单晶铝纳米级硬度试验研究

使用纳米硬度计对单晶铝进行了纳米压痕试验,利用原子力显微镜对压痕形貌进行扫描并计算硬度值,重点观察和分析了纳米级条件下单晶铝的硬度性质,结果表明,当压痕深度小于2000nm时,单晶铝纳米硬度存在尺寸效应现象;从材料性质的角度分析了纳米硬度尺寸效应现象;探讨了纳米硬度和传统硬度本质上的区别,指出其根本原因在于不同尺度下人们对材料性质的关注点不同。     

布氏和维氏硬度压痕的正确测量

布氏和维氏硬度试验压痕的正确测量,直接影响到被测试件的硬度值,因之不容忽视。常用的测量方法有: 1.单线测量——测量线移动法此种测量压痕的方法是先使测量线在压痕之左逐渐逼近压痕左缘,直至相切,记下读数(d_1)。参看图1。然后向右移动测量线,到与压痕之右缘相切为止(对维氏硬度压痕,测量线必须与对角线垂直)。再记下第二次读数(d_2),两次读数之差(d=d_2-d_1)即为压痕的直径(或对角线长)。由于只使用一条刻度线,故误差因素少。但测量线要移动整个压痕     

维氏压痕对常压固相烧结碳化硅陶瓷材料力学性能的影响

为了研究维氏压痕裂纹对常压固相烧结碳化硅陶瓷(SSiC)材料力学性能的影响, 通过扫描电镜观察了0.1~100 N的压痕载荷下产生的表面裂纹及裂纹剖面的状况, 并测试了相应载荷下的力学性质, 探讨了压痕法测量SSiC材料硬度、韧性等力学性质的适当压力载荷. 结果表明, SSiC材料压痕裂纹起始的临界压力载荷介于0.1~0.2 N; 当压痕载荷小于0.5 N时, 裂纹尺寸小于5 μm, SSiC材料的平均弯曲强度受影响程度较小. 此外, 当压痕载荷为10 N以上时, 压痕法测得的维氏硬度值趋近定值, 且所得到的裂纹是半圆形裂纹, 因此, 10 N为采用压痕法准确测量SSiC材料硬度及韧性的最低压痕载荷值.     

定向凝固多晶硅在微纳尺度下的力学性能研究

采用纳米压痕测试系统测试了定向凝固多晶硅沿晶体生长方向横/纵截面的硬度与弹性模量,分析了其受组织各向异性影响的变化规律。使用连续刚度方法借助玻氏压头采集压痕开裂前的硬度与弹性模量,并测量压痕开裂后裂纹尖端到压痕中心点的距离,一次性计算出材料的断裂韧性,避免了开裂对硬度以及弹性模量的影响。结果表明:横截面(110)面的硬度与弹性模量均低于纵截面(111)面,但断裂韧性呈现相反趋势。借助3D原位扫描功能扫描压痕裂纹的三维形貌,发现裂纹主要由剪切滑移台阶所形成。拟合不同载荷下的裂纹长度以及压痕尺寸得出临界压痕尺寸,该值与运用理论推导得出的临界压痕尺寸的结果一致。     

激光扫描共聚焦显微镜在微小硬度压痕测量中的应用研究

尝试将激光扫描共聚焦显微镜应用于微小硬度压痕的测量中,不仅可以得到硬度压痕的三维形貌,而且利用共聚焦测量方法高分辨力的特点,解决了小于20μm的微小硬度压痕无法测量的难题。本文给出了测量微小硬度压痕的方法,并给出了具体步骤和实例;用所得到的压痕的三维形貌表征材料在压入过程中在压头周围所产生的堆积,可以扩展硬度测量的尺度,对于硬度测量的下一步发展具有积极的指导意义。     

