垃圾填埋场基础局部沉降对衬垫系统变形影响的试验研究

基础局部沉降会引起衬垫系统中的土工膜和无纺布产生较大的拉应变,有可能导致衬垫系统受拉破坏或性能下降。通过模拟试验,采用应变片、土压力盒和位移计,对基础发生局部沉降后土工膜和无纺布组成的衬垫系统的变形进行了研究。试验结果表明:基础发生局部沉降后,沉陷区中心处应变最大,从中心点往两侧应变逐步减小;沉陷区上覆荷载发生了变化;衬垫系统的刚度对变形影响较大。最后,对试验结果进行了讨论,得到了一些有益的结果,基础局部沉降发生后衬垫系统各点应变不同,沉陷区外衬垫系统发生了滑移以及沉陷区内上覆荷载发生了重分布。     

填埋场斜坡上土工膜受力特性的离心模型试验研究

由于垃圾土沉降大,斜坡上土工膜易受到较大下拽力而破损,影响衬垫系统防渗功能。通过离心模型试验对填埋场斜坡上土工膜在垃圾土重力和沉降作用下的拉力和应变进行了研究,并通过FLAC数值对比分析,可获得如下结论：试验采用的模型垃圾土能很好地模拟现场垃圾土,模型土最大沉降量可达土层厚度的20%;土工膜存在中性点,以中性点为界土工膜可分为受拉区和受压区,中性点的位置与坡度和沉降有关,从坡顶到中性点拉应变逐渐变小,从中性点到坡脚压应变先增大后减小;坡度和沉降是影响土工膜拉力发展的重要因素,坡度或沉降越大,拉力越大,沉降是通过改变界面强度的发挥程度来影响土工膜拉力的发展;当采用单糙面土工膜（上光下糙）时,外部作用力很难向土工膜下界面传递,土工膜锚固端拉力几乎为零。     

复杂荷载作用下填埋场HDPE土工膜受拉计算

采用FLAC程序对典型荷载作用下城市垃圾填埋场HDPE土工膜的受力状况进行了计算分析。3种荷载条件包括:36 m高垃圾堆体自重荷载(分层填埋);下卧软弱黏土层不均匀沉降引起的荷载;地震引起的动力荷载。计算结果显示:①土工膜内的拉应力随着垃圾土分层填埋、基础不均匀沉降、地震荷载的作用而积累;②基础不均匀沉陷是影响衬垫层土工膜局部拉应力的主要因素;③中等强度水平的地震动输入(例如,峰值加速度为0.25g)可使覆盖层土工膜端部锚固位置拉应力超过极限拉应力。     

应变硬化垃圾堆体抗局部沉陷研究

通过三种不同材料堆体的局部沉陷模型试验发现局部沉陷条件下应变硬化材料可能产生"自支撑"现象。利用模型试验和退化情况下的解析解验证了数值分析模型模拟应变硬化材料堆体局部沉陷问题的有效性。在此基础上比较了采用不同垃圾应力应变模型的分析结果,考虑堆体材料应变硬化的复合指数模型和线弹性模型计算得到的沉陷区土压力明显小于与之对应的摩尔-库伦模型计算结果,采用传统摩尔-库伦模型计算得到的沉陷区衬垫系统挠曲变形和应变值偏大,因而针对砂土材料的Giroud(1990)Trapdoor土拱效应理论应用于垃圾堆体局部沉陷分析时存在一定的局限性。进一步分析了各种参数对衬垫系统表面土压力和变形的影响,发现沉陷区衬垫系统最大挠度和最大应变随垃圾堆体高度的增加而增加,随垃圾堆体模量和加筋体刚度的增加而减小。最后提出应变硬化垃圾堆体在局部沉陷条件下衬垫系统土工膜的应变计算和加筋层的设计方法,对于垃圾填埋场衬垫系统抗局部沉陷设计具有一定的指导意义。     

垃圾填埋场防渗衬垫特性的离心模型试验与数值分析研究

垃圾填埋场中垃圾体和防渗土工膜的受力变形特性是普遍关心的问题,在现场试验尚无法获得满意的监测结果时,利用离心模型试验和有限元数值分析进行探讨性研究也是可以尝试的途径。通过离心模型试验研究和有限元计算,模拟了垃圾填埋场中填埋垃圾大变形条件下土工防渗膜的变形性状,在模型比率80的条件下,可以找到相应的模型材料来模拟实际工程中的土工膜;选用的防渗膜模拟材料和木屑土能较好地模拟垃圾填埋场中材料;邓肯-张模型和Goodman接触面模型能模拟垃圾土和土工膜以及界面的工作状态;土工膜中最大拉应力靠近坡肩,可达到极限抗拉强度的1/1.5倍;考虑到HDPE膜的抗拉安全,最大设计坡长应加以控制。     

