含玻璃砂的高性能碱激发矿渣砂浆性能研究

采用玻璃砂代替部分细骨料制备碱激发矿渣(AAS)砂浆后,研究了玻璃砂含量(0%、10%、20%、30%,质量分数)对AAS砂浆抗压强度、抗折强度、干燥收缩、导热系数和碱-硅酸反应(ASR)膨胀率的影响,并通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对微观机理进行了分析。结果表明:掺10%~30%的玻璃砂能显著提高AAS砂浆的早期抗压强度,但会略微降低28 d抗压强度;AAS砂浆的抗折强度随玻璃砂掺量的增加先增大后减小,10%掺量时最有利于3 d抗折强度,20%掺量时最有利于28 d抗折强度;AAS砂浆的干燥收缩、导热系数和ASR膨胀率均随玻璃砂掺量的增加而减小,与对照组相比,掺30%玻璃砂的AAS砂浆导热系数降低14.4%,56 d干燥收缩率降低27.6%,14 d ASR膨胀率降低39.6%,28 d ASR膨胀率降低34.5%;SEM分析发现玻璃砂表面有水化产物生成,其与胶凝材料的结合比石英砂更紧密,使AAS砂浆的微观结构更加致密。     

引气剂对延缓高海拔强碱环境下碱-硅酸反应的影响

青藏高原盐渍土地区的碱金属离子含量很高,属于强碱环境,碱活性骨料分布广,极易引起混凝土发生碱-硅酸反应(ASR)。为确定引气剂延缓ASR的机理,设计了掺入矿物掺合料(SCM)的混凝土配比,并加入引气剂,研究了腐蚀溶液中的混凝土试件,包括1.5 a的强度发展和1 a的碱金属离子扩散浓度,并研究了砂浆棒试件210 d的膨胀率发展和龄期长达6 a的微观形貌。结果表明:相较于未使用引气剂的试件,掺量为0.05%的引气剂未引起混凝土试件(含气量5.4%)的强度损失,且有效降低了砂浆棒试件的膨胀率。此外,引气气孔成为了ASR产物的储仓,若混凝土碱量不变,则可控制碱活性骨料周边的ASR作用程度,延缓ASR胀裂的速率,有效改善SCM对ASR的抑制作用。     

碱激发材料与硅酸盐水泥在盐湖环境中的性能对比研究

为克服传统硅酸盐水泥材料在盐湖环境中性能劣化严重的不足,通过浸烘循环,对比研究了在清水和模拟盐湖环境下,碱激发矿渣(AAS)水泥和硅酸盐水泥(PC)强度发展和微观结构的变化.实验结果表明:AAS材料具有优异的抗盐湖侵蚀能力,其强度随着养护龄期延长逐渐提高,20次循环之前强度增长迅速,且激发剂含量越高,强度增长约快.养护于盐湖溶液中的PC强度随时间逐渐下降,40次浸烘循环后完全破坏.激发剂含量越高,处于盐湖溶液中的碱激发材料孔隙率越低,扫描电镜结果表明,在材料孔隙中结晶的石膏晶体和氯化钠晶体有效填充了孔隙.盐湖环境使得PC多害孔含量明显增加,但使AAS水泥孔结构得到细化,提高了材料的力学性能.     

碱激发剂浓度及模数对碱矿渣胶凝材料抗压性能及水化产物的影响研究

采用水玻璃(复掺氢氧化钠调整模数)激发粒化高炉矿渣活性制备碱矿渣净浆试样.采用抗压强度测试、X-射线衍射(XRD)、综合热分析(TG-DSC)等技术手段研究了激发剂碱浓度(4%、6%、8%)及模数(0.75、1.00、1.50、2.00)对碱矿渣胶凝材料抗压性能及水化产物的影响.研究结果表明:激发剂模数较低时(0.75和1.00),碱矿渣胶凝材料抗压强度随着碱浓度的增加而呈下降趋势;激发剂模数较高时(1.50和2.00),试件强度在碱浓度为6%时达到最大值.在相同碱浓度下,激发剂模数为1.50时试件抗压强度值最大.碱矿渣胶凝材料主要水化产物为C-S-H凝胶,同时伴有C-A-S-H凝胶生成.另外观测到少量斜方钙沸石(CaAl2Si2O8· 4H2O)的生成.在部分配合比中还观测到水滑石(Mg6Al2(OH)16CO3· 4H2O)的存在.碱浓度较高的碱矿渣胶凝材料中生成了较多的C-S-H水化产物.激发剂模数较高时(1.50和2.00),更有利于碱矿渣中C-S-H水化产物的生成.碱浓度/模数较低时, C-S-H产物结晶度有所提高.相较于C-S-H凝胶结晶度,其生成量对碱矿渣胶凝材料抗压强度的影响更为显著.     