共聚焦激光扫描显微镜在微小硬度压痕测量中的应用研究

尝试将共聚焦激光扫描显微镜应用于微小硬度压痕的测量中,不仅可以得到硬度压痕的三维形貌,而且利用共聚焦测量方法高分辨力的特点,解决了小于20μm的微小硬度压痕无法测量的难题;本文给出了测量微小硬度压痕的方法,并给出了具体步骤和实例;用所得到的压痕的三维形貌表征材料在压入过程中在压头周围所产生的堆积,可以扩展硬度测量的尺度,对于硬度测量的下一步发展具有积极的指导意义。     

布氏硬度压痕自动测量装置在检定中的应用

提出布氏硬度压痕圆的一种快速提取及自动测量技术,设计了一种一维线性滤波器进行布氏硬度压痕边缘的精确拟合,然后在压痕边缘点精确求解的基础上采用分层统计分析,最后给出布氏硬度压痕圆的直径测量结果。经过上级单位的测试及与日常检定工作使用的工具显微镜对比验证试验,结果表明:应用该技术研制的布氏硬度压痕自动测量装置具有较高的准确度和较好的稳定性。     

根据压痕深度计算布氏硬度值的方法初探

指出了目前在许多关于硬度试验方法的标准和经典著作中都没有区分"压痕深度"和"装有压头的压杆位移"这两个不同的长度量。把装有压头的压杆位移当作压痕深度,对于洛氏硬度试验不会造成错误的结果;但把装有压头的压杆位移当作压痕深度计算压痕直径和布氏硬度值,则会造成明显的错误。提出了采用从压杆最大位移中扣除硬度计弹性变形得到的压痕深度计算压痕直径和布氏硬度值的方法,试验结果表明:这种方法计算得到的布氏硬度试验结果与采用光学系统测量压痕直径方法得到的结果相吻合;该方法兼具布氏硬度试验和快速布氏硬度试验的优点,可以既快速又准确地得到布氏硬度试验结果。     

基于数字图像处理的布氏硬度压痕直径测量方法

在分析布氏硬度试验压痕图像的基础上,提出了基于数字图像处理的布氏硬度压痕直径测量方法.利用CCD相机获取压痕图像,通过图像分割、目标区域处理、压痕圆拟合等步骤完成图像处理,由此实现对压痕尺寸的自动精确测量.     

基于LabVIEW实现布氏硬度压痕的自动测量

在力学计量领域,布氏硬度对于材料性能的确定具有很重要的意义。论述了布氏硬度压痕自动测量方法,通过LabVIEW配合硬件实现了布氏硬度压痕的自动测量,该测量方法的实现为本实验室布氏硬度压痕自动测量提供了技术保障。     

表面机械研磨对H13钢表面性能的影响

使用表面机械研磨（SMA）方法处理H13钢表面使其表面获得一层变形层。采用SEM,TEM及硬度试验等检测方法对变形层的厚度、晶粒大小、截面硬度梯度和热稳定性等进行了分析;同时对H13钢在SMA处理前后的渗氮行为进行了比较。结果表明,经SMA处理后,H13钢表面形成了约10μm厚的变形层,变形层内的晶粒明显细化,并且这些晶粒具有较好的热稳定性;此外,可以大大提高H13钢渗氮的效率。     

TiNi shape memory alloy coated with tungsten: a novel approach for biomedical applications

This study explores the use of DC magnetron sputtering tungsten thin films for surface modification of TiNi shape memory alloy (SMA) targeting for biomedical applications. SEM, AFM and automatic contact angle meter instrument were used to determine the surface characteristics of the tungsten thin films. The hardness of the TiNi SMA with and without tungsten thin films was measured by nanoindentation tests. It is demonstrated that the tungsten thin films deposited at different magnetron sputtering conditions are characterized by a columnar microstructure and exhibit different surface morphology and roughness. The hardness of the TiNi SMA was improved significantly by tungsten thin films. The ion release, hemolysis rate, cell adhesion and cell proliferation have been investigated by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, CCK-8 assay and alkaline phosphatase activity test. The experimental findings indicate that TiNi SMA coated with tungsten thin film shows a substantial reduction in the release of nickel. Therefore, it has a better in vitro biocompatibility, in particular, reduced hemolysis rate, enhanced cell adhesion and differentiation due to the hydrophilic properties of the tungsten films.     

