一次特大暴雨过程中涡旋暴雨云团的演变特征分析

利用MODIS卫星、多普勒天气雷达和地面观测资料,对2013年6月30日四川遂宁一次特大暴雨天气过程中涡旋暴雨云团的演变特征进行了详细分析。主要结论是:(1)涡旋暴雨云团与其北侧的积云云团呈前倾结构,说明暴雨云团经历了先由弱积云发展为深对流云、再到云毡的逐步发展成熟过程;(2)涡旋暴雨云团从南到北围绕低涡中心东侧最多时有6条降水云带,其中南部的降水云带碰并增长带(-1~-10℃层)厚度大于凝结增长带(3~-1℃层)厚度,北部降水云带刚好相反,表明南部以碰并增长过程为优势物理过程,利于较快拓宽云滴谱,使得云滴迅速长大形成雨滴降落下来;(3)涡旋暴雨云团中最强降水云带位于其南部的资阳至遂宁一带,分析雷达回波垂直剖面图发现有8个对流单体分布在云带中,且不断有新生单体移向遂宁,并从南至北依次增强,形成"列车效应",其成熟阶段-10℃高度以下碰并增长很充分,厚度为6 km左右,-10℃高度以上存在一个深厚的冰相增长带,厚度5~8 km,发展到成熟阶段碰并增长和冰相过程均为优势微物理过程,云中碰并增长和冰化增长过程向下传递明显,这些特点利于快速形成降水,导致当日10—17时遂宁站连续出现强降水。     

“8.13”黄淮北部暴雨云团的组织结构和触发机制

利用FY-2E卫星资料、多普勒雷达监测及4Dvar反演资料、区域自动站和常规观测资料、NCEP分析资料,对2010年8月13日黄淮北部暴雨云团的组织结构、发展演变及形成机制进行研究。结果表明:暴雨云团形成发展于低涡切变形势下,低涡切变线、西南急流及边界层扩散南下弱冷空气是主要影响系统;高的对流不稳定能量、强的低层垂直风切变和持续发展的水汽条件是主要环境特征。不同区域云团的形成机制有差别,发展北上的西南急流促使MβCS旺盛发展。随着低涡发展,MβCS发展合并形成圆形MαCS,强暖湿气流强迫、弱冷空气扩散及地面辐合线是圆形MαCS形成发展的重要机制。γ或β中尺度气旋及辐合线在对流初生阶段起动力触发作用,辐合加强及辐合区的向后延伸导致对流云团的自身发展和后向发展;成熟阶段对流单体后部的强出流促使对流单体分裂,气旋式环流外围西南和偏南气流合并造成对流单体合并。MαCS成熟和衰亡期雷达上出现的线状对流系统具有明显强降水特征。     

由地基遥感资料确定大气边界层特征

中国科学院大气物理研究所大气边界层物理和大气化学国家重点实验室拥有用于边界层垂直结构探测的相控阵声雷达（PA2）、低层大气廓线仪（LAP-3000）以及无线电声雷达（RASS）。本文研究如何利用这些设备获取的遥感观测资料,确定边界层湍流热通量的垂直分布、地面热通量以及边界层高度等问题。     

一次强飑线云结构特征的卫星反演分析

利用NOAA卫星AVHRR资料,对2006年4月28日山东一次春季强飑线过程进行了分析,重点研究了卫星资料多光谱综合分析的强对流云微物理特征和卫星识别的对流强信号,并与雷达、FY-2C卫星观测资料进行了对比分析。结果表明:(1)RGB合成图能清晰地显示云顶的结构、纹理、云砧、组成、高度及云厚等信息,是一种很方便的分析工具。(2)多光谱综合分析归纳出卫星探测对流强信号:云顶的对流结构和纹理突出,有明显的云砧,云顶以小粒子为主,粒子有效半径Re随高度增长缓慢,云团上部存在明显的Re随高度递减带,云顶Re和-dRe/dT能定量指示对流的强弱。据此,卫星识别出强中心A比实际降雹提前了近1h,比飑线发生提前了2.5h,比多普勒雷达监测提前了近2h,特别是识别出的强中心B比实际降雹提前了近4h。卫星探测为强对流天气的监测预报和预警提供了一种新途径。     

