管材自由胀形时极限载荷及成形极限的确定

基于轮廓形状为余弦曲线及轮廓上任一质点的运动轨迹与轮廓正交的假设及材料各向异性理论,建立直观的数学模型,并借助数值计算方法,快速、准确地确定薄壁管材无模约束自由液压胀形的成形载荷及成形极限。通过对不锈钢及低碳钢薄壁管的液压胀形实验来验证理论模型及计算结果的正确性,并分析及比较胀形中的成形载荷变化规律、管材壁厚及轮廓形状的变化规律。研究结果表明,自由胀形长度l0对于极限载荷pb值的大小有较大的影响,但对极限胀形系数Kmax影响较小;基于该模型计算的极限载荷(破坏时的液压力)及成形极限更加接近实际,可用于管材液压胀形的生产中。     

焊缝管液压胀形模拟建模及变形规律的研究

基于周向显微硬度的分布及经验公式法,确立了STKM11A焊缝管热影响区的流动应力;通过对热影响区进行分片的方式,建立了包含焊缝和热影响区的焊缝管液压胀形的有限元模拟模型。基于该模型,模拟分析了STKM11A焊缝管液压胀形时的变形规律,如截面轮廓形状、周向壁厚分布和成形极限等,并与胀形实验结果进行对比。结果表明,液压胀形后焊缝管的截面轮廓形状不对称、壁厚分布不均匀,最小壁厚位于热影响区;包含焊缝及热影响区的有限元模型在预测焊缝管液压胀形的变形规律、极限载荷和潜在胀裂位置等方面,较其他常规模型更加精确。     

Influence of axial feeding on the growth of circumferential thickness deviation in free hydraulic bulging

Loading paths (hereafter referred as LPs) that consist of internal pressure and axial feeding are important manufacturing conditions in tube hydroforming. Among the factors that affect LP design, friction between the forming die and tube causes the most difficulty due to its complicated characteristics. Although there is no friction, a number of issues with LP design remain. In this study, free hydraulic bulging (hereafter FHB) with internal pressure and axial feeding is investigated. In FHB, tubes are freely expended without friction. It has been shown that axial feeding affects the circumferential thickness distribution in the tube periphery. The tubes in this study are straight seamless tubes. Seamless tubes typically have predictable thickness deviations resulting from their manufacturing processes. In general, the degree of thickness deviation will increase as the tube expands. A FEM simulator is used to analyze the mechanism of the growth of thickness deviation.     

变径管内高压成形送料区壁厚分布规律

通过力学分析和全量本构方程,推导出了变径管内高压成形送料区壁厚增厚的解析公式。该公式反映了送料区初始长度、摩擦系数、内压等参数与送料区两端壁厚差之间的定量关系,并与数值模拟获得的规律一致。结果表明,送料区两端壁厚差受送料区初始长度、摩擦系数及内压的影响,随着送料区初始长度、摩擦系数和内压的增加,送料区两端壁厚差会越来越大,即靠近送料区外端点的壁厚增加会更加明显。因此保证内高压成形得到的变径管送料区壁厚增加不明显的措施是:尽量减小送料区初始长度、减少摩擦,选择较低的成形内压。     

内压对薄壁管充液压弯时的影响

失稳起皱和截面畸变是薄壁管弯曲成形过程中的主要缺陷,通过数值模拟和实验的方法,研究了液压支承下管材的弯曲变形行为,进行了从无内压到内压为18MPa的管材充液弯曲成形,分析了充液弯曲成形过程中的内压值对成形的影响,给出了成形后的不圆度和典型点壁厚减薄率的变化规律,结果显示,随着充液压力的增加,管材的截面不圆度逐渐减小,管材内侧壁厚增厚趋势减小,外侧壁厚减薄趋势增大。并根据模拟结果给出了成形后的典型点的应力状态。     

