预退火对Sm5 Fe74.3Nb1.5Si11.7 B4.5C2.5Cu0.5非晶合金晶化动力学的影响

研究了预退火对Sm5Fe74.3Nb1.5Si11.7B4.5C2.5Cu0.5非晶合金晶化动力学的影响。结果表明，预退火处理使非晶合金晶化相α-Fe和Sm2Fe17Cx的晶化温度（Tp）和晶化表观激活能（Ec）值降低，且改变晶化相α-Fe在晶化过程中晶化激活能的变化趋势，有助于该合金在晶化退火中形成晶粒尺寸较小的α-Fe相。     

非晶Pr8Fe86B6合金的晶化动力学

用差热分析（DTA），结合X射线衍射（XRD）研究了非晶Pr8Fe86B6合金的晶化动力学。结果表明：该非晶Pr8Fe86B6合金的晶化相为α-Fe固溶体、Pr2Fe23B3和Pr2Fe14B金属间化合物，通过对三相晶化激活能的分析得出：α－Fe相的激活能在晶化初期变化不大，当其体积分数大于8％时，其晶化激活能开始减小；而Pr2Fe23B3和Pr2Fe14B相的激活能随其体积分数的增加而减小，且α－Fe相较Pr2Fe23B3和Pr2Fe14B相容易晶化析出。     

Nd2Fe14B/(α-Fe,Fe3B)复合纳米晶的生长动力学研究

采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)研究了Fe-Co-Nd-Dy-B非晶合金晶化过程中α-Fe、Fe3B纳米晶的生长动力学.根据纳米晶生长达到稳定状态所需的时间常数tE与退火温度Ta的关系,计算了α-Fe和Fe3B纳米晶的生长激活能为Egα-Fe=95±2 kJ/mol和E Fe3B=133±13 kJ/mol.该值远小于α-Fe和Fe3B两相的表观晶化激活能Ecα-Fe=555 kJ/mol和EcFe3B=481 kJ/mol.这表明Fe-Co-Nd-Dy-B非晶合金晶化过程中α-Fe和Fe3B纳米晶的形成主要由成核所控制.     

HDDR处理的Sm2Fe16.5Ti0.5合金的结构与氮化

采用HDDR及氮化工艺制备了Sm2Fe16.5Ti0.5Ny粉末.铸态Sm2Fe16.5Ti0.5合金存在择优取向,Sm2(Fe,Ti)17主相的214衍射峰增强.均匀化退火后,只有约0.6%的α-Fe(Ti)相与主相Sm2(Fe,Ti)17共存.经不同循环的HDDR工艺处理后,物相组成不发生变化,但α-Fe(Ti)相含量增加.HDDR工艺有助于获得细晶结构,提高磁粉的矫顽力.HDDR处理的合金的氮化由初期的Sm-Fe-Ti合金与氮快速反应阶段及后期氮在合金中的均匀化扩散阶段组成.随着氮化时间的延长,富铁相含量增加.氮化物中Sm2(Fe,Ti)17Ny主相的晶格膨胀行为由HDDR与氮化工艺共同决定.在500℃氮化2h后,796kA/m最大外场下得到的最大矫顽力为164.9kA/m,氮化12h时后得到最大剩磁45.7Am2/kg.     

铁基非晶磁致低温纳米晶化的相变动力学机理研究

用低频脉冲磁场处理了非晶Fe78Si9B13合金,利用M6ssbauer谱和LDJ9600震动样品磁强计进行了微结构和磁性分析,通过DSC曲线,借助于Kis-singer公式计算了脉冲磁场处理前后样品的纳米晶化过程激活能,探讨了铁基非晶低温纳米晶化的相变动力学机理.结果表明,用脉冲磁场处理非晶Fe78Si9B13合金的晶化激活能由处理前的433.6kJ/mol降到了200kJ/mol以下,大大提高了α-Fe(Si)的形核速率,只有α-Fe(Si)的单相纳米晶体析出,析出相的晶粒尺寸约为10nm,而且脉冲磁场处理过程中,非晶Fe78Si9B13合金试样温升均<10℃,说明脉冲磁场的处理促进了非晶合金的低温纳米晶化.     