梅雨锋上暴雨云团活动的个例分析

在夏季青藏高原上低层没有辐合带和对流系统活动时,在高原东坡下午有对流云发展。在有利的地形条件下,这类对流云团可发展成中-a 系统,东移进入梅雨锋云带。在长江中游复杂地形区域中-a 尺度对流云团只具有较复杂的中尺度对流组织和较复杂的消、长更替等过程。这类中尺度云团有时停滞,有时发生跳跃性迁移。当梅雨锋云带上对流降水逐渐活跃和加强时,在对流层下部有冷带和温度锋区出现,并且当有一个强的中-a 尺度暴雨云团发展起来之后,可以在梅雨锋上形成3～4个中-a 尺度暴雨云团。同时在梅雨锋南侧低层不稳定区的中-α尺度对流云团移入梅雨锋云带时,容易引起强的中-α尺度云团发展。     

商洛一次局地暴雨诊断分析

利用常规观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、FY2E卫星资料、商洛多普勒雷达资料,从环流背景、水汽、动力条件和不稳定机制等方面对2014年7月28日发生在商洛局地性较强的一次短时暴雨过程进行分析。结果表明:这次短时暴雨过程天气的影响系统主要为短波槽、副热带高压与热低压。低层850hPa副高西侧暖湿气流北上为暴雨发生发展提供了有利的水汽条件。对流层中高层涡旋运动增强带动低层上升运动发展加强,为对流天气的进一步发展提供了动力条件。短波槽后西北干冷气流与低层偏南暖湿气流形成不稳定层结,加之中低层对流不稳定层结加强,CAPE值及低层湿度显著增大,抬升凝结高度与自由对流高度降低,因此在较低的抬升条件下,触发了此次对流性天气。卫星云图和雷达图上表现为中尺度系统,生命期短,发生发展速度快。强降水主要发生在对流云团强中心西北侧TBB梯度大值区。     

晴空热对流泡的风廓线雷达探测研究

文中将风廓线雷达和无线电-声探测系统探测资料用于边界层晴空热对流探测研究.结合探测事例分析了晴空热对流的演变过程和热对流对上层空气的加热效应.在热对流初期,对流高度逐渐抬高,伴有较强上升速度的热对流泡逐渐升高的现象.在热对流旺盛期,热泡合并现象明显,不论是上升还是下沉气流瞬时速度都可以超过1 m/s,可以在约2 km的高度范围内形成一致的上升或下沉运动,并形成闭合环流、周期约1 h.在热对流消退期,对流高度逐渐降低,上升运动变得相对和缓并维持较长时间.在热对流过程中,热泡运动造成气层温度的起伏,热泡与周围温度差可以达到2-4℃.探测结果表明风廓线雷达具有很高的灵敏度,可以探测到晴空热对流泡.并且,风廓线雷达资料具有很高的时间和高度分辨率,可以精细刻画热对流泡的时空分布和演变,配合无线电-声探测系统还可以精确探测热泡温度分布及其对周围温度垂直分布的影响.通过对晴空热对流风廓线雷达探测资料的初步分析,在一定程度上拓展和加深了对热对流泡和边界层热对流运动特征的了解.借助风廓线雷达探测可有效改善低层大气探测,有利于开展低层大气动力与热力过程的数值研究,对于中尺度模式、降水预报的改进等具有重要参考作用.     

2014年7月14日新乡强对流过程成因分析

利用常规和区域自动站观测资料、卫星和多普勒雷达监测产品及NCEP再分析资料,对2014年7月14日新乡强对流过程进行了综合分析。结果表明：高空东移冷槽与低层暖脊叠加使新乡上空形成明显的不稳定层结,而中低层暖湿空气在午后表现出明显的北抬和向高空扩展的趋势,使大气对流不稳定度进一步加强,有利于雷暴大风和冰雹强对流天气的出现;同时,强对流天气发生前0—6 km垂直风切变达到中等偏强程度,有利于对流系统的形成和维持。地面中尺度辐合线起对流触发作用,辐合线尾部前侧的对流云团发展更强更快。云团合并导致对流云团迅猛加强,对流单体合并有利于对流回波的暴发性发展及回波顶快速抬升。过程中雷暴外流边界也是强对流的重要触发机制,太行山脉东侧的雷暴外流边界受地形抬升作用,触发大范围分散的对流单体,导致了局地短时强降水天气。风灾主要是由多单体风暴中的下击暴流和雷暴外流边界造成的,下击暴流造成的大风比由雷暴外流边界导致的大风更强。此外,强回波中心强度增强、质心高度迅速升高,回波顶高和VIL值跃增等对强对流过程中局地冰雹预报有较好的指示意义。     