考虑衬垫布置型式的平原型填埋场动力响应与变形分析

填埋法是我国垃圾的主要处置手段,衬垫系统是垃圾填埋场的重要部分。衬垫界面的动力剪切强度较低,在地震作用下填埋场极易沿衬垫界面发生整体失稳破坏。首先建立了界面动力模型和垃圾土黏弹性动力本构,考虑光面衬垫和糙面衬垫的差异性,建立了四种不同衬垫布置形式平原型填埋场动力分析模型,研究衬垫布置形式对平原型填埋场动力稳定性的影响。研究结果表明,衬垫布置形式对平原型填埋场顶部的动力响应与变形影响不大,采用糙面衬垫布置形式能够大幅减小平原型填埋场底部位置的永久变形,有利于提升填埋场的动力稳定性,对平原型填埋场衬垫系统的抗震设计有指导意义。     

城市垃圾填埋场地震变形机理的振动台模型试验研究

城市垃圾填埋场是环境岩土工程研究领域面临的新问题,对其地震变形机理尚缺乏深入的了解,迄今难以建立专门的地震稳定性评价体系.针对垃圾填埋场的工程特性,精心设计8个大比尺模型进行振动台试验,采用类比方法并运用一些试验新技术,再现垃圾填埋场的震害现象,揭示沿基础衬垫层和封顶覆盖层的接触面发生较大相对滑移是地震作用下垃圾填埋场的主要破坏模式,其中封顶覆盖层的破坏模式再次印证"双滑楔体"假定;由于垃圾土低密度、高压缩性,以及垃圾填埋场具有特殊的防渗层结构等特点,垃圾堆体内部不容易出现明显的滑裂面;定性和半定量地考察、研究封顶覆盖层和基础坡比、垃圾堆体密度、接触面强度参数、地震波频谱特性等因素对垃圾填埋场地震响应及其破坏的影响.     

土工膜穿刺性能的试验研究

垃圾填埋场底部和坡面都设置了防渗系统,阻止渗滤液流入地下,采用几种不同端部角度的贯入棒进行土工膜穿刺性能试验,研究了基础强度、土工膜种类和无纺布铺设与否对土工膜耐穿刺性能的影响。     

垃圾填埋场工程防渗技术的设计与施工

浙江省仙居县生活垃圾填埋场工程设计选用的主要防渗材料包括天然黏土和人工合成土工膜防渗衬层等。介绍了该工程主库区、封场覆盖、调蓄池、渗沥液导排系统和垃圾挡坝工程的防渗结构设计,以及GCL土工聚合黏土衬垫与HDPE土工膜的关键施工技术。     

城市固体废弃物的复合指数应力–应变模型及其应用

在大三轴固结排水剪试验研究的基础上,提出了城市固体废弃物(MSW)的复合指数应力–应变模型。该模型参数少且有明确的物理意义,既可反映MSW在小应变情况下的非线性变形特性,也可反映其在大应变情况下的明显应变硬化特性。采用有限差分程序FLAC内置的Fish语言将复合指数应力–应变模型耦合入FLAC程序,并通过三轴压缩试验数值模拟得到了验证。最后利用该模型分析了某填埋场在竖向扩建堆体荷载作用下的应力压缩沉降、侧向变形以及新老填埋场交界面处中间衬垫系统的应变。结果表明:复合指数模型的计算结果总体上位于莫尔–库仑模型和邓肯–张模型之间;中间衬垫系统的拉伸应变可能导致压实黏土层发生破坏。     

Controlling strain in geosynthetic liner systems used in vertically expanded landfills

According to relevant new regulations in China,a composite liner system involving geosynthetic materials must be installed at the bottom of an expanded landfill.The deformation and integrity of the composite liner under a variety of factors are important issue to be considered in the design of a landfill expansion.In this paper,we investigate the strain distribution in geosynthetic materials within the composite liner system of expanded landfills,including strains in geosynthetic materials resulting from overall settlement and lateral movement of landfills,localized subsidence in landfills,and differential settlement around gas venting wells.The allowable strains of geosynthetic materials are discussed based on the results of tensile tests,and the corresponding design criteria for composite liner systems are proposed.Meanwhile,practical measures allowing strain control in geosynthetic materials used in landfill engineering are proposed.     