Zr对Pr-Fe-B非晶合金晶化形成纳米晶合金的作用

从非晶合金化激活能的角度，分析了Pr-Fe-B非晶合金在退火过程中晶粒粗大的原因，揭示了Zr元素在其晶化过程中的作用，结果表明，Zr能改变Pr-Fe-B非晶合金中α－Fe相的晶化行为，有助于形成尺寸细小的α-Fe相。     

Fe_(63)Ni_1Al_5Ga_2P_(9.65)B_(4.6)Si_3C_(6.75)Co_5非晶合金的晶化行为研究

采用XRD、DSC检测技术,采用连续升温晶化和等温退火晶化方法,研究分析了Fe63Ni1Al5-Ga2P9.65B4.6Si3C6.75Co5非晶薄带的晶化动力学行为和晶化过程中晶化相的析出过程。结果表明,该非晶合金的玻璃转变和晶化行为均具有显著的动力学特征。Kissinger法计算得到的Eg、Ex、Ep1、Ep2分别为750、340、432、689kJ/mol,Eg Ex,表明合金具有较好的热稳定性。合金晶化过程为:非晶→非晶+α-Fe→非晶+α-Fe+Fe2P+Fe3P→α-Fe+Fe2P+Fe3P+Fe3C(Al,Si)+Fe5PB2+SiC。合金的晶化类型为初晶型和随后的共晶型反应。     

添加Nb对Fe74Al4Ga2P12B4Si4非晶合金晶化过程的影响

利用X射线衍射(XRD)、差热分析(DSC)和扫描电镜(SEM)方法试验研究了Nb元素对Fe-(Al,Ga)-(P,C,Si,B)系合金非晶晶化的影响.结果表明:Fe73Nb1Al4Ga2P12B4Si4的晶化过程为α-Fe→α-Fe Fe5SiP Al0.7Fe3Si0.3 Fe3B 剩余非晶化相;替代元素Nb的加入提高了材料的晶化温度,改变了Fe74Al4Ga2P12B4Si4的晶化激活能,其中形核激活能(Eg)、晶化起始激活能(Ex)和第一晶化峰激活能(Ep1)都大大增加;另外,Nb的加入显著降低了合金晶化后的晶粒尺寸,并改善了晶粒的均匀度.     

Nd-Fe-B包晶合金定向凝固组织的研究

利用亚快速定向凝固设备制备Nd-Fe-B合金,并研究了其定向凝固组织.设计合金成分为:亚包晶成分(Nd10.8Fe83.8B5.4)、包晶成分(Nd11.76Fe82.36B5.88)和过包晶成分(Nd13.5Fe79.75B6.75).对抽拉速率在5～500μm/s范围内合金的定向凝固及微观组织的研究表明:三种成分Nd-Fe-B合金的最终凝固组织均由α-Fe枝晶相、包晶Nd2Fe14B相和富Nd相组成;随着抽拉速率的提高,α-Fe相的一次枝晶间距呈减小的趋势;三种成分凝固组织中的α-Fe相的体积分数随着抽拉速率的提高都表现出了先减后增的趋势,而Nd2Fe14B相的体积分数都表现出了先增后减的趋势.     

纳米晶的形成对FeCSiBPCu非晶合金软磁性能的影响

研究了Fe76-xC7.0Si3.3B5.0P8.7Cux(x=0、0.3%或0.7%(原子分数))非晶合金中Cu的添加及纳米晶的形成对其软磁性能的影响,对合金的微观结构进行了X射线衍射实验和高分辨透射电镜观察,对合金的热稳定性和晶化激活能进行了测量和分析。结果表明,该合金退火之后的饱和磁化强度与合金中α-Fe纳米晶粒的密度和大小密切相关。Cu的添加可以影响合金的非晶形成能力、热稳定性和晶化激活能,添加少量的Cu(少于0.3%(原子分数))可以有效地提高合金的非晶形成能力,抑制退火过程中α-Fe纳米晶粒的析出,增强合金的热稳定性,而当Cu的添加量达到0.7%(原子分数)时可以降低合金的晶化激活能,促进α-Fe纳米晶粒的形核,提高α-Fe纳米晶粒的密度,使合金的饱和磁化强度达到1.79T。     

