基于开源方式的多源网络地名数据库整合

目前我国地名数据库的建设主要靠传统测绘手段完成,存在周期长、成本高、效率低的缺点。随着地理数据服务的发展,出现了一些在格式、尺度、范围、内容、现势性等方面具有差异性的免费地名数据库。本文提出了一种整合多开源网络地名数据库形成统一格式、多尺度、内容完备、现势性强的矢量地名库的方法。首先通过OGR和数据访问API构建不同文件格式的网络地名库的矢量格式转换模型,然后对多网络地名库进行矢量转换,最后对其进行数据预处理、数据处理、数据分类映射等处理过程建立矢量地名数据库。本文以香港地区的Geonames,GNS,OSM地名数据库整合为例,验证了方法的可行性。     

一种VGI矢量数据增量变化发现的多层次蔓延匹配算法

矢量要素的匹配是发现地物要素变化的重要方法之一,高精度的匹配结果有助于更快地发现变化地物,进行更新。VGI矢量数据具有几何和语义信息丰富的特点,但使用传统的矢量要素匹配算法难以发挥VGI矢量数据的优势。以城市VGI道路数据为研究内容,提出基于多层次蔓延的矢量要素匹配算法,将VGI数据和专业测绘数据进行匹配对比,从而实现道路变化增量信息的快速识别。     

基于规则库的三维地质自动建模技术研究

利用规则统一三维实体间的语义形式化表达,为建模提供统一的方法。利用三维矢量数据模型的框架,对直钻孔、斜孔、剖面、等值线、断层、褶皱等数据源,分别按规则制定一种数据格式,对多源地质数据进行标准化和信息融合,经过地质面和地质体的快速构建,提出了建立基于规则库的三维矢量数据模型。同时研究了适合各类地质特点的三维模型自动构建方法,包含多源数据耦合层状地质体自动建模技术、基于剖面单元格划分的分区—拼接自动建模技术、多约束下复杂地质结构快速建模技术、空间约束条件下三维地质属性建模技术等。在确保模型精度的前提下,尽量减少人工交互建模的工作量,提高了建模效率。     

AutoCAD环境下Geodatabase数据转换与可视化操作实现

本文通过定义新型的数据对象转换规则,实现了CAD数据到Geodatabase Feature数据模型的转化,应用SDE接口函数实现数据的入库、存储和管理,并在AutoCAD环境下实现Geodatabase数据内容的可视化编辑操作。经实践应用证明,该方法可行有效。     

面向道路网VGI数据的匹配与融合方法

自发地理信息(VGI)是一种新兴的地理数据采集方式,具有数据更新快、细节丰富、覆盖范围广等优势。利用VGI数据可以对道路网实现快速更新;但是由于VGI数据是非专业自发共享的,且数据采集时多使用非专业设备,所以存在数据质量不高的问题。大量VGI数据对同一地理要素的重复采集与融合处理则可改善数据的质量,文中以多人采集的道路网数据为例,结合矢量要素的匹配与融合理论,设计一种适用于道路网VGI数据的匹配与融合算法。首先在路段结点处建立缓冲区进行结点匹配,再根据路段距离相似度进行路段匹配,最后再利用Delaunay三角剖分融合算法对匹配后的同名路段进行融合。将匹配融合后的道路网与原始道路网VGI数据及Google影像图叠加对比分析,结果表明利用本文算法可有效地实现道路网VGI数据的匹配与融合。     

基于层次规则的OSM建筑物面目标冗余清理

开放街道地图(Open Street Map,OSM)数据由大众自发标报,因而存在大量虚假、低质量、冗余数据,其冗余数据清理研究成果乏善可陈.为此,针对OSM建筑物面目标冗余问题,构建了一套基于层次规则的OSM建筑物面目标冗余数据清理模型.首先,从OSM数据中识别冗余建筑物面目标,然后,按照拓扑关系类型将冗余建筑物面目标进行冗余分类,其次,根据建筑物面目标的冗余类型、几何特征等构建层次规则,最后,对实验区冗余面目标进行实验,并利用精确率、召回率及调和平均值(F1)等指标评价清理效果,结果表明,该模型具有良好的合理性和有效性.     

面向目标的栅格矢量一体化三维数据模型

首先对现有的三维空间数据模型进行了讨论 ,分析了栅格、矢量和混合数据模型的特点 ,提出了一种面向目标的栅格矢量一体化数据模型。该模型将栅格数据以矢量方式进行组织 ,从而同时具有矢量和栅格数据模型的优点 ,也克服了目前普遍应用的混合模型所存在的缺点。还提出了一种三维空间的三级栅格划分和行次序编码方法。该方法存储空间小 ,便于快速索引和计算。最后 ,给出了具体的数据结构     