基于TRMM卫星资料的江西一次大暴雨过程降水结构特征

利用热带测雨卫星(TRMM)的降水雷达(PR)和微波成像仪(TMI)连续2个轨道的探测结果,分析了2013年6月26—29日发生在江西省北部地区的中尺度降水过程不同降水阶段的降水水平结构、雨顶高度、降水廓线的变化特征。结果表明,此次降水过程由强对流云降水逐渐演变为对流性较弱的层状云降水。对流云降水阶段降水系统由成片层状降水云团中分布的多个零散强对流降水云团组成,降水分布不均匀,强对流云降水对总降水量的贡献大。层状云降水阶段,层状云中强对流单体消失,对流云降水像素及对流云降水率对总降水量的贡献减少,降水雨强谱变小,降水高度逐渐降低,云体高层降水量减少。对流云降水和层状云降水廓线存在差异,最大降水率出现的高度越高且中高层降水量越大,降水的对流性则越强。     

1998年6月8～9日香港特大暴雨中尺度对流系统分析

利用卫星和多普勒雷达的高时空分辨率观测资料,对1998年6月8～9日香港暴雨过程中的中尺度对流系统进行分析,表明:(1)此次暴雨是冷锋前暖区的对流性降水,期间有3次强降水过程,每次维持时间2～5小时,中尺度对流系统是造成强降水的主要系统.(2)雷达回波强度与卫星云图对比发现,强回波区全位于云顶温度≤-32℃的云团内,但具体分布有两种情况:一种强回波区位于通常所说的发展强盛的α中尺度云团的边缘TBB等值线密集区,一种如尺度较小的线状强回波则位于两个β中尺度云团(云顶温度≤-52℃)之间.这利用常规观测资料是无法识别的.(3)分析单多普勒雷达反演的水平风场发现:大尺度的环境风场中,存在β中尺度系统的独立流场;中尺度云团内部的流场辐合与强回波带相对应.     

一次中尺度对流系统分析

应用卫星云图、雷达回波、地面加密观测和各种常规资料,分析了１９９６年７月１日在黄海北部￣山东半岛发生的一次中尺度强对流天气过程。高空冷温度槽和低空、地面增温产生的不稳定能量是强对流体系形成的系统;中尺度辐合线、中气旋、近地层加热不均匀性、海陆风的辐合抬升等促进了强对流天气发生;对流云团的并合加强,产生异乎异常的能量,是该系统加强和发怅的重要条件;云团呈准静止状态是产生暴雨和长时间降雹的主要原因「。     

A Study of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Structure During a Clear Day in the Arid Region of Northwest China

The local climate and atmospheric circulation pattern exert a clear influence on the atmospheric boundary layer （ABL） formation and development in Northwest China. In this paper, we use field observational data to analyze the distribution and characteristics of the ABL in the extremely arid desert in Dunhuang, Northwest China. These data show that the daytime convective boundary layer and night time stable boundary layer in this area extend to higher altitudes than in other areas. In the night time, the stable boundary layer exceeds 900 m in altitude and can sometimes peak at 1750 m, above which the residual layer may reach up to about 4000 m. The daytime convective boundary layer develops rapidly after entering the residual layer, and exceeds 4000 m in thickness. The results show that the deep convective boundary layer in the daytime is a pre-requisite for maintaining the deep residual mixed layer in the night time. Meanwhile, the deep residual mixed layer in the night time provides favorable thermal conditions for the development of the convective boundary layer in the daytime. The prolonged periods of clear weather that often occurs in this area allow the cumulative effect of the atmospheric residual layer to develop fully, which creates thermal conditions beneficial for the growth of the daytime convective boundary layer. At the same time, the land surface process and atmospheric motion within the surface layer in this area also provide helpful support for forming the particular structure of the thermal ABL. High surface temperature is clearly the powerful external thermal forcing for the deep convective boundary layer. Strong sensible heat flux in the surface layer provides the required energy. Highly convective atmosphere and strong turbulence provide the necessary dynamic conditions, and the accumulative effect of the residual layer provides a favorable thermal environment.     