共沉淀法合成La_(0.9)Sr_(0.1)Ga_(0.8)Mg_(0.2)O_(3-δ)及其性质的研究

采用共沉淀法合成了具有钙钛矿结构的中温固体电解质La_(0.9)Sr_(0.1)Ga_(0.8)Mg_(0.2)O_(3-δ)(LSGM),并用DTA-TGA和X射线衍射仪分析了LSGM材料中钙钛矿相的形成过程,采用SEM、交流阻抗谱等检测技术对LSGM电解质的结构及性能进行了表征.XRD分析结果表明,1200℃烧结后,粉体开始形成钙钛矿结构,随温度的升高粉体中杂相含量越来越少,于1450℃时形成了单一的钙钛矿相结构.     

Degradation behaviour of sputtered Co–Al coatings on superalloy

Degradation behaviour of sputtered Co–Al coatings on Superni-718 substrate has been investigated. Cyclic high temperature oxidation tests were conducted on uncoated and coated samples at peak temperatures of 900 °C for up to 100 thermal cycles between the peak and room temperatures. The results showed that a dense scale formed on the coated samples during thermal cycling at the peak temperature of 900 °C. The external scale exhibited good spallation resistance during cyclic oxidation testing at both temperatures. The improvement in oxide scale spallation resistance is believed to be related to the fine-grained structure of the coating. Nanostructured Co–Al coatings on Superni-718 substrate were deposited by DC/RF magnetron sputtering. FE-SEM/EDS, AFM, and XRD were used to characterize the morphology and formation of different phases in the coatings, respectively. The Co–Al coating on superalloy substrate showed better performance of cyclic high temperature oxidation resistance due to its possession of β-CoAl phase as Al reservoir and the formation of Al₂O₃ and spinel phases such as CoCr₂O₄ and CoAl₂O₄ in scale. The oxidation results confirmed an improved oxidation resistance of the Co–Al coating on superalloy as compare to bare substrate in air at 900 °C temperature up to 100 cycles.     

Study of the interface behaviour between MABS/TPU bi-layer structures obtained through over moulding

The strength of adhesion between two over-moulded polymers, methylmethacrylate–butadiene–styrene copolymer (MABS) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) that constitute a bi-component laminar system has been the subject of study. Results showed that at the bi-layer interface the adhesive fracture toughness increases as temperature and surface roughness are increased. Roughness has been demonstrated to be the most important parameter defining adhesion strength and failure. With the increase of roughness the failure was observed to change from adhesive towards cohesive type. An increase in either the temperature or the pressure applied to the samples caused a rise in adhesion energy. However, pressure seemed to have a minor effect in comparison to temperature. Significant increments in adhesion were obtained after applying the corona discharge treatment (CDT) to the attaching surfaces resulting in adhesion strengths almost double those of non-treated systems.     

Thermal design and performance of the SCUBA-2 instrument 1-K and mK systems

Various research fields require large and complex instruments containing detectors operating at millikelvin temperatures. The materials and techniques traditionally used in cryogenics are often unsuitable for the demanding requirements of such instruments. We describe the thermal design and performance of the 1-K and millikelvin systems of the SCUBA-2 instrument. This is an astronomical “camera” operating at wavelengths of 450 and 850 μm. It is the largest and most complex instrument ever built for sub-mm astronomy, and the first to use a cryogen-free dilution refrigerator. The design consists of a mix of traditional techniques (but used in demanding situations) as well as novel elements. The thermal performance has been stable and very successful, and we hope that the details described here will be useful to the designers of future large instruments.     

