Geochemical constraints on the evolution of mafic and felsic rocks in the Bathani volcanic and volcano-sedimentary sequence of Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex

The Bathani volcanic and volcano-sedimentary (BVS) sequence is a volcanic and volcano-sedimentary sequence, best exposed near Bathani village in Gaya district of Bihar. It is located in the northern fringe of the Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex (CGGC). The volcano-sedimentary unit comprises of garnet-mica schist, rhyolite, tuff, banded iron formation (BIF) and chert bands with carbonate rocks as enclaves within the rhyolite and the differentiated volcanic sequence comprises of rhyolite, andesite, pillow basalt, massive basalt, tuff and mafic pyroclasts. Emplacement of diverse felsic and mafic rocks together testifies for a multi-stage and multi-source magmatism for the area. The presence of pillow basalt marks the eruption of these rocks in a subaqueous environment. Intermittent eruption of mafic and felsic magmas resulted in the formation of rhyolite, mafic pyroclasts, and tuff. Mixing and mingling of the felsic and mafic magmas resulted in the hybrid rock andesite. Granites are emplaced later, cross-cutting the volcanic sequence and are probably products of fractional crystallization of basaltic magma. The present work characterizes the geochemical characteristics of the magmatic rocks comprising of basalt, andesite, rhyolite, tuff, and granite of the area. Tholeiitic trend for basalt and calc-alkaline affinities of andesite, rhyolite and granite is consistent with their generation in an island arc, subduction related setting. The rocks of the BVS sequence probably mark the collision of the northern and southern Indian blocks during Proterozoic period. The explosive submarine volcanism may be related to culmination of the collision of the aforementioned blocks during the Neoproterozoic (1.0 Ga) as the Grenvillian metamorphism is well established in various parts of CGGC.     

白云鄂博含矿碱性火山岩建造及其地球化学

白云鄂博矿床历经几十年的研究,主要集中在矿区H8岩性段矿化白云岩成因的认识,许多研究显示含矿白云岩是岩浆碳酸岩,本文主要从岩石学和地球化学方面进一步分析其属于火山喷发环境形成的火山碳酸熔岩。H8含矿白云岩段和H9板岩段作为一套含矿岩系主要由含矿白云岩、霓闪钠长岩、钾长板岩3类岩石组成,白云岩和霓闪钠长岩都具有的碎屑结构及角砾状构造、条带构造,显示为火山熔岩和火山碎屑岩特征,而钾长板岩则主要显示致密微晶火山熔岩特征。工业矿物主要是磁铁矿、赤铁矿、稀土矿物和铌铁矿物,其重要特征是出现大量原生赤铁矿,反映岩石氧化系数高,与火山喷发环境一致。霓闪钠长岩、钾长板岩岩石化学显示碱性特征,稀土元素与CaO、F相关系数在0.7以上,并与Fe2O3高氧化物相关,而与硅酸盐矿物组分反相关,表示碳酸岩与稀土成矿密切相关,并显示为表生氧化环境形成。稀土地球化学特征显示白云岩∑REE最高,钾长板岩∑REE最低,相应的岩脉∑REE低于喷发岩。各种岩石均表现为明显的轻重稀土分异,但是以白云岩LREE/HREE比值最大,霓闪钠长岩LREE/HREE比值最小,而纯钠长石岩脉和含稀土磁铁矿LREE/HREE明显高于其他岩石。白云岩和霓闪钠长岩均表现出不同的铕、铈负异常,但是碳酸岩脉和钾长板岩则显示弱正铈异常,霓闪钠长岩和钾长板岩铕异常不明显。矿化白云岩和碳酸岩脉的δ18O、δ13C值介于沉积灰岩与已知碳酸岩的δ18O、δ13C值之间,碳酸岩中白云石的δ18O低于方解石的δ18O,而δ13C高于方解石的δ13C,稀土矿物的δ13C、δ18O与碳酸岩脉δ13C、δ18O接近。归纳这些特征,含矿白云岩与霓闪钠长岩、钾长板岩是碱性火山岩组合,与一系列同期的碳酸岩、霓闪钠长岩碱性岩脉一起,构成一套完整碱性火山岩系。     

