Biostyr(R)曝气生物滤池中试研究

为了确认Biostyr(R)曝气生物滤池工艺在中国的适应性,在高碑店污水处理厂进行了中试.记录和总结了2002年1月至2003年10月间的试验结果.取高碑店污水处理厂3系列初沉池出水为试验用水,试验期间水温在9～29℃.试验经历经典硝化/反硝化和同时硝化/反硝化的运行模式.以GB 18918-2002为准,Biostyr(R)滤池出水中化学耗氧量、总悬浮固体、氨基态氮、总氮等污染物均可达到其一级B标准.     

硫自养反硝化滤池对二级出水脱氮效果研究

国内各省市相继颁布城镇污水处理厂出水污染物排放标准，大幅降低了污水处理厂总氮排放限值。有效去除污水处理厂二级出水中的总氮，成为污水处理工艺的技术难点。研究了硫自养反硝化滤池对二级出水的脱氮效果，选用高效硫自养滤料，在某污水处理厂进行近一年的中试。试验结果表明：滤柱3天可成功挂膜；在滤料和水的空床接触时间40 min时，硝酸盐氮去除率稳定在95%以上；硫自养反硝化滤池滤料消耗成本相比于异养反硝化滤池投加乙酸钠成本低35%～72%。     

某化工园区污水处理厂提标改造工艺设计

江苏某化工园区污水处理厂一期工程规模为7500 m3/d,进水COD、BOD5、SS、NH3-N、TN、TP平均浓度分别为455 mg/L、70 mg/L、265 mg/L、33.1 mg/L、41.3 mg/L、3.4 mg/L.原工艺出水中除了TN及SS浓度仅能达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级B标准外,其他指标均能稳定达到一级A标准.经改造增加反硝化深床滤池深度处理工艺后,主工艺变为水解酸化-AO-芬顿氧化-曝气生物滤池-反硝化深床滤池.运行1年的数据表明,在反硝化深床滤池前端投加乙酸钠时,出水各污染物的浓度均有下降,均能稳定达到一级A标准,其中TN及SS出水浓度均值分别为11.4 mg/L及7.1 mg/L.改造后污水处理厂新增运行成本为0.57元/m3,包括电费0.14元/m3、药剂费0.31元/m3、维护费0.07元/m3、人工费0.05元/m3.其中介绍了该工程的概况、工艺流程、设计参数、处理效果及技术经济分析.     

地埋式曝气生物滤池—微絮凝过滤工艺的设计及调试

安徽省中部某污水处理厂采用前置反硝化曝气生物滤池-微絮凝过滤工艺,构筑物均为地埋式,在调试运行初期,TN、TP两项指标难以达标。介绍了工艺流程及相关设计参数,并着重分析了工程的调试运行措施。经调试和运行优化,出水TN、TP指标能够稳定达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)一级A标准。     

城镇生活污水反硝化生物脱氮碳源研究

针对业内普遍认为我国城镇生活污水反硝化碳源不足的观点,以反硝化脱氮机理为依据,通过中试试验和科学分析,论证了污水中的内碳源能够满足反硝化脱氮的需要。在试验证明反硝化菌可利用污水中不易降解有机物进行反硝化脱氮的基础上,得出可将污水中的COD计入反硝化碳源的结论。通过计算活性污泥中反硝化菌占比,明确了反硝化菌数量少是污水处理厂脱氮率低下的限制性因素,并结合生物脱氮工艺污水处理厂特点,提出了增设反硝化菌增殖池、提高活性污泥中反硝化菌占比,从而提高污水处理厂脱氮率。     

北方某污水处理厂抗氯离子冲击效果分析

北方某污水处理厂规模为10万m3/d,自2017年以来开始受海水倒灌冲击,污水处理厂中氯离子浓度和电导率随着潮汐潮位的变化呈现出波动性变化。污水处理厂采用改良AAO+MBBR工艺,在氯离子浓度频繁波动的情况下仍保持较高的脱氮除磷效果。通过试验研究发现,MBBR悬浮载体具有较好的抗冲击能力,氯离子波动冲击对于悬浮载体的硝化效果无明显影响,而对活性污泥的硝化过程具有明显的抑制作用。在反硝化方面,氯离子冲击会降低反硝化速率,此时需要延长缺氧区HRT或增大碳源投加量来保证TN的去除。采用改良AAO镶嵌MBBR工艺,通过好氧区投加悬浮载体,扩大缺氧区HRT。实践证明该工艺在硝化和反硝化效果上抗冲击性能良好,适用于高盐废水的处理。     

