例.于入院检查时(术前)、术毕、术后第1、2、3天抽取静脉血检测凝血酶原时间(PT)、激活部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶原片段1+2(F1+2)浓度、抗凝血酶-Ⅲ(AT-Ⅲ)活性、纤维蛋白原(Fib)浓度、组织纤溶酶原激活物(t-PA)浓度、纤溶酶原激活物抑制物-1(PAI-1)浓度、D-二聚体(D-D)浓度、血管性血友病因子(vWF)活性.结果 (1)凝血指标:术后第3天,＞60 min组的,F1+2为 (1.60±0.26) μg/L,高于≤60 min组的(1.32±0.24) μg/L(P＜0.05);AT-Ⅲ为(84.82±20.21)%,低于≤60 min组的(97.49±16.87)%(P＜0.05);术后第2、3天的Fib分别为(3.87±0.62)、(3.98±0.77)g/L,高于≤60 min组的 (3.42±0.72)、(3.42±0.63)g/L(P＜0.05).(2)纤溶-抗纤溶指标:＞60 min组术后第2 、3天的PAI-1为(33.93±10.42)、(32.90±11.25) μg/L高于≤60 min组的(26.69±9.49)、(26.31±7.06)μg/L(P＜0.05).(3)血管内皮细胞活性指标:＞60 min组术后第2 、3天的vWF为(174.53±44.03)%、(176.31±47.6)%,高于≤60 min组的(134.37±37.74)%、(131.21±36.34)% (P＜0.05).结论 老年LC患者,术后有明显的凝血-纤溶激活和血管内膜损伤;随气腹时间延长,凝血激活和纤溶抑制程度高,凝血-纤溶相对不平衡,血管内膜损伤更明显,可能增加血栓形成风险.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the effect of duration of carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum on coagulation, fibrinolysis and endothelial activation in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Methods The 45 elderly patients with cholelithiasis scheduled for LC, aged over 60 yeas, were placed in different groups respectively after surgery according to the duration of pneumoperitoneum. The duration of pneumoperitoneum was ≤60 minutes in group A (n=21),and more than 60 minutes in group B (n=24). Venous blood samples were taken on admission (baseline), at the end of surgery, the 1st, 2nd and 3rd day after surgery for determination of prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin fragment F1+2 (F1+2), antithrombin 3 (AT-Ⅲ activity), fibrinogen (Fib), tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), D-dimer (D-D), von Willebrand factor (vWF activity). Results Concerning the coagulation activation, at the 3rd postoperative day, the level of F1+2 was significantly higher in group B than in group A [(1.60±0.26) μg/L vs. (1.32±0.24) μg/L, P＜0.05]; AT-III was significantly higher in group B than in group A [(84.82%±20.21%) vs. (97.49%±16.87%), P＜0.05]. At the 2nd and 3rd postoperative day, the levels of Fib were significantly higher in group B than in group A [(3.87±0.62) g/L vs. (3.42±0.72) g/L, (3.98±0.77) g/L vs. (3.42±0.63) g/L, respectively, P＜0.05]. Concerning fibrinolysis, But at the 2nd and 3rd postoperative day, the level of PAI-1 was significantly higher in group B than in group A [(33.93±10.42) μg/L vs. (26.69±9.49) μg/L, (32.90±11.25) μg/L vs. (26.31±7.06) μg/L respectively, P＜0.05]. Concerning endothelial activation, at the 2nd and 3rd postoperative day, vWF was significantly higher in group B than in group A [(174.53%±44.03%) vs. (134.37%±37.74%), (176.31%±47.6%) vs. (131.21%±36.34%), respectively, P＜0.05]. Conclusions Marked activations of coagulation-fibrinolysis and endothelial activation are observed postoperatively in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Along with prolonged duration of pneumoperitoneum, more pronounced alterations of increased coagulation, reduced fibrinolysis and endothelial activation are observed, which could constitute an imbalanced situation of coagulation-fibrinolysis and increases the risk of venous thrombosis.     