面向灾害管理的自发地理信息研究及应用

针对目前自发地理信息(VGI)应用于灾害管理的巨大潜力和需求,该文系统地介绍了VGI应用于灾害管理中所面临的机遇及数据可用性、数据质量、数据管理和法律议题等方面的挑战;在此基础上,针对VGI数据质量问题,结合我国灾害管理实际情况,提出了3种提高VGI数据质量的方法,即VGI数据贡献者分类与权限设计、政府引导下的灾害管理VGI数据采集框架以及VGI数据质量评估体系;最后,以开发的地震灾情信息管理原型系统为例,讨论VGI应用于灾害管理中的数据采集框架、数据模型等关键技术问题,具有一定的推广和应用价值。     

开放街道图的志愿者地理信息空间语义交互研究

本文提出一种分析志愿者地理信息(VGI)中点要素的空间语义交互方法,将要素类型对社区约定的表达作为评估空间语义交互的主要基础,通过开放街道图(OpenStreetMap,OSM)空间语义子集中元素的历史变化介绍了一种新的语义相似性方法。研究结果为构建辅助志愿者地理信息的贡献者的系统创造了条件,这种系统可以用来推荐新的要素类型,清理已有数据并且集成异源数据。     

面向目标的栅格矢量一体化三维数据模型

首先对现有的三维空间数据模型进行了讨论,分析了栅格、矢量和混合数据模型的特点,提出了一种面向目标的栅格矢量一体化数据模型。该模型将栅格数据以矢量方式进行了组织,从而同时具有矢量和栅格数据模型的优点,也克服了上前普遍应用的混合所存在的缺点。还提出了一种三维空间的栅格划分和行次序编码方法。该方法存储空间小,便于快速索引和缺点。最后,给出了具体的数据结构。     

Modeling aggregated expertise of user contributions to assess the credibility of OpenStreetMap features

The emergence of volunteered geographic information (VGI) during the past decade has fueled a wide range of research and applications. The assessment of VGI quality and fitness‐of‐use is still a challenge because of the non‐standardized and crowdsourced data collection process, as well as the unknown skill and motivation of the contributors. However, the frequent approach of assessing VGI quality against external data sources using ISO quality standard measures is problematic because of a frequent lack of available external (reference) data, and because for certain types of features, VGI might be more up‐to‐date than the reference data. Therefore, a VGI‐intrinsic measure of quality is highly desirable. This study proposes such an intrinsic measure of quality by developing the concept of aggregated expertise based on the characteristics of a feature's contributors. The article further operationalizes this concept and examines its feasibility through a case study using OpenStreetMap (OSM). The comparison of model OSM feature quality with information from a field survey demonstrates the successful implementation of this novel approach.     

Matching authority and VGI road networks using an extended node-based matching algorithm

The amount of volunteered geographic information (VGI) has increased over the past decade, and several studies have been conducted to evaluate the quality of VGI data. In this study, we evaluate the completeness of the road network in the VGI data set OpenStreetMap (OSM). The evaluation is based on an accurate and efficient network-matching algorithm. The study begins with a comparison of the two main strategies for network matching: segment-based and node-based matching. The comparison shows that the result quality is comparable for the two strategies, but the node-based result is considerably more computationally efficient. Therefore, we improve the accuracy of node-based algorithm by handling topological relationships and detecting patterns of complicated network components. Finally, we conduct a case study on the extended node-based algorithm in which we match OSM to the Swedish National Road Database (NVDB) in Scania, Sweden. The case study reveals that OSM has a completeness of 87% in the urban areas and 69% in the rural areas of Scania. The accuracy of the matching process is approximately 95%. The conclusion is that the extended node-based algorithm is sufficiently accurate and efficient for conducting surveys of the quality of OSM and other VGI road data sets in large geographic regions.     

A Comprehensive Framework for Intrinsic OpenStreetMap Quality Analysis

OpenStreetMap (OSM) is one of the most popular examples of a Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) project. In the past years it has become a serious alternative source for geodata. Since the quality of OSM data can vary strongly, different aspects have been investigated in several scientific studies. In most cases the data is compared with commercial or administrative datasets which, however, are not always accessible due to the lack of availability, contradictory licensing restrictions or high procurement costs. In this investigation a framework containing more than 25 methods and indicators is presented, allowing OSM quality assessments based solely on the data's history. Without the usage of a reference data set, approximate statements on OSM data quality are possible. For this purpose existing methods are taken up, developed further, and integrated into an extensible open source framework. This enables arbitrarily repeatable intrinsic OSM quality analyses for any part of the world.     

Assessing Data Completeness of VGI through an Automated Matching Procedure for Linear Data

New, free and fast growing spatial data sources have appeared online, based on Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI). OpenStreetMap (OSM) is one of the most representative projects of this trend. Its increasing popularity and density makes the study of its data quality an imperative. A common approach is to compare OSM with a reference dataset. In such cases, data matching is necessary for the comparison to be meaningful, and is usually performed manually at the data preparation stage. This article proposes an automated feature‐based matching method specifically designed for VGI, based on a multi‐stage approach that combines geometric and attribute constraints. It is applied to the OSM dataset using the official data from Ordnance Survey as the reference dataset. The results are then used to evaluate data completeness of OSM in several case studies in the UK.     