浙江建德铜矿床地质特征及其成因研究的新进展

通过对建德铜矿床调查研究,总结矿床成矿条件,分析控矿因素,探索矿体分布规律,确定岩浆热液成因后,提出矿液运移理论,首次运用计算机进行数学物理模拟和深部成矿预测,已均被证实,表明所采用理论、方法的合理性和正确性。因矿区发现少量火山岩和硅质岩等而提出海底火山热液沉积成因,经近年矿区地质特征、成矿年龄和流体包裹体等详细研究和开采勘查,认为该矿床为岩浆热液成因,并据此在该矿床外围找到类似的高岭铜矿床。随着矿床研究的深入,在矿床地质特征、成矿时代、成矿流体和成矿物质来源等取得了新进展,矿床成因和成矿机制也因此得到进一步验证。     

Neotectonics of East Anatolian Plateau (Turkey) and Lesser Caucasus: implication for transition from thrusting to strike-slip faulting

The east Anatolian plateau and the Lesser Caucasus are characterised and shaped by three major structures: (1) NW- and NE-trending dextral to sinistral active strike-slip faults, (2) N-S to NNW-trending fissures and /or Plio-Quaternary volcanoes, and (3) a 5-km thick, undeformed Plio-Quaternary continental volcano-sedimentary sequence accumulated in various strike-slip basins. In contrast to the situation in the east Anatolian plateau and the Lesser Caucasus, the Transcaucasus and the Great Caucasus are characterised by WNW-trending active thrust to reverse faults, folds, and 6-km thick, undeformed (except for the fault-bounded basin margins) continuous Oligocene-Quaternary molassic sequence accumulated in actively developing ramp basins. Hence, the neotectonic regime in the Great Caucasus and the Transcaucasus is compressional–contractional, and Oligocene-Quaternary in age; whereas it is compressional–extensional, and Plio-Quaternary in age in the east Anatolian plateau and the Lesser Caucasus.Middle and Upper Miocene volcano-sedimentary sequences are folded and thrust-to-reverse-faulted as a result of compressional–contractional tectonic regime accompanied by mostly calc-alkaline volcanic activity, whereas Middle Pliocene-Quaternary sequences, which rest with angular unconformity on the pre-Middle Pliocene rocks, are nearly flat-lying and dominated by strike-slip faulting accompanied by mostly alkali volcanic activity implying an inversion in tectonic regime. The strike-slip faults cut and displace dykes, reverse to thrust faults and fold axes of Late Miocene age up to maximum 7 km: hence these faults are younger than Late Miocene, i.e., these formed after Late Miocene. Therefore, the time period between late Serravalian (∼ 12 Ma) continent–continent collision of Arabian and Eurasian plates and the late Early Pliocene inversion in both the tectonic regime, basin type and deformation pattern (from folding and thrusting to strike-slip faulting) is here termed as the Transitional period.Orientation patterns of various neotectonic structures and focal mechanism solutions of recent earthquakes that occurred in the east Anatolian plateau and the Caucasus fit well with the N–S directed intracontinental convergence between the Arabian plate in the south and the Eurasian plate in the north lasting since Late Miocene or Early Pliocene in places.     

Upper Carboniferous retroarc volcanism with submarine and subaerial facies at the western Gondwana margin of Argentina