下卧土体局部沉陷条件下复合衬垫系统的受力变形性能及设计

考虑上覆土体的土拱效应及衬垫的大变形,将下卧土体局部沉陷条件下的复合衬垫系统分为滑动区和沉陷区。建立了其受力变形分析模型,并以衬垫系统的最大拉应变作为控制标准,建立了工程上衬垫系统的抗沉陷设计方法。利用该分析模型研究了滑动区衬垫界面强度、衬垫上覆土体的厚度、重度、有效内摩擦角等参数和衬垫结构形式的影响,发现上覆土体厚度、重度及有效内摩擦角对衬垫受力变形影响很大,而衬垫的抗拉刚度直接决定了其拉应变大小。结合工程实例进行了衬垫系统的抗沉陷设计,并建议了衬垫的抗沉陷结构形式。     

Development of a numerical model for performance-based design of geosynthetic liner systems

A numerical model for performance-based design of the geosynthetic elements of waste containment systems has been developed. The model offers a rational alternative to the current state of practice for design of geosynthetic containment system elements in which neither the strains nor the forces in liner system elements are explicitly calculated. To explicitly assess the ability of the geosynthetic elements of a containment system to maintain their integrity under both static and seismic loads, a large strain finite difference model of waste-liner system interaction was developed. Modular features within the model allow the user to select the appropriate features required for any particular problem. A beam element with zero moment of inertia and with interface elements on both sides is employed in the model to represent a geosynthetic element in the liner system. This enables explicit calculation of the axial forces and strains within the liner system element. Non-linear constitutive models were developed to represent the stress-strain behavior of geomembrane and geosynthetic clay liner beam elements and the load-displacement behavior of the beam interfaces. The use of the various features on the model is illustrated using available experimental data, including shaking table test data on rigid and compliant blocks sliding on geomembranes. Analysis of geomembranes subject to waste settlement and subject to seismic loading demonstrate applications of the model and provide insight into the behavior of geosynthetic liner system elements subject to tensile loads.     

A numerical modelling technique for geosynthetics validated on a cavity model test

Numerical modelling approaches can aid in designing geotechnical constructions involving geosynthetics. However, the reliability of numerical results depends on how the model is developed, the constitutive model, and the set of parameters used. By comparing the numerical results with experiment, the present work verifies a numerical modelling technique developed to model multilayered geosynthetic lining systems for landfills. The numerical modelling technique involves strain softening at interfaces and allows the axial stiffness of the geosynthetics to evolve as a function of strain. This work focuses on a two-dimensional finite-difference model, which is used to simulate three types of experimental tests: conventional uniaxial tensile tests, direct shear tests, and a large-scale test that was used to assess the overall mechanical behaviour of a reinforced geosynthetic system that spanned over a cavity. This reinforced geosynthetic system consisted of a 50 kN/m polyvinyl alcohol geogrid reinforcement embedded in a layer of sand, a geosynthetic clay liner, a high-density polyethylene geomembrane, and a non-woven needle-punched geotextile. The uniaxial tensile tests, direct shear tests, and the large-scale test were numerically modelled and the numerical results were compared with experimental results. The results of the numerical modelling technique presented very closely match the results of the three experimental tests, which indicates that the numerical model correctly predicted the measured data.     

Development of geomembrane strains in waste containment facility liners with waste settlement

The development of tensile strains in geomembrane liners due to loading and waste settlement in waste containment facilities is examined using a numerical model. Two different constitutive models are used to simulate the waste: (a) a modified Cam-Clay model and (b) a Mohr-Coulomb model. The numerical analyses indicate the role of the slope inclination on the maximum geomembrane liner strains for both short-term loading (immediately post closure) and long-term waste settlement. A geosynthetic reinforcement layer over the geomembrane liner is shown to reduce the maximum geomembrane liner strains, but the strain level of the geosynthetic reinforcement itself may become an engineering concern on steeper slopes (i.e., greater than 3H:1V) for cases and conditions examined in this paper. The paper considers some factors (e.g., slope inclination, use of a high stiffness geosynthetic over the geomembrane liner) and notes others (e.g., the designer selection of interface characteristics below and above the geomembrane, use of a slip layer above the geomembrane) that warrant consideration and further investigation to ensure good long-term performance of geomembrane liners in waste containment facilities.     