内压对薄壁铝合金管材充液压弯过程的影响

采用实验和数值模拟研究5A02铝合金薄壁管材充液压弯成形过程中内压对缺陷的影响规律,分析内压对弯曲内侧起皱、截面畸变及壁厚分布的影响,获得壁厚变化规律;通过数值模拟给出的应力状态,揭示缺陷形成机制。结果表明:提高内压能降低轴向压应力的绝对值,减小失稳起皱趋势,当内压超过一个临界值时,皱纹完全消除。对于直径为63 mm、壁厚为1 mm的5A02-O铝合金管材,其内压临界值为2.8 MPa。充液有效地减小截面畸变程度,随内压的增大,截面畸变程度逐渐减小。弯曲后,壁厚最大减薄点位于弯曲外侧点,且随内压的增大,轴向和环向拉应力均呈增大趋势,弯曲外侧壁厚度减薄的趋势也增大。     

Bulge forming of tubes with axial compressive force proportional to the hydraulic pressure

A device for applying an axial compressive force proportional to the internal hydraulic pressure in tube bulging was designed, constructed and tested. Using this device, copper tubes of diameter 25.4 mm were bulged. By varying the ratio of the axial compressive force to the hydraulic pressure, the largest ratio for maximum bulging was obtained. At lower values of the ratio, fracture occurred at lower circumferential expansions, whereas at higher values buckling of the tube resulted. The hydraulic pressure and the maximum strains at bursting were measured. Bulging in three stages, with interstage annealing, a circumferential expansion to a diameter of 48 mm was obtained. The maximum bulging possible in each stage was determined together with the hydraulic pressures necessary using the optimum ratio of axial load to the internal pressure. Meridional, circumferential, and thickness strains measured in each stage are presented.     

双层管内压弯曲过程轴向应力分析

双层管内压弯曲方法为获得大直径超薄弯管提供了可行的途径,文章对该方法避免内层管起皱的机理进行研究。内压在双层管轴向产生的附加拉应力,可降低弯曲内侧轴向压应力,有助于预防起皱。采用弹性理论,得到双层直管状态下附加轴向拉应力表达式,并对理论模型进行验证。通过数值模拟,分析了弯曲过程中支撑内压、外层管厚度,对内层超薄管起皱和轴向应力的影响规律。理论分析结果表明,双层管极限支撑内压,会随外层壁厚的增加而显著提高,因此对于厚度比较大的双层管,可以通过采用较大的支撑内压,提高附加轴向拉应力的方法避免起皱。模拟结果表明,随着外层管厚度增加,外层管弯曲时不易发生失稳起皱,同时弯管内侧轴向压应力绝对值降低。支撑内压越高,内外层界面贴合越紧密,内层管在承受轴向压应力时,其稳定性越高。     

Hydroforming of automotive structural components with rectangular-sections

An experimental and numerical simulation was conducted to investigate hydroforming of automotive rectangular-section structural components and the results were used as guidelines for some prototypes. The effect of loading path on the failures and thickness distribution was discussed and the reasons were analyzed for the failures, such as bursting and folding. Hydroforming with axial feeding is strongly sensitive to the loading path. Bursting occurs in transition zone in the calibration when the internal pressure increases faster than the axial feeding. Otherwise, folding will take place due to too much axial feeding. There is the maximum thickness at central point of the side of cross-section and the minimum thickness at the transition area. If the n value of the tube material is bigger, the thickness of the final part will be more uniform. By using a petal-like perform section shape, the pressure for forming the transition radii was greatly reduced and components with small radii can be formed with relatively low pressure.     