During Late Carboniferous times a continental magmatic arc developed at the western margin of Gondwana in South America, as several marine sedimentary basins were formed at the same time in the retroarc region. North of 33°S, at Cordón Agua del Jagüel, Precordillera of Mendoza, Argentina, a volcanic sequence crops out which was emplaced in a submarine environment with some subaerial exposures, and it is intercalated in marine sediments of Agua del Jagüel Formation, which fills of one of these retroarc basins. This paper presents, for the first time, a facies analyses together with geochemical and isotopic data of this volcanic suite, suggesting its deposition in an ensialic retroarc marine basin. The volcanic succession comprises debris flows with either sedimentary or volcanic fragments, base surge, resedimented massive and laminated dacitic–andesitic hyaloclastite, pillow lava, basic hyaloclastite and dacitic–andesitic lavas and hyaloclastite facies. Its composition is bimodal, either basaltic or dacitic–andesitic. The geochemistry data indicate a subalkaline, low K calk-alkaline and metaluminous affinity. The geochemistry of the basalts points to an origin of the magmas from a depleted mantle source with some crustal contamination. Conversely, the geochemistry of the dacites–andesites shows an important participation of both crustal components and subduction related fluids. A different magmatic source for the basalts than for the dacites–andesites is also supported by Sr and Nd isotopic initial ratios and Nd model ages. The characteristics of this magmatic suite suggest its emplacement in an extensional setting probably associated with the presence of a steepened subduction zone at this latitude during Upper Carboniferous times.     

Middle-upper Miocene volcanic ashes of the Kerch-Taman region

Results of the detailed study of Miocene volcanic ashes from Kerch and Taman peninsulas are presented. Based on the distribution of pyroclastics in the rocks under consideration, the Sarmatian and late Meotian stages of volcanic activity are distinguished. In close association with other geological data, results of the first microprobe analysis of the volcaniclastic materials are analyzed. It has been revealed that Sarmatian ashes are characterized by rhyolitic composition, whereas upper Meotian ashes correspond to dacites and rhyodacites. Decrease of silicate content and increase of alkalinity in the studied pyroclastic rocks are traced from ancient to younger sediments. The upper Meotian volcanics are noted for higher concentration of potassium. The predominantly vitroclastic Kerch-Taman ashes with a low content of calcium and high contents of potassium and sodium most likely belong to a single magmatic center. Stages of volcanic events and petrochemical similarity of composition of the magmatic products suggest that the studied ash material belongs to volcanic centers of the Lesser Caucasus.     

云南澜沧老厂地洼型银铅矿床的地球化学特征及成因

澜沧老厂地洼型银铅矿床的主要成矿物质铅锌银铜主要来自地洼期隐伏岩体,其次是来自地槽构造层(围岩),其中火山岩仅可能提供部分锌;成矿时间为87～50Ma,形成温度为200～350℃;成矿热液为以金铜系列初始岩浆水为主,伴有大气降水掺加;铜与铅锌银不关联。该矿床不是地槽阶段海西-印支期的火山沉积矿床或远成中低温热液矿床,而是地洼阶段燕山晚期至喜山早期形成的与地洼隐伏岩体有关的中偏高温多因复成矿床。     

阿舍勒铜锌块状硫化物矿床地质特征和成因

阿舍勒矿床与早－中泥盆世双峰式火山活动有着成因联系，产于火山洼地中，它在喷气－沉积阶段形成，后又细历了变质改造和岩浆热液叠加。矿床具有双层结构，很好的矿化分带和刨变分带。成矿流体的温度，压力和酸碱度等物理化学条件变化引起了围岩蚀变和矿石堆积，在海底界面上下形成了具有成因联系的两套矿化。     

青海索拉沟铜多金属矿床地球化学特征及矿床成因讨论

依据青海索拉沟铜多金属矿床地质地球化学特征,特别是矿床物质来源、矿物、元素分带、成矿热液演化中铜多金属矿床的性状,对该矿床的地质特征、矿床成因及控矿条件进行了研究。研究表明,该索拉沟铜多金属矿床属火山沉积—热液改造型矿床,其矿床经历了沉积成岩和热液改造两个阶段。中三叠世海底火山喷发喷气活动携带大量成矿物质,在浅海台地相对低洼的部位（还原条件下）与火山碎屑物、陆源物一起沉积下来,形成了最初的＂矿源层＂或贫矿层,在随后的（印支期）造山过程中,受强烈构造-岩浆活动的作用,地层中岩石脱水、成矿元素活化、聚集形成富矿溶液,并沿地层层理、岩石破裂运移,交代岩石中化学性活泼的组分或充填于岩石裂隙中富集成矿。     