废玻璃粉作为辅助胶凝材料对砂浆性能影响及作用机理

作为辅助胶凝材料掺入混凝土是废弃玻璃回收利用的途径之一。研究废玻璃粉掺料对砂浆性能影响及作用机理,结果可为该类应用提供指导。本文研究0~0.075 mm、0.075~0.15 mm和0.15~0.3 mm这三组不同粒径废玻璃粉作为辅助胶凝材料对砂浆力学性能及碱硅酸反应(ASR)膨胀作用的影响。研究发现:掺入玻璃粉粒径为0~0.075 mm可将砂浆28 d抗压强度增加5%~15%,ASR膨胀率减小20.2%;掺入玻璃粉粒径为0.15~0.3 mm则使砂浆28 d抗压强度降低5%~8%,ASR膨胀率增加39.7%。采用热重分析、等离子电感耦合、扫描电镜及能谱分析试验对反应产物、孔溶液、微观结构及其元素分布进行检测。分析认为粒径粗的玻璃粉碱骨料活性强,易发生ASR,导致膨胀率增加;粒径细的火山灰活性强,发生火山灰反应生成了膨胀率低的低钙硅比水化硅酸钙凝胶,该产物不仅会吸收Na⁺、K⁺,从而减少用于发生ASR的反应物含量,而且更密实,有利于降低孔隙率,减少水的渗透,提高抗压强度并抵抗膨胀压。     

粉煤灰地聚合物砂浆的试验研究

粉煤灰基地聚合物是利用粉煤灰在碱激发剂溶液作用下形成的一种新型无机类陶瓷结构胶凝材料。通过抗折抗压强度指标研究不同模数碱激发剂对粉煤灰的激发效果以及三种高温养护条件对粉煤灰基地聚合物砂浆力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,碱硅酸盐激发剂溶液的激发作用显著,模数为1.5时效果最好;提高养护温度可以有效提高粉煤灰基地聚合物砂浆的早期强度。     

碱激发胶凝材料中碱硅反应研究进展

本文综述了碱激发矿渣、碱激发粉煤灰、碱激发矿渣粉煤灰以及其它碱激发胶凝材料中的碱硅反应研究进展.在相同条件下,碱激发矿渣砂浆棒或混凝土棱柱体的膨胀值通常比硅酸盐水泥材料的小,取决于碱激发剂种类、活性骨料的种类和尺寸等.碱激发矿渣的碱硅反应并不随碱掺量的增加而变大,存在碱掺量最劣值.用粉煤灰或偏高岭土来取代矿渣可减小甚至抑制碱激发矿渣中碱硅反应的发生.     

焙烧锂辉石对碱硅酸反应的抑制效果

以试验室焙烧锂辉石(DS)为原材料,研究了在40℃和80℃养护条件下,单掺DS和双掺DS与粉煤灰(FA)取代部分水泥,对沸石化珍珠岩集料和某高活性集料M成型不同砂浆碱集料反应膨胀的影响.试验表明:碱含量为2.5%时,在40℃和80℃养护条件下,DS掺量10%对沸石化珍珠岩集料砂浆试件ASR有效抑制,90 d龄期时试件膨胀值仍小于0.1%.DS掺量10%对高活性集料M砂浆试件ASR抑制效果不大.养护温度不同膨胀值变化趋势不同.DS掺量固定,随着FA掺量的增加,对2种集料砂浆碱集料反应膨胀抑制效果越好.     