超声冲击诱发表面纳米化及其对表面完整性的影响

采用不同超声冲击参数处理SMA490BW钢,研究了冲击后试样在低、高倍下的微观组织特征、残余应力及硬度分布等表面完整性能的变化。实验结果表明,经过超声冲击表面处理后,样品表面层晶粒细化为纳米晶,平均晶粒尺寸约为30nm;并在试样表层引入残余压应力,数值最大约为255.5MPa;超声冲击对SMA490BW钢表面能够起到明显的强化作用,与未经处理的试样相比,处理后试样表面硬度最大提高了约66.7%。超声冲击强化处理改善SMA490BW钢的表面完整性的效果与冲击电流、冲击时间之间的关系不遵循单调变化规律,超声冲击参数为20min/1.5A时,试样具有较好的表面完整性,冲击影响层深度约为320μm。     

Characterization and Properties of Nanostructured Surface Layer in a Low Carbon Steel Subjected to Surface Mechanical Attrition

A nanostructured surface layer was synthesized on a low carbon steel by using surface mechanical attrition (SMA)technique. The refined microstructure of the surface layer was characterized by means of different techniques,and the hardness variation along the depth was examined. Experimental results show that the microstructure is in homogeneous along the depth. In the region from top surface to about 40 /zm deep, the grain size increases fromabout 10 nm to 100 nm. In the adjacent region of about 40~80 /zm depth, the grain size increases from about 100nm to 1000 nm. The grain refinement can be associated with the activity of dislocations. After the SMA treatment,the hardness of the surface layer is enhanced significantly compared with that of the original sample, which canprimarily be attributed to the grain refinement.     

Characterization and Properties of Nanostructured Surface Layer in a Low Carbon Steel Subjected to Surface Mechnaical Attrition

A nanostructured surface layer was synthesized on a low carbon steel by using surface mechanical attrition (SMA) technique,The refined microstructure of the surface layer was characterized by means of different techniques, and the hardness variation along the depth was examined,Experimental results show that the microstructure is inhomogeneous along the depth ,In the region from top surface to about 40 μm depth,the grain size increases from about 100 nm to 1000 nm ,The grain refinement can be associated with the activity of dislocations After the SMA treatment, the hardness of the surface layer is enhanced significantly compared with that of the original sample ,which cam primarily be attributed to the grain refinement.     

Surface nanomechanical behavior of ZrN and ZrCN films deposited on NiTi shape memory alloy by magnetron sputtering

Surface nanomechanical behavior under nanoindentation of ZrN and ZrCN film on NiTi substrate was studied. The surface hardness and modulus of the films increase initially with larger nanoindentation depths and then reach their maximum values. Afterwards, they diminish gradually and finally reaching plateau values which are the composite modulus and composite hardness derived from the ZrN/ZrCN film and NiTi substrate. They are higher than those of electropolished NiTi SMA due to the properties of ZrN and ZrCN. In comparison, the surface nanomechanical properties of electropolished NiTi exhibit a different change with depths.     