Formation of the Late Cenozoic volcanic complexes of the Lesser Caucasus

The paper considers the role of the lithospheric mantle and asthenosphere during the Late Cenozoic collision volcanism of the Lesser Caucasus. The results of petrogeochemical studies show that the products of volcanism of the West Volcanic Zone of Armenia and the calc-alkaline andesite–dacite–rhyodacite complex of the Neogene Kelbadzhar and Karabakh plateaus were formed from an enriched source in a suprasubduction setting. Late Pliocene–Quaternary moderately alkaline and alkaline volcanic rocks of the Lesser Caucasus differ in petrogeochemistry from suprasubduction volcanic rocks. In trace element contents and patterns, they are similar to rocks formed from an enriched mantle source. Comparative analysis of the geological and geophysical data suggests the model of lithospheric slab break-off of the thickened lithosphere as the triggering mechanism for Late Cenozoic magmatism of the Lesser Caucasus.     

Geochronology of Pliocene volcanism in the Dzhavakheti Highland (the Lesser Caucasus). Part 1: Western part of the Dzhavakheti Highland

Isotopic-geochronological study of the Pliocene magmatic activity in western part of the Dzhavakheti Highland (northwestern region of the Lesser Caucasus) is carried out. The results obtained imply that the Pliocene magmatic activity lasted in this part of the highland approximately 2 million years from 3.75 to 1.75–1.55 Ma. As is established, the studied volcanic rocks correspond in composition mostly to K-Na subalkaline and more abundant normal basalts. Time constraints of main phases in development of basic volcanism within the study region are figured out. We assume that individual pulses of silicic to moderately silicic volcanism presumably took place in the Dzhavakheti Highland about 3.2 and 2.5 Ma ago.     

安徽沙溪斑岩型铜金矿床成岩序列及成岩成矿年代学研究

沙溪矿床是长江中下游成矿带中典型的斑岩型铜金矿床,位于庐枞盆地北外缘、郯庐断裂内,矿床成岩成矿时代确定对该矿床成因研究及区域成矿规律的认识具有重要意义。在详细野外地质工作的基础上,采集沙溪矿床与成矿有关的主要岩浆岩样品(粗斑闪长玢岩、黑云母石英闪长玢岩、中斑石英闪长玢岩、细斑石英闪长玢岩和闪长玢岩)和与黄铜矿密切共生的辉钼矿,分别利用Cameca、LA-ICP-MS U-Pb和Re-Os同位素定年方法,获得矿床内主要岩浆岩的成岩年龄(130.60±0.97Ma、129.30±1.00Ma、127.10±1.50Ma、129.46±0.97Ma和126.7±2.1Ma)以及成矿年龄(130.0±1.0Ma),并重新厘定了沙溪岩体从早到晚岩浆的侵位序列。通过区域对比,提出长江中下游存在两阶段斑岩型铜金矿化,沙溪矿床为长江中下游成矿带第二阶段形成的斑岩型矿床,沙溪矿床的成岩成矿作用既不同于庐枞盆地,也不同于断隆区第一阶段的斑岩矿床,而是受郯庐断裂和长江断裂动力学演化联合作用的产物。     

新疆西天山智博铁矿床地球化学及同位素特征

智博铁矿位于新疆西天山阿吾拉勒铁成矿带东段,矿体以层状、似层状、透镜状产出于下石炭统大哈拉军山组玄武质安山岩中。智博铁矿成矿作用主要划分为岩(矿)浆期和热液期2个成矿期次,包括3个成矿阶段:磁铁矿+透辉石阶段、磁铁矿+绿帘石+钾长石阶段和石英+硫化物+碳酸盐阶段。智博铁矿地球化学特征表明,其成矿构造背景为早石炭世南天山洋向伊犁板块俯冲形成的岛弧环境;火山岩与磁铁矿石具有相同的物质来源,均来源于受俯冲带流体交代的亏损地幔楔部分熔融形成的玄武质岩浆。智博铁矿为岩浆(主要)-热液(次要)复合型矿床,受俯冲流体交代的亏损地幔楔部分熔融形成富铁的玄武质岩浆,岩浆沿深大断裂上侵形成早期火山岩,上侵过程中由于物理化学条件的改变在不混溶作用下形成铁矿浆,铁矿浆侵入早期火山岩地层形成岩浆期磁铁矿体;后期富铁的岩浆或矿浆热液使围岩发生矿化与蚀变,形成热液期磁铁矿体。     