异形截面管充液成形工艺及过程优化

异形截面管件广泛应用于汽车底盘结构件领域,它不仅可以充分利用材料的强度和刚度,而且是实现结构轻量化的重要措施之一。对汽车底盘变截面管件进行研究,利用有限元软件Dynaform建立了QSTE340低碳钢管材充液成形的有限元模型。研究了充液成形过程中管材预制坯形状、初始屈服压力、整形压力及推头轴向进给量对成形结果的影响,并通过试验验证了仿真分析的准确性。研究结果表明:在异形截面管零件成形过程中,管材预制坯各截面周长与最终零件各截面周长相近时,可以提高成形质量;当初始屈服压力为70 MPa、整形压力为200 MPa、轴向补料量为25 mm时,可以成形出合格零件。     

矩形管多点压弯成形截面畸变的数值分析

基于有限元分析软件ABAQUS,建立了矩形管多点压弯成形三维有限元模型,对比分析了矩形管整体压弯和多点压弯的截面畸变,研究了矩形管多点压弯成形时摩擦系数、管壁厚度、弯曲半径对截面畸变的影响。结果表明:矩形管多点压弯的截面畸变量略大于矩形管整体压弯的截面畸变量,且最大畸变率小于10%;摩擦系数对截面畸变影响较小;管壁越厚,截面畸变越小;弯曲半径越大,截面畸变越小。成形实验验证了矩形管多点压弯成形的可行性。     

Study on inhomogeneous cooling behavior of extruded profile with unequal and large thicknesses during quenching using thermo-mechanical coupling model

The interfacial heat transfer coefficient between hot profile surface and cooling water was determined by using inverse heat conduction model combined with end quenching experiment. Then, a Deform-3D thermo-mechanical coupling model for simulating the on-line water quenching of extruded profile with unequal and large thicknesses was developed. The temperature field, residual stress field and distortion of profile during quenching were investigated systematically. The results show that heat transfer coefficient increases as water flow rate increases. The peak heat transfer coefficient with higher water flow rates appears at lower interface temperatures. The temperature distribution across the cross-section of profile during quenching is severe nonuniform and the maximum temperature difference is 300 °C at quenching time of 3.49 s. The temperature difference through the thickness of different parts of profile first increases sharply to a maximum value, and then gradually decreases. The temperature gradient increases obviously with the increase of thickness of parts. After quenching, there exist large residual stresses on the inner side of joints of profile and the two ends of part with thickness of 10 mm. The profile presents a twisting-type distortion across the cross-section under non-uniform cooling and the maximum twisting angle during quenching is 2.78°.     

Loading path optimization of tube hydroforming process

Optimization methods along with finite element simulations were utilized to determine the optimum loading paths for closed-die and T-joint tube hydroforming processes. The objective was to produce a part with minimum thickness variation while keeping the maximum effective stress below the material ultimate stress during the forming process. In the closed-die hydroforming, the intent was also to conform the tube to the die shape whereas in the T-joint design, maximum T-branch height was sought. It is shown that utilization of optimized loading paths yields a better conformance of the part to the die shape or leads to a higher bulge height. Finite element simulations also revealed that, in an optimized loading path, the majority of the axial feed needs to be provided after the tube material yields under the applied internal pressure. These results were validated by conducting experiments on aluminum tubes where a good correlation between the experimental results and simulations were obtained.     

工艺参数对双层304不锈钢波纹管液压胀形回弹的影响

工艺参数对双层波纹管液压胀形回弹有重要影响。为提高波纹管成形的精度,基于ABAQUS平台,对双层波纹管液压胀形及回弹过程进行仿真分析,研究了内压力、模具行程和挤压速度对不同膨胀比波纹管回弹后的长度、波高和波厚的影响。结果表明,内压力和模具行程增大时,波纹管长度变化量、波高变化量和波厚变化量均基本呈线性增大趋势,且长度和波厚的变化量远大于波高变化量;内压力对回弹的影响大于模具行程的影响;回弹量对工艺参数的敏感性随膨胀比的增大而增大。对于膨胀比为1.47的波纹管,内压力增大150%时,波纹管长度、波高和波厚变化量分别增大了119%,175%和167%。模具行程增大20%时,波纹管长度、波高和波厚变化量分别增大了26%,18%和29%。     

Mechanical property and formability of AZ31B extruded tube at elevated temperature

The mechanical properties of AZ31B magnesium alloy tube were tested by ring hoop tension test at different temperatures. The formability for tube hydroforming was also evaluated by flee-expansion test.The results show that there exists a quick decrease of total elongation along hoop direction at the temperature range of 150-230℃,which is quite different from that along axial direction.The total elongation along hoop direction of welded tube is quite close to that of seamless tube until 230℃is reached.At ...     