A comparative study of Ni–Ti and Ni–Ti–Cu shape memory alloy processed by plasma melting and injection molding

Shape memory alloys (SMA) are smart materials that present potential applications in such diverse areas as aeronautics, automotive, electronics, biomedicine and others. This work aimed at comparing some physical and functional properties of a Ni–Ti–Cu and equiatomic Ni–Ti SMA. Therefore, Ni–50Ti and Ni–50Ti–5Cu (at.%) were manufactured using plasma melting followed by injection in metallic mold, named Plasma Skull Push–Pull (PSPP) process. Afterwards, samples of both Ni–Ti based SMA were annealed at 1113 K during 2400 s and water quenched. The obtained specimens were analyzed by optical microscopy, microhardness, differential scanning calorimetry, electrical resistance as a function of temperature, and force generation tests. The results showed that Ni–Ti alloy presented higher levels of hardness and lower generated recover forces during heating when compared to the Ni–Ti–Cu SMA. Moreover, the Ni–Ti alloy holds hysteresis larger than the Ni–Ti–Cu SMA as a result of the presence of the R-phase transformation. There was also a better stability under thermal cycling of NiTiCu SMA compared with the equiatomic NiTi.     

PC/SMA合金的制备与性能

对ＰＣ／ＳＭＡ共混体系的ＤＳＣ、ＤＭＡ研究结果表明,该体系是一部分相容体系,随着ＭＡ含量的增大,体系的相容性提高,合金的缺口冲击强度大幅度下降,拉伸及弯曲强度水大。在共混体系中ＳＭＡ树脂的加入量以２０￣３０份为宜。流变学实验表明,共混体系的流动行为指数ｎ值小于１,ＰＣ树脂的加工性得到改善,而且ＳＭＡ树脂与ＰＣ在熔融共混时有接枝共聚反应发生;ＳＥＭ观察表明ＳＭＡ树脂的加入量及其中ＭＡ含量的提高都可以     

利用SMA开发耗能阻尼器的实验研究

形状记忆合金(Shape Memory Alloy,简记为SMA)是一种新型的智能材料,除了具有形状记忆效应(Shape Memory Effort,简记为SME)外,还拥有相变伪弹性(Pseudo-Elasticity,简记为PE)性能和高阻尼耗散因子的性能。文章基于SMA的相变伪弹性的力学原理,设计并制作了SMA耗能器,并对器件进行了性能测试。结果表明,(1) SMA耗能器具有非常显著的阻尼耗能性能,平均等效粘滞阻尼比最大可达到33.56%,最小也有14%,能较好地满足结构被动耗能振动控制的要求;(2) SMA耗能器的阻尼性能与加载频率有关,在低频加载时阻尼性能较好,但随着加载频率的提高,阻尼性能逐步下降;(3) SMA耗能器的阻尼性能与最大行程的大小有关,当最大行程过小或过大时,其等效粘滞阻尼比较小,当最大行程为极限行程的1/2大小时取得最大等效粘滞阻尼比;(4) 在多次循环加载时,器件的应力应变滞回曲线具有整体向上的漂移现象,吻合了其他学者进行的SMA材料试验结果,这一现象的发现提高了此次研究中检测到的试验数据结果的可信度;(5) 实验结果与理论分析结果吻合程度较好,表明器件的设计是合理的、加工制作的工艺满足了理论要求。     

Ni含量对激冷贫镍TiNi形状记忆合金薄带相变行为的影

用激冷甩带法制备了Til-xNix(x=45％～49.8％)(原子分数)形状记忆合金(SMA)薄带,用示差扫描量热仪研究了Ni含量对铸态及450℃、500℃退火态TiNi SMA薄带相变行为的影响.结果表明,冷却/加热时,铸态和退火态Ti1-xNix(x=45％～49％)SMA薄带发生A→M/M→A一阶马氏体相变;当Ni含量为49.8％时,铸态和退火态TiNi SMA薄带冷却时发生A→ R→M两阶段相变,加热时发生M→A一阶段相变.随Ni含量增加,TiNi SMA薄带马氏体正、逆相变温度范围先增大后减小,Ni含量为48％时相变温度范围最宽.退火态比铸态TiNi SMA薄带相变温度范围窄.随Ni含量增加,TiNi SMA薄带马氏体正、逆相变温度升高,相变热滞增大.当Ni含量为49％时,SMA薄带的马氏体相变温度达最大值,当Ni含量为49.8％时马氏体相变温度迅速下降.