河南嵩县钾长石石英脉型钼矿成矿流体地球化学

河南嵩县纸房钼矿是在中元古界火山岩中顺层产出的钾长石英脉型钼矿,矿化石英脉呈似层状、透镜状密集平行排列,厚0.35～5.0 m,与围岩整合产出。矿化石英脉可以划分为3期,早期无矿石英脉呈致密块状,中期石英脉是钼矿化石英脉,晚期属于无矿化石英-碳酸盐细脉。地球化学研究显示成矿物质主要来自火山热液,成矿年龄与熊耳期火山喷发期后的时间一致。成矿流体成分、液相成分特征值及氢氧同位素分析表明,成矿流体属于在高温地质作用条件下形成中高温混合流体,流体包裹体显示为中高温热液沸腾和不混溶成矿,成矿压力为28×10⁵ ～68×10⁵ Pa,属于低压浅成火山机构热液充填成矿。     

Geological characteristics and genesis of the REE-Nb polymetallic deposit in Huishishan of Ejinaqi in Inner Mongolia

Huishishan REE-Nb polymentallic deposit located in the northern margin of Alxa Massif ang is a large-scale REE-Nb polymetallic deposit discovered in recent years. Through the systematic trench drilling, field geological investigation and petrographic study, the authors investigated the genesis and the ore-forming materials source of this REE-Nb deposit. The deposit is closely related with the alkali syenite and is of two different genetic types respectively magmatic crystallization differentiation type and hydrothermal metasomatism type. The metallogenic model was establieshed by summarizing the prospecting criteria of the deposit. The hydrothermal metasomatic deposit was controlled by faults, and the syenite magma was passively emplaced along faults. Then the fluid emerged out of the melt, with the further drastic drop of the temperature and pressure. The siliceous fluid rich in Nb, REE and volatile elements (mainly F and Cl) reacted with wall rocks, and finally the REE-Nb deposits were formed in favorable places. The alteration degree of limonization, pyritization and silicification in the wall rocks of the deposit is positively related to the contents of rare earth and niobium, and the boundary between the ore body and wall rocks is not obvious. The syenite magma was proactively emplaced along faults, with crystallization differentiation. The incompatible elements (Nb, REE, etc.) enriched in the residual melt and formed the magmatic crystallization differentiated deposit in the syenite. The alkaline syenite magmatism in Huishishan area provides material source for the formation of REE-Nb polymetallic deposit.     

内蒙古额济纳旗灰石山稀土铌多金属矿床地质特征及成因

灰石山稀土铌多金属矿床位于内蒙古阿拉善地块北缘,是近些年新发现的规模较大的稀土铌多金属矿床。通过系统的槽探钻探工程、野外地质调查及岩相学研究,探讨了该稀土铌多金属矿床的地质特征及成因。灰石山稀土铌多金属矿床与碱性正长岩密切相关,具岩浆期后热液交代型和岩浆结晶分异型2种不同成因类型。通过总结该矿床的找矿标志,建立了成矿模式: 岩浆期后热液交代型矿床受断裂控制,正长质岩浆沿断裂被动侵位,随着温度和压力的下降,流体与熔体发生溶离作用,富含Nb、REE和挥发分(F和Cl为主)的硅质流体发生水-岩反应,在有利部位形成了稀土铌矿床。矿床围岩褐铁矿化、黄铁矿化、硅化蚀变程度与稀土、铌的含量呈正相关,矿体与围岩界线不明显; 正长质岩浆主动侵位,伴随岩浆结晶分异作用,不相容元素(Nb、REE等)在残余熔体中富集成矿,形成了赋存于正长岩中的岩浆结晶分异型矿床。灰石山地区碱性正长质岩浆为稀土铌多金属矿床的形成提供了物质来源。     