天然沸石对碱-硅酸反应的抑制及其机理

用高碱水泥和天然沸石制备了含沸石水泥，测定了其砂浆棒的膨胀率，可溶性碱量和有效碱量。用能谱分析（EDXA）了C－S－H凝胶的化学组成。讨论了总碱量，可溶性碱量和有效碱量与膨胀率的关系。结果显示，由碱－硅酸反应（ASR）引起的膨胀与可溶性碱量和有效碱量之间有很好的关系。沸石主要通过离子交换和提高C－S－H凝胶对Na^ 和K^ 的吸收，使可溶性碱量和有效碱量降低，从而起到抑制ASR的作用。     

碱含量对粉煤灰抑制ASR效果的影响

采用粉煤友部分等量替代水泥,用砂浆棒快速法和混凝土棱柱体法分别进行了不同掺量的粉煤灰抑制集料ASR的试验研究。结果表明：随着混凝土砂浆中的总碱含量的增加,粉煤灰对集抖ASR膨胀的抑制效果减弱。在同等条件下,用粉煤灰部分取代高碱水泥比取代低碱水泥抑制集料的ASR膨胀更有效。     

The alkali-silica reaction in alkali-activated granulated slag mortars with reactive aggregate

The expansion of alkali-activated granulated blast furnace slag (AAS) cement mortars with reactive aggregate due to alkali-silica reaction (ASR) was investigated. The alkaline activator used was NaOH solution with 4% Na₂O (by mass of slag). These results were compared to those of ordinary portland cement (OPC) mortars. The ASTM C1260-94 Standard Test Method based on the NBRI Accelerated Test Method was followed. The nature of the ASR products was also studied by SEM/EDX. The results obtained show that the AAS cement mortars experienced expansion due to the ASR, but expansion occurs at slower rate than with OPC mortars under similar conditions. The cause of the expansion in AAS cement mortars is the formation of sodium and calcium silicate hydrate reaction products with rosette-type morphology. Finally, in order to determine potential expansion due to ASR, the Accelerated Test Method is not suitable for AAS mortars because the reaction rate is initially slow and a longer period of testing is required.     

Autogenous and drying shrinkage of alkali-activated slag mortars

Shrinkage of alkali-activated slag (AAS) cement is a critical issue for its industrial application. This study investigated the mechanisms and effectiveness of shrinkage-reducing agent (SRA) and magnesia expansive agent on reducing autogenous and drying shrinkage of AAS mortars that were activated by liquid sodium silicate (LSS) solution with modulus (SiO₂/Na₂O molar ratio) of 0-1.5. The results showed that the autogenous shrinkage of AAS mortars increased with the increase of LSS modulus from 0 to 0.5, then decreased as modulus increased up to 1.5. The drying shrinkage consistently increased with the increase in the modulus of LSS. The oxyalkylene alcohol-based SRA could significantly reduce the autogenous and drying shrinkage of AAS mortars while the magnesia expensive agent was comparatively less effective. The autogenous shrinkage of AAS mortars was inversely proportional to the internal relative humidity, while the drying shrinkage was more related to the mass loss of samples. Mathematical models were established to describe the autogenous and drying shrinkage behavior of AAS mortars.     

Preliminary study of effect of LiNO2 on expansion of mortars subjected to alkali-silica reaction

The effect of LiNO₂on the expansion of mortars made completely of reactive aggregate with five particle size fractions was investigated by means of an autoclave test. The results show that the effect of LiNO₂ varies with its content and Na₂O level, or more specifically, with the molar ratio of Li/Na in mortars. When the ratio reaches 0.8 at higher Na₂O level (greater than 2% in this study), ASR expansion is substantially suppressed and the ratio below or beyond this value will give different results. For the other cases of lower Na₂O levels the results are distinguished from this and the best Li/Na molar ratios of 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 corresponding to the Na₂O levels of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%, respectively, are recommended.     

Structure of Calcium Silicate Hydrates Formed in Alkaline-Activated Slag: Influence of the Type of Alkaline Activator

The influence of the alkaline activator (NaOH, waterglass, or Na₂CO₃) on the structure of the hydrated calcium silicate formed in alkali-activated slag (AAS) cement pastes has been investigated by FTIR, ²⁹Si and ²⁷Al magic-angle scattering nuclear magnetic resonance, and TEM/EDX techniques. In all cases, the main product formed after 7 d of activation, with activators giving an Na₂O concentration of 4%, is a semicrystalline calcium silicate hydrate with a dreierkette-type anion. In these structures, linear finite chains of silicate tetrahedra ( Q ² units) are linked to central Ca-O layers, and tetrahedral aluminum occupies bridging positions in the chains. The main chain length and the amount of aluminum incorporated in the tetrahedral chains depend on the activator used. The detection of Q ³ silicon entities in alkaline-activated slags is discussed in relation to the possible formation of cross-linked structures that may be responsible for increased flexural and compressive strengths in AAS mortars.     