北京高碑店再生水处理厂升级改造工艺方案设计

为实现污水的资源化利用,通过改造工程将高碑店污水处理厂升级成为再生水处理厂,规模100万m3/d,出水主要水质指标要求达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)IV类水体水质标准。通过对现状污水处理厂及改造目标的分析,综合考虑技术、经济、可实施性等多方面因素,选取升级改造主体为A2/O(填料)工艺,新建的深度处理部分采用反硝化生物滤池+膜过滤+臭氧脱色工艺。介绍了水处理和污泥处理部分的工艺设计方案及设计参数,分析了工艺方案特点。     

溶解氧对低碳源污水一体化处理工艺脱氮除磷的影响

通过试验对比,研究了溶解氧对低碳源污水一体化工艺脱氮除磷效果的影响。结果表明,平均溶解氧为0.18mg/L时,系统出水可以稳定达到GB 18918—2002一级A标准,溶解氧过高或过低都会降低系统脱氮除磷效果。在平均溶解氧为0.18mg/L的工况下,系统存在反硝化吸磷、同时硝化反硝化及全程反硝化3种脱氮方式,且反硝化吸磷和同时硝化反硝化脱氮量占氮总去除量的66.7%,可以较大程度降低脱氮除磷过程所需碳源量并节省耗氧量,提高低碳源污水脱氮除磷效果。     

AMBBR处理生活污水的特性及脱氮机理研究

试验采用缺氧移动床生物膜反应器处理我国南方热带亚热带地区的城市生活污水,研究了水力停留时间(HRT)、pH等因素对出水CODCr和氨氮的影响,并探索了该反应器的脱氮机理。试验结果表明,HRT为4 h时,反应器出水达到了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)二级标准;并且发现,当HRT≥8 h时,系统实现了短程硝化反硝化反应脱氮;而当HRT<8 h时,发现反应器脱氮以短程硝化反硝化反应和厌氧氨氧化反应同时并存现象。     

不同C/N DEHP对反硝化生物滤池的影响及其去除

DEHP严重危害环境安全及人类健康,本文采用两座相同的反硝化生物滤池(DNBF)进行DEHP对滤池影响及去除效果研究。结果表明:C/N依次为4:1、6:1、2:1及1:1情况下DEHP不影响滤池对NO-3-N和COD的去除,也不影响亚氮的积累。4种C/N工况下,反硝化生物滤池对DEHP的平均去除率分别为89.7%、85.9%、93.6%、96.3%。这说明反硝化生物滤池对DEHP的去除率随C/N的增加而逐渐降低,但总体看反硝化生物滤池对DEHP具有良好的去除效果。另外,在反硝化滤池内部,DEHP的去除主要集中在进水端0~0.4 m内。     

淡水湖泊微生物硝化反硝化过程与影响因素研究

简述了参与硝化反硝化过程的微生物类型及其影响因素,指出湖泊中底栖动物提高了沉积物中氨氧化菌的丰度,加快了沉积物和上覆水反硝化过程,同时底栖动物的肠道也是反硝化场所并释放N2O。研究淡水湖泊中硝化反硝化微生物群落结构组成及多样性,阐述硝化反硝化的分子生物学机制,探索底栖动物对参与氮循环微生物群落结构与功能影响。     

水生经济植物根际氮循环细菌及其作用的研究

利用生态浮床系统,在室内研究了浮床植物单作和混作对氮的去除效果及其根际周围硝化与反硝化菌种群数量以及硝化与反硝化作用速率的变化规律.结果表明,浮床植物混作系统对氮的去除效果优于植物单作和无植物系统,而植物系统又优于无植物系统;植物单作与混作根际硝化细菌种群数量和硝化作用速率、反硝化细菌种群数量和反硝化作用速率均具有明显的差异;处理15 d后,硝化细菌种群数量在水芹系统中的减少较比豆瓣菜和混作系统多,硝化作用速率在水芹系统中的降低较豆瓣菜和混作系统明显(P <0.05);反硝化细菌种群数量由多到少的顺序分别为水芹系统,豆瓣菜系统,混作系统,无植物系统;且反硝化作用速率由高到低的顺序分别为水芹系统,豆瓣菜系统,混作系统,无植物系统.     