An assessment of a collaborative mapping approach for exploring land use patterns for several European metropolises

Until recently, land surveys and digital interpretation of remotely sensed imagery have been used to generate land use inventories. These techniques however, are often cumbersome and costly, allocating large amounts of technical and temporal costs. The technological advances of web 2.0 have brought a wide array of technological achievements, stimulating the participatory role in collaborative and crowd sourced mapping products. This has been fostered by GPS-enabled devices, and accessible tools that enable visual interpretation of high resolution satellite images/air photos provided in collaborative mapping projects. Such technologies offer an integrative approach to geography by means of promoting public participation and allowing accurate assessment and classification of land use as well as geographical features. OpenStreetMap (OSM) has supported the evolution of such techniques, contributing to the existence of a large inventory of spatial land use information. This paper explores the introduction of this novel participatory phenomenon for land use classification in Europe's metropolitan regions. We adopt a positivistic approach to assess comparatively the accuracy of these contributions of OSM for land use classifications in seven large European metropolitan regions. Thematic accuracy and degree of completeness of OSM data was compared to available Global Monitoring for Environment and Security Urban Atlas (GMESUA) datasets for the chosen metropolises. We further extend our findings of land use within a novel framework for geography, justifying that volunteered geographic information (VGI) sources are of great benefit for land use mapping depending on location and degree of VGI dynamism and offer a great alternative to traditional mapping techniques for metropolitan regions throughout Europe. Evaluation of several land use types at the local level suggests that a number of OSM classes (such as anthropogenic land use, agricultural and some natural environment classes) are viable alternatives for land use classification. These classes are highly accurate and can be integrated into planning decisions for stakeholders and policymakers.     

Towards Usability Engineering for Online Editors of Volunteered Geographic Information: A Perspective on Learnability

This article presents one of the first systematic usability investigations for a Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) editor. This research is motivated by the fact that although VGI is now widely consumed, contribution rates are lagging considerably. Compared to traditional GIS interfaces, with complex interfaces resulting in high cognitive loads and barriers to participation, VGI tools and interfaces need to be easy to use and learn to encourage and facilitate contributions. This article develops a case study of OpenStreetMap, one of the most successful VGI projects, and its default editor, Potlatch2. Ten participants with no prior experience of VGI contribution, were instructed to contribute data to OSM in a structured exercise, while being monitored using an eye tracker and audio/video screen capture software. Each participant was asked to Think Aloud, i.e. describe what they were thinking and doing as they completed the tasks. The results highlight significant usability issues impacting learnability, especially from the perspective of a new contributor: hidden functionality, lack of user feedback between interactions and the inefficient and inconsistent placement of functionality and map controls. The facilitation of VGI contributions clearly depends on designing targeted interfaces, optimized to the needs of specific levels of contributors with defined goals and expectations.     

OpenStreetMap data quality enrichment through awareness raising and collective action tools—experiences from a European project

ABSTRACT

Nowadays, several research projects show interest in employing volunteered geographic information (VGI) to improve their systems through using up-to-date and detailed data. The European project CAP4Access is one of the successful examples of such international-wide research projects that aims to improve the accessibility of people with restricted mobility using crowdsourced data. In this project, OpenStreetMap (OSM) is used to extend OpenRouteService, a well-known routing platform. However, a basic challenge that this project tackled was the incompleteness of OSM data with regards to certain information that is required for wheelchair accessibility (e.g. sidewalk information, kerb data, etc.). In this article, we present the results of initial assessment of sidewalk data in OSM at the beginning of the project as well as our approach in awareness raising and using tools for tagging accessibility data into OSM database for enriching the sidewalk data completeness. Several experiments have been carried out in different European cities, and discussion on the results of the experiments as well as the lessons learned are provided. The lessons learned provide recommendations that help in organizing better mapping party events in the future. We conclude by reporting on how and to what extent the OSM sidewalk data completeness in these study areas have benefited from the mapping parties by the end of the project.     

立交桥识别的CNN卷积神经网络法

OSM数据中立交桥结构的识别和分类,能够为构建多尺度模型、导航和位置服务、拥堵分析等提供重要信息。传统的立交桥识别方法依赖于人工设计的低层次特征,无法有效区分存在干扰路段的复杂立交桥结构。本文针对当前算法抗差性上存在的不足,提出了一种新的基于卷积神经网络的立交桥识别方法。该方法将矢量数据与栅格图像相结合,利用神经网络学习区分立交桥类型的高层次模糊性特征,从而对OSM中的复杂立交桥结构进行分类。试验表明,该方法有较强的抗干扰性,在复杂的立交桥形态分类中取得了良好的效果,并随着案例库的扩充和神经网络模型的优化存在进一步提升的空间。