Effect of tube size on electromagnetic tube bulging

The commercial finite code ANSYS was employed for the simulation of the electromagnetic tube bulging process. The finite element model and boundary conditions were thoroughly discussed. ANSYS/EMAG was used to model the time varying electromagnetic field in order to obtain the radial and axial magnetic pressure acting on the tube, The magnetic pressure was then used as boundary conditions to model the high velocity deformation of various length tube with ANSYS/LSDYNA. The time space distribution of magnetic pressure on various length tubes was presented. Effect of tube size on the distribution of radial magnetic pressure and axial magnetic pressure and high velocity deformafion were discussed. According to the radial magnetic pressure ratio of tube end to tube center and corresponding dimensionless length ratio of tube to coil, the free electromagnetic tube bulging was studied in classification. The calculated results show good agreements with practice.     

江淮SRV前梁液压胀形过程有限元分析

对江淮SRV前梁液压胀形过程进行了数值模拟研究,应用弹塑性有限元动力显式分析程序LS-DY-NA进行求解分析.重点针对管坯初始尺寸的确定和内压加载路径的选择,给出了模拟结果.分析表明选择合适的管径和内压加载路径能改善成形过程中材料的流动、提高材料的成形极限、有利于产品质量的提高,模拟结果为工程应用提供了依据.     

A fast algorithm for strain prediction in tube hydroforming based on one-step inverse approach

This paper presents recent developments of a simplified finite element method called the inverse approach (IA) for the estimation of large elastoplastic strains and thickness distribution in tube hydroforming. The basic formulation of the IA, proposed by Guo et al. (1990), has been modified and adapted for the modeling of three-dimensional tube hydroforming problems in which the initial geometry is a circular tube expanded by internal pressure and submitted to axial feed at the tube ends. The application of the IA is illustrated through the analyses of numerical applications concerning the hydroforming of axisymmetric bulge, made from aluminum alloy 6061-T6 tubing, the hydroforming of square section hollow component and the hydroforming of a free Tee extrusion from welded low carbon steel LCS-1008 tubing. Verifications of the obtained results have been carried out using experimental results together with the classical explicit dynamic incremental approach using ABAQUS^® commercial code to show the effectiveness of our approach.     

Formability and strengthening mechanism of AA6061 tubular components under solid granule medium internal high pressure forming

A new technological process of tube forming was developed, namely solution treatment → granule medium internal high pressure forming → artificial aging. During this process, the mechanical properties of AA6061 tube can be adjusted by heat treatment to satisfy the process requirements and the processing method can also be realized by granule medium internal high pressure forming technology with the features of convenient implementation, low requirement to equipment and flexible design in product. Results show that, at a solution temperature of 560 °C and time of 120 min, the elongation of AA6061 increases by 313%, but the strength and the hardness dramatically decrease. At an aging temperature of 180 °C and time of 360 min, the strength and hardness of AA6061 alloy are recovered to the values of the as-received alloy. The maximum expansion ratio (MER) of AA6061 tube increases by 25.5% and the material properties of formed tube reach the performances of raw material.     

药筒筒体旋压工艺参数影响分析

通过数值模拟方法,分析了错距值、压下量等旋压工艺参数对药筒筒体加工质量的影响.采用弹塑性材料模型和库伦摩擦模型,以旋轮的径向旋压力、工件变形速率和内径胀缩量为研究对象,得到了径向旋压力,内径尺寸胀缩量和变形速率在不同错距值和径向力均方差下的变化规律.模拟结果表明,错距值与压下量的不同匹配,对旋轮径向力影响很大,工件内径胀缩量随错距值增大呈U形变化,径向力均方差在0.95 mm时,变形速率最大.