Impact of an urban centre on the nitrogen cycle processes of epilithic biofilms during a summer low‐water period *

Nitrogen transformations in epilithic biofilms of a large gravel bed river, the Garonne, France, has been studied upstream (one site) and downstream (four sites) of a large urban centre (Toulouse, 740 000 inhabitants). High biomass, up to 49 g AFDM m^?2 (ashes free dry matter) and 300 mg chlorophyll a m^?2 (Chl. a), were recorded at 6 and 12 km downstream from the main wastewater treatment plant outlet. The lowest records upstream and larger downstream (less than 16 g AFDM m^?2 or 120 mg Chl. a m^?2) could be explained by recent water fall (early summer low‐water period). Measurements of nitrogen exchange at the biofilm–overlying water interface were performed in incubation chambers under light and dark conditions. The addition of acetylene at the mid‐incubation time allowed evaluation of both nitrification (variation in NH₄⁺ flux after the ammonium monooxygenase inhibition) and denitrification (N₂O accumulation related to the inhibition of N₂O reduction). Denitrification (D_w) and nitrification rates were maximum at sites close to the city discharges in dark conditions (up to 9.1 and 5.6 mg N m^?2 h^?1, respectively). Unexpected denitrification activities in light conditions (up to 1.4 mg N m^?2 h^?1) at these sites provided evidence for enhanced nitrogen self‐purification downstream. As confirmed by most probable number (MPN) counts, high nitrification rates in biofilm close downstream were related to enhanced (more than almost 3 log) nitrifying bacteria densities (up to 7.6×10⁹ MPN m^?2). Downstream of an urban centre, nitrogen transformations in the biofilm appeared to be influenced by the occurrence of an adapted microflora which is inoculated or stimulated by anthropic pollution. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

同步短程硝化反硝化研究

分析了现有短程硝化反硝化工艺处理高浓度氨氮废水所存在的问题,试验利用序批式反应器(SBR)的内部水力特性对其进行改造,以畜禽养殖废水为研究对象,从宏观上创造同步硝化反硝化(SND)条件,并实现了同一反应器内短程硝化反硝化的同步进行,改造后系统pH值下降速度减缓,反硝化效率提高,最终出水的亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐浓度分别降低了39%和38%。     

Application of a sponge media (BioCube) process for upgrading and expansion of existing caprolactam wastewater treatment plant for nitrogen removal.

For the upgrade and expansion of an existing caprolactam wastewater treatment plant, a freely floating sponge media (BioCube) process was selected based on extensive pilot-plant tests, due to extreme space constraints. In order to protect nitrifier inhibition caused by high strength organics in caprolactam wastewater, the pilot plant consisted of an organics removal reactor, which functioned as a pretreatment for nitrification, and followed the nitrogen removal reactor. The suspended MLSS was 1,800-4,000 and the media attached MLSS was maintained at 22,000-26,000 mg/L. The final effluent COD was noticeably low, around 20.4-37 mg/L, even with fairly large fluctuations in the feed levels, between 1,400-6,770 mg/L. The removal of total nitrogen with the system, when denitrification was close to completion, was approximately 97.6%. For the entire run, complete nitrification of 99.6% was achieved, which might have been due to well-acclimatized nitrifiers attached in the BioCube media. Specifically, after adaptation, the nitrification continuously increased in the organics removal reactor, even under high residual organics conditions. From the numerous experimental results, the BioCube process seemed to be an effective method for the upgrading and expansion of the existing wastewater treatment plant, with minimum reactor enlargement.     

Dinitrogen oxide detection for nitrification failure early warning systems.