Observations of mesoscale cellular convection from the marine stratocumulus phase of “fire”

A common mode of convection within the atmospheric boundary layer, mesoscale cellular convection (MCC), assumes the form of an organized array of three-dimensional polygonal cells. This study employs aircraft data, collected off the coast of California during the marine stratocumulus phase of the First ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project) Regional Experiment (FIRE), to investigate the closed cell variety of MCC. Forty-five transects of closed marine mesoscale convective cells are utilized in this study. Data from these transects are used to calculate first-order and scale-dependent second-order kinematic, thermodynamic, and radiation statistics. From these statistics, a conceptual model of closed MCC is constructed detailing the horizontal and vertical structure of the cells in coupled as well as decoupled boundary-layer environments.Mesoscale convective cells not only have a profound influence on the radiation budget of their environment, but also play a key role in governing the exchange of heat, moisture, and momentum between the atmosphere and the surface. During FIRE, the MCC-scale structures were found to be buoyantly-driven above cloud base and driven by perturbation pressure forces below. Microscale eddies generally worked in tandem with these MCC-scale structures to transport heat and moisture vertically throughout the cells. Microscale eddies were responsible for most of this transport within the surface layer, while MCC-scale structures performed most of the transport at mid-levels within the cells.     

高原东移对流系统对西南低涡形成的作用

Based on the temperature of the black body (TBB), station observed and NCEP reanalysis data, the impacts of the eastward propagation of convective cloud systems over the Tibetan Plateau on the southwest vortex (SWV) formation that occurred at 1800 UTC on 29 June 2003 are analyzed by using the Zwack-Okossi (Z-O) equation to diagnose the thermal and dynamic processes. It is found that, in summer, severe convective activities often occur over the Tibetan Plateau due to the abundant supply of moisture. The convective cloud near the east edge of the plateau could move eastward with a short-wave trough in the westerly. The divergent center that is induced by latent heat release, which is associated with severe convective activities, moves out with the convective cloud and contributes to the low level decompression which is favorable for the formation of plateau edge cyclogenesis (PEC). The Z-O equation indicates that, in this case, the latent heat release and convergence are the two most important factors for SWV formation, which amounts to about 42% and 15% of the term TOTAL, respectively. It is implied that the thermal process effect was more important than the dynamic process during SWV formation.     

Convective plumes in the atmospheric boundary layer as observed with an acoustic Doppler sodar

The vertical velocity field and the convective plumes in the atmospheric boundary layer have been observed during morning hours with the acoustic Doppler sounder of the C.R.P.E. A method for plume determination using acoustic soundings in the well-mixed layer is presented. Using Telford's 1970 and Manton's 1975 models, a comparison is made between the predictions of the models and the plume properties as observed by the Doppler sodar. The mean plume velocity is found to be parabolic. It is shown, restricting Monin and Obukhov similarity to conditions inside plumes and using only vertical velocity within plumes, that the observed convective plumes carry nearly sixty percent of the sensible heat flux at the top of the surface layer.     

An analysis of heavy precipitation caused by a retracing plateau vortex based on TRMM data

In this paper, we study a persistent heavy precipitation process caused by a special retracing plateau vortex in the eastern Tibetan Plateau during 21–26 July 2010 using tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) data. Results show that during the whole heavy rainfall process, the precipitation rate of convective cloud is steady for all four phases of the plateau vortex movement. Compared with the convective precipitation clouds, the stratiform precipitation clouds have a higher fraction of area, a comparable ratio of contribution to the total precipitation, and a much lower precipitation rate. Precipitation increases substantially after the vortex moves out of the Tibetan Plateau, and Sichuan Province has the most extensive precipitation, which occurs when the vortex turns back westward. A number of strong convective precipitation cloud centers appear at 3–5 km. With strong upward motion, the highest rain top can reach up to 15 km. In various phases of the vortex evolution, there is always more precipitable ice than precipitable water, cloud ice water and cloud liquid water. The precipitating cloud particles increase significantly in the middle and lower troposphere when the vortex moves eastward, and cloud ice particles increase quickly at 6–8 km when the vortex retraces westward. The center of the latent heat release is always prior to the center of the vortex, and the vortex moves along the latent heat release areas. Moreover, high latent heat is released at 5–8 km with maximum at 7 km. Also, the latent heat release is more significant when the vortex moves out of the Tibetan Plateau than over the Tibetan Plateau.     

Roll vortices in the planetary boundary layer: A review

Roll vortices may be loosely defined as quasi two-dimensional organized large eddies with their horizontal axis extending through the whole planetary boundary layer (PBL). Their indirect manifestation is most obvious in so-called cloud streets as can be seen in numerous satellite pictures. Although this phenomenon has been known for more than twenty years and has been treated in a review by one of us (R.A.Brown) in 1980, there has been a recent resurgence in interest and information. The interest in ocena/land-atmosphere interactions in the context of climate modeling has led to detailed observational and modeling efforts on this problem. The presence of rolls can have a large impact on flux modelling in the PBL. Hence, we shall review recent advances in our understanding of organized large eddies in the PBL and on their role in vertical transport of momentum, heat, moisture and chemical trace substances within the lowest part of the atmosphere.initiated by IAMAP/ICDM Working Group on the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Air-Sea Interaction.     