Influence of mould design on the solidification of heavy forging ingots of low alloy steels by numerical simulation

Ingot casting of a 6-ton, heat-treatable Cr–Mo low alloy steel was simulated using finite element method in three dimensions. Effects of casting parameters including bottom pouring rate, mould slenderness ratio, mould slope, and height and shape of the hot top isolate on solidification behaviour and crack susceptibility during subsequent hot forging of the ingot were investigated. The simulation model was validated against experimental data of two different ingot mould designs. Influences of the casting parameters on the riser efficiency and possible crack formation in the intersection of hot top and ingot body during subsequent open-die forging of the cast steel ingots were discussed. Results showed that pouring the melt under a constant rate, reducing the mould slenderness ratio, and using a proper design for the hot top isolate would all improve the riser efficiency and thereby possibly reduce crack susceptibility during subsequent hot forging.     

Materials’ tactile testing and characterisation for consumer products’ affective packaging design

Touch is one sense through which people judge consumer products. How materials’ properties influence these judgments is the topic of this paper. People’s sensorial or psycho-physical judgments (by touch) of the roughness, softness, slipperiness and warmth of 37 material samples are reported as well as their affective judgments, such as how pleasurable, exciting, indulgent, the samples felt. Physical measurements are also reported of the samples’ coarse and fine surface finishes, compliance, sliding friction and thermal contact properties. Relationships between the affective and sensorial judgments and the physical measurements are explored. A relational hierarchy is established from the physical measurements to the sensorial to the affective judgements. By following the dependencies in reverse, from the affective to the sensorial to the physical level, the required material surface properties to transmit intended affective messages to consumers might be determined. However, further work is needed on how to quantify some aspects of surface properties, particularly of roughness and sliding friction, in a manner useful for relating to affect. The methods described currently support communication and decision taking during the product development process.     

Thermal Stability of Amorphous Hydride Mg_(50)Ni_(50)H_(54) and Mg_(30)Ni_(70)H_(45)

The thermal stability of amorphous ternary hydrides Mg_(50)Ni_(50)H_(54) and Mg_(30)Ni_(70)H_(45) and their corre-sponding amorphous binary alloys Mg_(50)Ni_(50) and Mg_(30)Ni_(70) were studied with X-ray diffraction(XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC). Samples of the amorphous alloys were preparedby mechanical alloying and the amorphous hydrides were obtained by charging the alloys with gas-eous hydrogen at 3.0 MPa and 423 K. It was found that the amorphous hydrides released most oftheir hydrogen before the crystallization of the essentially hydrogen depleted amorphous alloy. Thecrystallization temperature of amorphous Mg_(50)Ni_(50)H_(54) elevated and that of amorphousMg_(30)Ni_(70)H_(45) did not change in relation to the original binary amorphous alloy. This is very excep-tional for amorphous hydrides. The reason for the effects of hydrogen absorption/desorption on thecrystallization of amorphous alloys was discussed.     

PMMA单分子膜成膜特性研究

研究了ＰＭＭＡ单分子膜的成膜特性及其结构．结果表明，ＰＭＭＡ能够在较大的表面压范围内形成稳定的单分子膜，并且具有不可重复压缩性、表面压力的各向异性和松驰特性．ＴＥＭ照片显示，ＰＭＭＡ分子链在单分子膜中是有序平行排列的     

Fabrication of NiCr alloy parts by selective laser melting: Columnar microstructure and anisotropic mechanical behavior

NiCr alloy, because of its wide applications in electrical elements and dental field was widely studied in the past. In this work, NiCr cubes and tensile specimens were fabricated by using a new processing technique-selective laser melting (SLM). Microstructural and mechanical behavior characterization of SLM-processed NiCr components was performed. An unusual columnar microstructural architecture composed of 〈1 0 0〉 texture (corresponding to (2 0 0) plane) oriented the building direction was observed. Moreover, it was found that the columnar grain growth across the melt pools occurred during the SLM process and the growth trend became stronger with the decrease of the laser scanning speed. Associated with the microstructural characteristic, an anisotropic mechanical behavior at different reference planes (i.e., at the horizontal and vertical surfaces) was demonstrated for the samples fabricated using different processing parameters. The results showed that with increasing the laser scanning speed, the microhardness at the horizontal surface decreased, while at the vertical surface it increased; an increase of the yield strength (YS) and the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) was observed.