Pore solution in alkali-activated slag cement pastes. Relation to the composition and structure of calcium silicate hydrate

In this work, the relationship between the composition of pore solution in alkali-activated slag cement (AAS) pastes activated with different alkaline activator, and the composition and structure of the main reaction products, has been studied. Pore solution was extracted from hardened AAS pastes. The analysis of the liquids was performed through different techniques: Na, Mg and Al by atomic absorption (AA), Ca ions by ionic chromatography (IC) and Si by colorimetry; pH was also determined. The solid phases were analysed by XRD, FTIR, solid-state ²⁹Si and ²⁷Al NMR and BSE/EDX.The most significant changes in the ionic composition of the pore solution of the AAS pastes activated with waterglass take place between 3 and 24 h of reaction. These changes are due to the decrease of the Na content and mainly to the Si content. Results of ²⁹Si MAS NMR and FTIR confirm that the activation process takes place with more intensity after 3 h (although at this age, Q² units already exist). The pore solution of the AAS pastes activated with NaOH shows a different evolution to this of pastes activated with waterglass. The decrease of Na and Si contents progresses with time.The nature of the alkaline activator influences the structure and composition of the calcium silicate hydrate formed as a consequence of the alkaline activation of the slag. The characteristic of calcium silicate hydrate in AAS pastes activated with waterglass is characterised by a low structural order with a low Ca/Si ratio. Besides, in this paste, Q³ units are detected. The calcium silicate hydrate formed in the pastes activated with NaOH has a higher structural order (higher crystallinity) and contains more Al in its structure and a higher Ca/Si ratio than those obtained with waterglass.     

Mechanical approach in mitigating alkali-silica reaction

The effect of steel microfibers (SMF) on alkali-silica reaction (ASR) was investigated using two types of reactive aggregates, crushed opal and a Pyrex rod of constant diameter. Cracks are less visible in the SMF mortars compared with the unreinforced mortars. Due to crack growth resistance behavior in SMF mortar specimens, the strength loss is eliminated and the ASR products remained well confined within the ASR site. The expansion and the ASR products were characterized by microprobe analysis and inductive coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopy. The confinement due to SMF resulted in a higher Na and Si ion concentration of the ASR liquid extracted from the reaction site. The higher concentration reduced the ASR rate and resulted in a lower reactivity of the reactive Pyrex rods in SMF mortars.     

Chemo-mechanical modeling for prediction of alkali silica reaction (ASR) expansion

The effect of the size of the aggregate on ASR expansion has already been well illustrated. This paper presents a microscopic model to analyze the development of ASR expansion of mortars containing reactive aggregate of different sizes. The attack of the reactive silica by alkali was determined through the mass balance equation, which controls the diffusion mechanism in the aggregate and the fixation of the alkali in the ASR gels. The mechanical part of the model is based on the damage theory in order to assess the decrease of stiffness of the mortar due to cracking caused by ASR and to calculate the expansion of a Representative Elementary Volume (REV) of concrete. Parameters of the model were estimated by curve fitting the expansions of four experimental mortars. The paper shows that the decrease of expansion with the size of the aggregate and the increase of the expansion with the alkali content are reproduced by the model, which is able to predict the expansions of six other mortars containing two sizes of reactive aggregate and cast with two alkali contents.     

Na and Li ion diffusion in modified ASTM C 1260 test by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

In the current study, MRI was applied to investigate lithium and sodium ion diffusion in cement paste and mortars containing inert sand and borosilicate glass. Paste and mortars were treated by complying with ASTM C 1260. Lithium and sodium distribution profiles were collected at different ages after different treatments. Results revealed that sodium ions had a greater diffusion rate than lithium ions, suggesting that Na reaches the aggregate particle surface before Li. Results also showed that Na and Li ions had a competitive diffusion process in mortars; soaking in a solution with higher [Li] favored Li diffusion but hindered Na diffusion. In mortars containing glass, a substantial amount of Li was consumed by the formation of ASR products. When [Li] in soaking solution was reduced to 0.37 N, a distinctive Na distribution profile was observed, indicating the free-state Na ions were continuously transformed to solid reaction products by ASR. Hence, in the modified ASTM C 1260 test, [Li] in the storage solution should be controlled at 0.74 N, in order to completely prevent the consumption of Na ions and thus stop ASR.