西准噶尔萨吾尔地区科克托别基性岩体岩石成因:地球化学和锆石U-Pb年代学证据

萨吾尔地区位于西准噶尔东北缘,广泛发育晚古生代中酸性侵入岩和火山岩以及少量基性侵入岩,这些岩浆岩的年代学研究对于限制西准噶尔地区石炭纪构造环境具有重要的意义。本文通过研究萨吾尔地区科克托别岩体的岩相学特征、锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄以及地球化学特征,探讨该岩体构造背景以及成因机制,为进一步论证西准噶尔地区石炭纪构造环境提供佐证。科克托别岩体包括中粗粒辉长岩、细粒辉长岩和闪长岩,在野外露头显示细粒辉长岩以脉状侵入中粗粒辉长岩中,细粒辉长岩中包裹有中粗粒辉长岩包体,中粗粒辉长岩与闪长岩之间呈渐变过渡接触关系,说明科克托别岩体是不同期次岩浆侵位形成的杂岩体,早期岩浆侵入形成中粗粒辉长岩和闪长岩,晚期岩浆上侵就位于中粗粒辉长岩构造裂隙中形成细粒辉长岩。科克托别岩体中细粒辉长岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为323.2±6.2Ma,表明岩体形成于早石炭世晚期。该岩体成岩年龄晚于该地区蛇绿岩套岩石年龄,也晚于岛弧火山岩年龄以及含斑岩矿床侵入岩年龄,与该地区I型花岗岩年龄相似,而明显早于碰撞后A型花岗岩和双峰式火山岩的形成年龄,说明科克托别岩体可能形成于同碰撞构造环境中。不同岩相的岩石主量元素之间的相关关系以及微量元素配分型式相似性说明它们为同源岩浆结晶分异的产物。岩相学和地球化学特征表明岩体初始岩浆可能为软流圈地幔与上覆交代地幔相互作用形成,板片断离可能为软流圈地幔的上涌起到重要作用。     

Tectonic setting of volcanic rocks in the Akara Au mine, north-central Thailand using petrochemical and stratigraphic investigations

Akara gold mine in north-central Thailand is situated within the Loei-Phetchabun-Nakhon Nayok volcanic belt. The roughly north-south trending, Permo-Triassic volcanic rocks earlier mapped by Thailand Department of Mineral Resources were re-mapped and samples were collected from the main active open pit. Forty-four samples were petrographi-cally classified and geochemically analyzed to docu-ment their stratigraphy. Two types of volcanic rocks are recognized, namely coherent and non-coherent units, in which the former is older on the basis of stratigraphic succession. Several lines of evidence suggest that the studied rocks occurred nearby the volcanic edifices and were dominated by debris flows of submarine environment.     

Two stages of explosive volcanism of the Elbrus area: Geochronology,petrochemical and isotopic-geochemical characteristics of volcanic rocks,and their role in the neogene-quaternary evolution of the Greater Caucasus

The chronology of evolution of the young explosive volcanism in the Elbrus area of the Greater Caucasus is revealed. The isotopic-geochronological data indicate that ignimbrites and associated volcanic rocks were formed during the Middle Pliocene (3.0–2.75 Ma) and Early Pleistocene (0.84–0.70 Ma) stages of magmatic activity of the Greater Caucasus. The presence of two groups of pyroclastic rocks significantly different in age and analysis of their location indicate two spatially combined volcanic centers different in age in this part of the Elbrus volcanic area: Pliocene Tyrnyauz center localized in the eastern and southern parts and Quaternary Elbrus volcanic center which is the only newest center of volcanic activity both in the Elbrus and in the entire neovolcanic area. The analysis of chronology of magmatic events and compositional peculiarities of the young igneous rocks of the Elbrus area for the period from 3 Ma to the Holocene shows that the caldera stage of the evolution of the Elbrus Volcano has not come yet and future catastrophic magmatism is highly possible.