肝硬化患者凝血、抗凝及纤溶指标的变化与Child-Pugh分级的关系

目的 探讨肝硬化患者凝血、抗凝及纤溶指标的变化及其与Child-Pugh分级的关系。 方法肝硬化患者43例,Child-Pugh分级A级13例,B级15例,C级15例。正常对照组16例,男11例,女5例。均检测凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(Fib)、凝血因子Ⅱ、Ⅴ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ、血管性假性血友病因子(vWF)、抗凝血酶-Ⅲ(AT-Ⅲ)、蛋白-C(PC)、D-二聚体(D-d)、组织纤溶酶原激活物(t-PA)抗原和组织纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂(PAI)。 结果 PT、APTT随病情加重而显著延长,F值分别为32.828和18.743,P值均<0.01;Fib随病情加重逐渐降低,F=4.747,P<0.01。凝血因子Ⅱ、Ⅴ、Ⅶ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ随病情加重活性逐渐降低,F值分别为43.129、12.677、36.405、9.380和21.988,P值均<0.01。Ⅷ、vWF因子随病情加重活性逐渐增高,F值分别为16.672和14.657,P值均<0.01。AT-Ⅲ、PC随病情加重活性逐渐降低,F值分别为22.602和15.430,P值均<0.01。D-d、t-PA抗原随病情加重逐渐增高,F=5.957,P<0.05。PAI活性正常对照组和3组患者检测结果近似,差异无统计学意义。 结论 肝硬化患者存在明显的凝血、抗凝血以及纤溶机制的异常,且与肝硬化程度密切相关。在防治肝硬化患者出血时,不仅要纠正患者的凝血因子异常,还要给予一定的抗纤溶治疗。     

冠心病患者血浆同型半胱氨酸与凝血指标的相关性研究

目的 研究冠心病患者血浆同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,HCY)与凝血指标的关系.方法 选择心内科经冠脉造影检查阴性,无冠心病典型症状,心电图阴性的患者50例设为对照组(A组);经冠脉造影检查至少一支冠脉病变狭窄≥50%的患者150例设为冠心病组,根据Gensini积分再分为Gensini积分0~20分组(B组),Gensini积分20分~40分组(C组),Gensini积分>40分组(D组).其中B组44例中稳定型心绞痛24例,不稳定型心绞痛17例,急性心肌梗死者3例;C组61例中稳定型心绞痛12例,不稳定型心绞痛30例,急性心肌梗死19例;D组稳定型心绞痛0例,不稳定型心绞痛11例,急性心肌梗死34例.住院期间常规检测同型半胱氨酸(HCY)、活化的部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(Fib)、D-二聚体(D-dimer)、抗凝血酶Ⅲ(AT-Ⅲ).结果 B组(HCY、APTT、D-dimer 、AT-Ⅲ)与对照组比较无统计学意义(P>0.05);B组Fib较对照组明显升高(P<0.01).C组、D组HCY、Fib、D-dimer 较B组、对照组明显升高(P<0.01);D组APTT较B组、对照组明显缩短(P<0.01),C组APTT较对照组明显缩短(P<0.05); D组AT-Ⅲ较对照组、B组明显降低(P<0.01),C组AT-Ⅲ较B组明显降低(P<0.05).冠心病组HCY与Fib呈正相关(r=0.759,P<0.01),与D-dimer呈正相关(r=0.762,P<0.01),与APTT呈负相关(r=-0.582,P<0.01).冠心病组Fib与D-dimer呈正相关(r=0.720,P<0.01);冠心病组APTT与Fib呈负相关(r=-0.527,P<0.01)、APTT与D-dimer呈负相关(r=-0.529,P<0.01).结论 冠心病患者随着冠脉狭窄程度的加重,血HCY水平不断升高,且高HCY血症可促进凝血纤溶系统的紊乱,加速冠脉内血栓的形成,加重冠脉病变程度.     

脑胶质母细胞瘤患者凝血／纤溶系统功能的变化及意义

目的：探讨脑胶质母细胞瘤患者凝血/纤溶系统功能的变化及临床意义。方法选择脑胶质母细胞瘤患者（A组）、良性脑部疾病患者（B组）和健康体检者（C组）各50名,检测各组血浆凝血酶时间（TT）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、凝血酶原时间（PT）、纤维蛋白原（FIB）、抗凝血酶Ⅲ（AT-Ⅲ）及D-二聚体（DD）水平,并进行比较。结果与C组比较,A组血浆PT、TT、APTT、FIB、AT-Ⅲ和DD水平均明显降低（P均＜0．05）;而B、C组各指标比较P均＞0．05。结论脑胶质母细胞瘤患者常伴随高凝与纤溶亢进状态;检测血浆PT、TT、APTT、AT-Ⅲ、FIB和DD对筛查脑胶质母细胞瘤具有重要意义。     

临产孕妇凝血功能检测结果分析

目的 探讨临产孕妇凝血功能指标检测的临床意义.方法 对96例临产孕妇与68例育龄非妊娠妇女的凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、纤维蛋白原(Fib)、血小板(PLT)、D-二聚体(D-Dimer)等指标进行检测,将两组结果进行对照.结果 临产孕妇组血清D-Dimer和Fib值明显高于对照组,PT、APTT、TT时间短于对照组;PLT含量低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 对临产孕妇进行凝血功能检查,掌握凝血与纤溶功能及状态对预防产科并发症、保护母婴健康有重要意义.     