LMDZ5B: the atmospheric component of the IPSL climate model with revisited parameterizations for clouds and convection

Based on a decade of research on cloud processes, a new version of the LMDZ atmospheric general circulation model has been developed that corresponds to a complete recasting of the parameterization of turbulence, convection and clouds. This LMDZ5B version includes a mass-flux representation of the thermal plumes or rolls of the convective boundary layer, coupled to a bi-Gaussian statistical cloud scheme, as well as a parameterization of the cold pools generated below cumulonimbus by re-evaporation of convective precipitation. The triggering and closure of deep convection are now controlled by lifting processes in the sub-cloud layer. An available lifting energy and lifting power are provided both by the thermal plumes and by the spread of cold pools. The individual parameterizations were carefully validated against the results of explicit high resolution simulations. Here we present the work done to go from those new concepts and developments to a full 3D atmospheric model, used in particular for climate change projections with the IPSL-CM5B coupled model. Based on a series of sensitivity experiments, we document the differences with the previous LMDZ5A version distinguishing the role of parameterization changes from that of model tuning. Improvements found previously in single-column simulations of case studies are confirmed in the 3D model: (1) the convective boundary layer and cumulus clouds are better represented and (2) the diurnal cycle of convective rainfall over continents is delayed by several hours, solving a longstanding problem in climate modeling. The variability of tropical rainfall is also larger in LMDZ5B at intraseasonal time-scales. Significant biases of the LMDZ5A model however remain, or are even sometimes amplified. The paper emphasizes the importance of parameterization improvements and model tuning in the frame of climate change studies as well as the new paradigm that represents the improvement of 3D climate models under the control of single-column case studies simulations.     

Atmospheric Response to Mesoscale Ocean Eddies over the South China Sea

The South China Sea(SCS) is an eddy-active area. Composite analyses based on 438 mesoscale ocean eddies during 2000–2012 revealed the status of the atmospheric boundary layer is influenced remarkably by such eddies. The results showed cold-core cyclonic(warm-core anticyclonic) eddies tend to cool(warm) the overlying atmosphere and cause surface winds to decelerate(accelerate). More than 5% of the total variance of turbulent heat fluxes, surface wind speed and evaporation rate are induced by mesoscale eddies. Furthermore, mesoscale eddies locally affect the columnar water vapor, cloud liquid water, and rain rate. Dynamical analyses indicated that both variations of atmospheric boundary layer stability and sea level pressure are responsible for atmospheric anomalies over mesoscale eddies. To reveal further details about the mechanisms of atmospheric responses to mesoscale eddies, atmospheric manifestations over a pair of cold and warm eddies in the southwestern SCS were simulated. Eddy-induced heat flux anomalies lead to changes in atmospheric stability. Thus, anomalous turbulence kinetic energy and friction velocity arise over the eddy dipole, which reduce(enhance) the vertical momentum transport over the cold(warm) eddy, resulting in the decrease(increase) of sea surface wind. Diagnoses of the model's momentum balance suggested that wind speed anomalies directly over the eddy dipole are dominated by vertical mixing terms within the atmospheric boundary layer, while wind anomalies on the edges of eddies are produced by atmospheric pressure gradient forces and atmospheric horizontal advection terms.     

地面加热与高原低涡和对流系统相互作用的一次个例研究

本文利用NCEP-FNL再分析资料、FY-2E卫星TBB数据、CMORPH降水资料,通过热力学和动力学诊断分析并结合中尺度天气模式WRF的数值模拟试验,研究了2012年6月下旬青藏高原一次东移对流系统的生成发展机制以及与地面加热相互作用的物理过程。结果表明,高原中西部地面感热加热是高原低涡生成、发展和东移的主导因子。而东移的高原低涡通过加强偏北、偏南气流形成的辐合带,进而触发高原东部对流系统的生成。同时,高原对流系统降水产生的凝结潜热释放也加强了东移高原低涡的强度,这表明地面加热与高原低涡和对流系统之间存在一种正反馈机制。数值试验结果进一步表明,除了适当的背景环流外,高原地面潜热通量能够增强中低层大气的不稳定性,为对流系统的发生发展积累能量,造成有利于对流降水的热力环境。