Experiments were conducted in order to establish whether N2O could be used to predict nitrification failure (through non-invasive means). Previous research had shown a strong correlation between N2O gas and NH3 in the effluent, giving rise to the possibility N2O can be used as an indicator for failure in the nitrification process. Two pilot-scale activated sludge plants were used, each with two lanes. The smaller consisted of a 601 aeration tank and a 201 clarifier; the larger pilot plant had an aeration tank of 3151 and a clarifier of 1001. The small pilot plant experiments showed that N2O gas was given off almost immediately from O2 deprivation/NH3 shock loads, but did not follow the expected trend of the time lag of NH3 in the effluent. This led to further investigation in the hydrodynamics and mixing characteristics of aeration basins, where a second larger pilot plant was used. Further experiments were conducted of high NH3 loadings and O2 deprivation, showed that work of was reproducible. However, it was also shown that with partial nitrification failure, a different N2O response of a continual rise was observed.     

Wastewater treatment with activated pre-clarifier and planted soil filters.

With a series of buffer tank, activated pre-clarifier (SBR) and planted soil filters, it is possible to get a stable degradation and good effluent values in the case of unsteady inflow and changing concentrations. In the process presented here the activated pre-clarifier is working as a denitrification tank and the soil filter as a nitrification reactor. An automatic control manages the storm-water runoff, the water-recirculation returns the nitrate and provides a minimal feed. Experiences with this plant from 1999 to 2005 are given in this paper, research has been done in the project "Planted soil filters as a Biotechnological Process", founded by the German Federal Environment Foundation (DBU). A full scale pilot plant was built to treat wastewater from composting sides, with a 42 m3 SBR and a bed area of 2 x 550 m2 of the planted soil filters. Now, after six years of operation, the results are still satisfactory. Besides this pilot plant, landfill leakage and municipal wastewater have been treated in a technical scale plant with the same process in an 80 L SBR and 0.75 m2 vertical flow soil filter with good results.     

Load dependent control of BNR-WWTP by dynamic changes of aeration volumes

The consequences of a heavy and varying load on a BNR-WWTP (biological nitrogen removing plant) have been investigated in full scale. The investigations took place at a 57.000 PE BNR plant which is operated according to the BIODENITRO principle. The plant had been heavily overloaded with BOD and N, 2–3 times the designed capacity. During the overload events, the BOD was efficiently removed to below the effluent limit. The N-removal, however, was reduced to below 50% during these events. The nitrification may be inhibited considerably after peak loadings due to a drop in pH caused by nitrification without denitrification. Full denitrification was obtained during peak loadings in spite of aeration of the total process volume. During high and varying loads, the most efficient utilisation of the process volume can be obtained by the following: 1) The plant design should allow of a change in aeration volume from 20% to 100% of the total process volume. Changing the aeration volume is much more effective than changing the oxygen set point. 2) On-line control of the aeration time by NH₄, NO₃ and pH on-line meters. The historic loadings must be included in the control strategy to avoid alkalinity depletion during heavy load variations.     

Optimising design, operation and energy consumption of biological aerated filters (BAF) for nitrogen removal of municipal wastewater.

The Biofiltration process in wastewater treatment combines filtration and biological processes in one reactor. In Europe it is meanwhile an accepted technology in advanced wastewater treatment, whenever space is scarce and a virtually suspended solids-free effluent is demanded. Although more than 500 plants are in operation world-wide there is still a lack of published operational experiences to help planners and operators to identify potentials for optimisation, e.g. energy consumption or the vulnerability against peakloads. Examples from pilot trials are given how the nitrification and denitrification can be optimised. Nitrification can be quickly increased by adjusting DO content of the water. Furthermore carrier materials like zeolites can store surplus ammonia during peak loads and release afterwards. Pre-denitrification in biofilters is normally limited by the amount of easily degradable organic substrate, resulting in relatively high requirements for external carbon. The combination of pre-DN, N and post-DN filters is much more advisable for most municipal wastewaters, because the recycle rate can be reduced and external carbon can be saved. Exemplarily it is shown for a full scale preanoxic-DN/N/postanoxic-DN plant of 130,000 p.e. how 15% energy could be saved by optimising internal recycling and some control strategies.     

短程硝化反硝化技术研究进展

综述了国内外短程硝化反硝化的技术进展。从短程硝化反硝化技术的影响因素、控制方式以及氨氧化菌的分子生物学研究等方面进行了分析,为在更普遍、更广泛的条件下实现短程硝化生物脱氮技术提供参考和支持。