羟乙基淀粉注射液对失血性休克患者凝血功能的影响

将40例ASAⅡ～Ⅲ级异位妊娠破裂失血性休克患者随机分为观察组与对照组各20例,两组均行全身麻醉,观察组入室后输入高渗氯化钠羟乙基淀粉40注射液(以下简称羟乙基淀粉)6 ml/kg,10 ml/(kg·h),对照组常规输入复方乳酸钠液.分别于给药前(T1),给药后5 min(T2)、30 min(T3)、60 min(T4)监测血压、血浆凝血酶原时间(PT)、部分激活凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、纤维蛋白原含量(Fib)及血小板计数(Plt).结果 两组在T2～T4时点PT、APTT、TT明显高于T1(P＜0.05),Fib和Plt明显低于T1(P＜0.05);观察组T2～T4时点TT、PT、APTT均明显低于对照组(P＜0.05). 提示输入羟乙基淀粉对凝血功能有一定影响,但尚未超出机体代偿范围,在临床推荐剂量内,加强凝血功能监测的同时可安全用于失血性休克患者.     

达比加群酯对房颤伴心力衰竭患者的临床疗效

目的:探讨达比加群酯对房颤伴心力衰竭患者的抗凝疗效。方法:120例房颤伴心力衰竭患者被随机均分为华法林组和达比加群酯组,两组均在常规治疗的基础上接受对应药物治疗,疗程3个月。观察比较两组治疗前后凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、纤维蛋白原(Fg)、血浆凝血酶原时间国际标准化比较(INR),不良反应以及随访1年时的出血/血栓并发症发生率。结果:与治疗前比较,治疗后两组PT、APTT、TT、Fg水平和INR均显著升高,P0.05或0.01;与华法林组比较,达比加群酯组治疗后PT[(31.8±4.0)s比(35.2±3.2)s]、APTT[(41.7±4.2)s比(43.4±4.6)s]和INR[(2.3±0.3)比(2.7±0.5)]升高更显著,P0.05或0.01;达比加群酯组不良反应总发生率(25.00%比8.33%)以及随访1年内的出血/血栓并发症总发生率(35.00%比15.00%)均显著降低,P均0.05。结论:达比加群酯能显著改善房颤伴心力衰竭患者的凝血功能,且用药安全性好,值得推广。     

ERCP and MRCP--when and why

Since the introduction of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the 1970s, gastroenterologists have a wide spectrum of diagnostic and therapeutic options in the biliopancreatic ductal system at their disposal. With its arrival in the 1990s, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) developed as a potent diagnostic tool in biliopancreatic pathology. Currently, MRCP is widely replacing diagnostic ERCP and thereby avoiding complications related to endoscopic technique.We summarize evidence-based data and demonstrate indications and differential indications for MRCP and ERCP in pancreatic disease. Complications related to the procedures and possible medical prevention are discussed. The feasibility of interventional endoscopy in pancreatic disease is reported in detail. The role of gastroenterologists in performing MRCP is outlined on the basis of practical examples.     

Convection and permeation and albumin between plasma and interstitium.

Nonequilibrium thermodynamics is combined with compartmental analysis to interpret albumin sieving and tracer experiments in terms of a permeability-surface product PS (permeation) and a solvent drag reflection coefficient σ_f (convection) for various blood-tissue barriers. The human whole-body albumin data of Lassen, Parving, and Rossing (Lassen, Parving, and Rossing, Microvasc. Res.7, i–iv (1974)), modified for nonliver tissues by Johnson and Levitt (Johnson &; Levitt, Microvasc. Res.9, 141 (1975)) lead to P ～ 1.8 × 10^?8 cm sec^?1 (based on a surface area per unit plasma volume of 700 cm^?1) and to σ_f ～ 0.9, which imply, in agreement with Johnson and Levitt, that permeation is the dominant nonliver blood-tissue transport mechanism for albumin in the normal resting human. Similar values are derived from the dog paw muscle data of Garlick and Renkin (Garlick and Renkin, Amer. J. Physiol.219, 1595–1605 (1970)). The Casley-Smith (Casley-Smith, Microvasc. Res.9, 43–48 (1975)) mechanism of uphill albumin transport is verified as possible. It is tentatively inferred that lymph formation in resting tissue does not result from a small difference between a large fluid (volumetric) filtration and an almost equally large fluid reabsorption, either in the same capillary (Starling) or between different capillaries (Zweifach) (Zweifach, Circ. Res.34, 858–866 (1974)). Rather, reabsorption is negligibly small relative to filtration, and lymph flow is comparable to volumetric filtration.