Geosynthetic liner integrity and stability analysis for a waste containment facility with a preferential slip plane within the liner system

The paper examines the effects of settlement-induced downdrag on geosynthetic liner systems for a waste containment facility with steep side slopes for different design scenarios, and conducts the stability analysis of the waste mass during waste filling operations. Without the presence of a reinforcing layer above a geomembrane (GMB) liner, the liner experiences unacceptable tensile strains under both short- and long-term downdrag waste settlements. It is shown that an anchored high strength/stiffness geotextile (HS-GTX) reinforcement over the GMB can reduce the GMB tensile strains to less than 3%, but the HS-GTX itself may be overloaded. A geosynthetic slip layer over the full or partial HS-GTX reinforcement overlying the GMB can reduce the tensile strains of the GMB to less than 3% and of the HS-GTX to less than 5% by providing a preferential slip plane between the geosynthetic slip layer and the HS-GTX. A rupture of the geosynthetic slip layer is likely to occur resulting in the exposure of the HS-GTX to the waste, but the protection of the GMB by the HS-GTX is still expected. The results from the stability analysis show that, during waste filling operations under a given factor of safety, there is a critical relationship between the width of the top of the waste pile and the total waste thickness.     

Evaluation of interface shear strength of composite liner system and stability analysis for a landfill lining system in Thailand

The paper presents the case history of laboratory evaluation of the interface shear strength properties of various interfaces encountered in a modern day landfill with emphasis on proper simulation of field conditions and subsequent use of these results in the stability analyses of liner system. Over 70 large direct shear tests were systematically conducted to evaluate the interface shear strength properties of composite liner system using project specific materials under site specific conditions, being used at non-hazardous and hazardous landfills project situated in Sa Kaeo Province, Thailand. The critical interfaces were located between the geotextiles and the smooth geomembrane (GM), the smooth GM and the geosynthetic clay liner (GCL), and the smooth GM liner and the compacted clay liner (CCL) with the interface friction angles ranging from 6.5° to 10.5° for dry conditions and 6.5° to 9.5° in wet conditions. The residual shear stress for these interfaces was attained at a displacement less than 4 mm. Three methods, namely, limit equilibrium method (LEM), limit method (LM), and the simple composite column (SCC) approach were used to evaluate the tensile loads induced in the geosynthetic components. The SCC approach proposed by Liu, C.N. [2001. Tension of geosynthetics material regarding soils on landfill liner slopes. Proceedings, National Science Council ROC(A), 25(4), 211–218] that takes into account the force equilibrium as well as displacement compatibility yielded satisfactory results. The factor of safety for geosynthetic components in the liner was found to be greater than 3.0 for both types of landfill.     

膨润土防水毯在渗滤液环境下防渗性能的测试应用研究

膨润土防水毯作为一种优异的防渗材料,国内暂无其在渗滤液环境下的渗透性能报道。本文拟配置性能组分稳定的代表性合成渗滤液作为实际渗滤液的替代试验介质,研究合成渗沥液对膨润土原料膨胀性能和滤失性能的影响,测试在合成渗滤液环境中,不同压力和温度条件下膨润土防水毯的渗透系数,以此为垃圾填埋工程和其他固废填埋工程使用膨润土防水毯作为防渗衬垫提供指导。     

Seismic performance and numerical simulation of earth-fill dam with geosynthetic clay liner in shaking table test

In this paper, shaking table tests were carried out on both a small-scale and a full-scale earth-fill dams with geosynthetic clay liners to examine their seismic performance. The behavior of these fully instrumented earth-fill dams when subjected to seismic loading was also simulated by numerical analysis. Firstly, in the small-scale shaking table test, no failure was observed along the geosynthetic clay liner when the earth-fill dam was subjected to seismic motion. Numerical analysis confirmed that the behavior of the model earth-fill dam was unaffected by the geosynthetic clay liner. Secondly, a comparative shaking table test was carried out on full-scale earth-fill dams, one with a sloping core zone and another with a geosynthetic clay liner. Both model dams showed similar acceleration response and deformation behavior. It should be mentioned that the acceleration response increased gradually toward the top of the dam, and the deformation, after shaking, was relatively large near the foot of the slope. These observations were successfully simulated by the numerical analysis.     

垃圾填埋场多层复合衬垫的破坏面特征

多层土工合成材料复合衬垫的极限破坏面特性是垃圾填埋场稳定分析的重要问题,单一固定破坏面的观点已经被广泛接受。在多层土工合成材料复合衬垫的整体叠环式单剪试验后发现极限破坏界面并非单一固定,而是随着法向应力的变化发生由一个界面向另一界面转移,且在一定的法向应力范围内还可能同时出现两个具有相同剪切强度的极限破坏界面;多层土工合成材料复合衬垫中各层的剪切应力–位移曲线是硬化型的,衬垫系统的剪切强度总是低于极限破坏界面的剪切强度。试验结果表明,叠环式单剪仪能更正确和合理地模拟填埋场中的多层复合衬垫在加载过程中的实际剪切变形情况和复合衬垫中材料间的相互作用,从而能更好地揭示多层复合衬垫系统的整体剪切特性。